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La investigación analiza el impacto de la propaganda yihadista en una sociedad digitalizada, con énfasis en la influencia sobre jóvenes musulmanes y su reclutamiento por grupos como Dáesh. Tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre, el uso de Internet y las redes sociales por parte de estos grupos ha sido clave para difundir ideologías radicales, captar adeptos y desestabilizar sociedades. El estudio combina análisis bibliográfico y trabajo de campo realizado durante casi cuatro años, incluyendo entrevistas con combatientes, excombatientes y expertos en yihadismo. También se revisaron fuentes primarias en árabe para entender las bases ideológicas de estos grupos. Las conclusiones destacan cómo las herramientas digitales potencian el reclutamiento y radicalización, e identifican estrategias para combatir esta amenaza. Este trabajo ofrece un enfoque integral sobre terrorismo, salafismo y propaganda yihadista, señalando futuras líneas de investigación en un contexto global marcado por el terrorismo digital.

In this study, we will try to determine the role played by the internet, which is one of the most effective communication tools of our age and causes radical changes in all areas of human life, in the radicalization of the individual. Locally based mass movements such as DAESH have been able to take themselves to a global dimension thanks to the conveniences provided by the internet. Another purpose of this study is to examine the new media environment, the opportunities this new environment offers to terrorist organizations, especially DAESH, and the ways in which organizations use this new medium. At the same time, it will be to determine how the DAESH organization recruits members through the digital platforms and social content producing networks it uses and how it uses them for its own purposes. Since the primary purpose of the study is to reveal the new media structure of DAESH, other issues related to the organization that may be the subject of different studies are not touched upon. While trying to achieve this goal, investigations, analyzes and case narratives will be made through social networks ("Facebook", "Twitter", "Instagram") and web pages. Magazines such as "Dabiq", "Konstantiniyye" and "Rumiyah" published by DAESH on digital platforms are the result of the organization's attempt to legitimize itself. Through these magazines, the organization propagated its ideology consisting of the Islamic state, jihad and caliphate. The organization, which would not be able to implement many of the things we mentioned with classical media tools, has had the opportunity to reach its sympathizers in easier ways thanks to the opportunities offered by digital media. In addition, the organization has moved its struggle in the field to a new platform thanks to digital communication techniques. The domain of the Internet and the range of products it offers are developing and diversifying day by day. This situation makes it necessary to pay attention to the cultural and political dimensions of the issue as well as its technical dimensions. In this context, revealing the impact of digital media on human relations will contribute to our understanding of today's terrorist relations and will make our job easier in terms of finding solutions by making more accurate predictions about possible terrorist structures in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El presente artículo explora las transformaciones producidas en la narrativa de la Al-Qaeda en el Magreb Islámico y su adaptación a la aparición en la escena yihadista global de Estado Islámico y la declaración del restablecimiento del Califato. A través de la compilación, la codificación sistematizada y la explotación de un corpus monolingüe especializado, representativo, equilibrado y diacrónico de todas las publicaciones propagandísticas relevantes de AQMI entre 2004 y 2017, esta investigación pone de manifiesto los cambios producidos en la narrativa de la organización magrebí y la adaptación de su discurso a la aparición de competencia en la contienda actual abierta por el liderazgo de la yihad global.

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The present paper will focus on analysing the sources of funding used by DAESH1, mostly between 2014 and 2017. The objectives of the research are to document: (1) the funding sources that supported the development and maintenance of DAESH, (2) the factors that contributed to the strengthening of the funding lines and (3) the measures that can be applied to combat the financing of terrorist groups. The terrorist organization’s success in gathering and managing funds has had a significant contribution to its rapidly growing influence and image among the other extremist-terrorist entities which claim legitimacy within Islam. The current stage of knowledge will be presented and each relevant element will be analysed. In what concerns the research apparatus, analysis and quantitative methods will be utilized in order to highlight the causes that contributed to the development of DAESH’s funding capabilities. Relevant aspects from literature, as well as conclusions drawn by several authors with expertise on the topic, will be mentioned and compared. The newly resulted ideas will be synthesized through interpretation and development of current knowledge. The aim is to create a theoretical framework that provides solutions as potential measures that can be taken into consideration by national authorities in order to prevent such entities from gaining control over territories, becoming more attractive to activists, also developing funding networks comparable to those of some states.

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El 15 de marzo de 2021 se cumplió el décimo aniversario del inicio de un conflicto armado en Siria que ha dejado, una década después, un país roto y devastado. Desde su comienzo en 2011, la guerra ha arrastrado consigo casi medio millón de muertos y doce millones de desplazados. Y en medio de esta vorágine de violencia y caos, su patrimonio cultural se ha convertido en un daño colateral que ha supuesto la pérdida de su memoria colectiva. Uno de los sitios históricos más damnificados ha sido la Ciudad de Palmira, espacio que ha reflejado la complejidad táctica de la guerra, y que ha demostrado, una vez más, el papel que el patrimonio cultural puede jugar en contextos bélicos, bien como símbolo de unidad y resiliencia, bien como arma política, religiosa e ideológica. Sobre esta base, se presenta una panorámica general de la huella que diez años de conflicto ha dejado en este sitio declarado Patrimonio Mundial por la UNESCO en 1980, evaluando su estado de conservación actual y estimando también su impacto desde el punto de vista político, económico y social.

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Malaysia is no exception when it comes to the Daesh threat. Several vulnerable Muslim populations have been previously targeted by Daesh via specific modus operandi to fulfil the terrorism agenda. Based on a persistent concern about Daesh-related issues and their consequences, this article critically explores the role of the security agency, the Counter-Terrorism Division within the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), in addressing Daesh radicalisation in Malaysia. It examines the process and effectiveness of the top down and 'soft' approaches undertaken by the RMP via the rehabilitation and deradicalisation of former Daesh detainees before they rejoin society. The research is qualitative, and is based on a focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with representatives from the Counter Terrorism Division, terrorism experts, government officials and former detainees. The findings show that the RMP's efforts to curb Daesh intimidation have been effective in terms of decreasing the number of new terrorism incidents, militant recruitment and the establishment of networks and cells. The introduction of 'Module 30′, which involves theological and psychological improvement, and civil order, along with vocational training and 'lifelong-monitoring', has significantly contributed to rehabilitating and deradicalising the majority of former Daesh convicts in Malaysia, such that they embrace peace and renounce violence and religious extremism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This work aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the film analysis of A Message to America, the first video of beheadings of ISIS, as a media literacy tool to reduce the anxiety, and the emotional and cognitive impact (unconscious and conscious reactions) that these videos of real violence provoke in young people. Methodology: For this, 80 volunteers were recruited from first-year communication students at the UPV/EHU and divided into two homogeneous groups of 40. Group A watched an educational video about the film analysis of A Message to America, group B did not. Later, all the participants watched another video of the ISIS’ decapitations, and their viewing was monitored to record their state of anxiety before and after the experiment (using the STAI/E questionnaire), and their physiological (HRV and EDA) and cognitive responses (using an ad hoc questionnaire). Discussion and results: The results show that exposure to the film analysis of A Message to America does not attenuate the anxiety or emotional impact that these videos of executions produce in students, but it does reduce their cognitive impact and improve their understanding and interpretation, while empirically testing the correspondence between the audiovisual resources of the video and the physiological reactions of the viewer. Conclusions: The experiment confirms the suitability of film analysis to educate the eye in the contemporary audiovisual context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This bibliography contains journal articles, book chapters, books, edited volumes, theses, grey literature, bibliographies and other resources on the Islamic State (IS/ISIS/ISIL/Daesh) and its predecessor organisations. To keep up with rapidly changing events on the ground and in the jihadist online ecosystem, the most recent publications have been prioritised during the selection process. The literature has been retrieved by manually browsing more than 200 core and periphery sources in the field of Terrorism Studies. Additionally, full-text and reference retrieval systems have been employed to broaden the search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daesh emerged in an environment where civil wars destabilized the Middle East region and committed a vast number of crimes while conducting its attacks on different targets. Its violent acts made Daesh one of the most brutal terrorist organizations in recent history. This study aims to analyze the ideological narrative of Daesh that intended to consolidate its power with the help of the notions of jihad and salafism which were also considered as the main ideological instruments of the organization. This study also aims to contribute to the fields of International Relations (IR), International Security (IS), and terrorism studies. The research helps to fill a gap in the literature by arguing that Daesh's main ideological narratives are based not only on jihadism and salafism but also on the colonial instinct of its leaders to build a state. In order to understand Daesh's ideological narrative, this study seeks to identify the connections between the notions of jihad, Salafism, and genocide that are utilized to eradicate the oppressed communities in Daesh's sphere of control. Post-colonialism is selected as the main school of thought to analyze Daesh's ideology and the reasons for its violent acts against subaltern groups in Iraq and Syria. Daesh initially differentiated and then annihilated all the people in occupied territories by use of "us and them" discourse. To point up the ideology of Daesh leaders and how they applied the "othering" policy, this paper analyzes Dabiq and Rumiyah which were Daesh's main propaganda tools. The concept of genocide is selected as a case study among other atrocities committed by Daesh to substantiate the study's main argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Al hilo de la reciente imputación por la justicia francesa de la multinacional Lafarge y tres de sus directivos por, entre otros delitos, complicidad en crímenes de guerra y contra la humanidad al haber negociado con DAESH, se estudia la complicidad en crímenes internacionales a la luz del Estatuto de Roma. Aunque no se reconoce la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas ante la Corte Penal Internacional, mediante este análisis se pretende realizar una primera fundamentación de la complicidad de estas empresas al negociar, con el único objetivo de continuar su normal producción, con distintos grupos en cuyo seno se cometen estos crímenes internacionales ya que esta práctica resulta ser un lugar común en cualquier conflicto armado.

Thousands of European women moved to the so-called Caliphate in Syria and Iraq over the past decade. Today, they are in legal limbo, waiting for a response at the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) detention camps in various zones. They took part in Daesh's functioning, responding to the gender role the organisation gave to them. However, whether they have to be considered terrorists is unclear. Moreover, the counter-terrorist strategies put into practice by states and international organisations are gender-blind. Whether or not they have to be repatriated is controversial, and European countries are giving mixed responses. This article examines three arguments. First, whether the Caliphate women have to be considered terrorist foreign fighters. Second, if the EU is giving or not a gender perspective of counter-terrorist action concerning them. Finally, which would be the implications of the EU Comprehensive Approach for the WPS agenda and its member states? The article suggests that only a truly transformative feminist agenda would eliminate violent extremism in the world.

Contrary to its known name, many aspects of IS-Khorasan are shrouded in secrecy. The Taliban regime in Kabul claims that the subsidiary of ISIS-Core is an insignificant and irrelevant threat. On the other hand, international military and intelligence sources warn about its resurgence. Utilizing three types of sources of information (existing literature, the Taliban literature, and insights of local residents), this article offers a new perspective on IS-K. The dual organizational structure provides IS-K with flexibility and resilience for survival. Furthermore, its ideological convergence with the Taliban has assisted the core of the organization to remain protected. While its outer layer has been dismantled and dispersed in eastern Afghanistan, IS-K has more opportunities in the northern regions to transform into a regional and global threat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este año 2021 se cumplen diez años del comienzo del conflicto armado en Siria que, desencadenado por unos grafitis en contra del gobierno guiado con mano autoritaria por la familia al-Assad, se ha convertido en una guerra con, al menos, 390.000 muertos, que ha acabado involucrando a numerosos Estados de Oriente Próximo, así como a grandes potencias, cada una portadora de intereses geopolíticos concretos. El presente artículo pretende dar cuenta de la situación actual de Siria y, en particular, de los objetivos particulares que mantienen en el país diversos actores. Después de que desaparecieran las dos razones principales esgrimidas para intervenir en el conflicto, quedó de manifiesto su auténtica naturaleza de guerra subsidiaria y sectaria, que se inserta en las más amplias contiendas entre rivales históricos como los Estados Unidos y Rusia, por una parte, y Arabia Saudí, Turquía e Irán, por otra, y que ninguno entre ellos parece tener interés en acabar sin recibir compensaciones.

With the weakening of the Islamic State, many French and Georgians who had joined the organization, were arrested by the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in Syria and by the Iraqi authorities. These people have been placed either in detention in Iraq or in camps in Syria with catastrophic health and security conditions. Even if France and Georgia are unambiguously reluctant to repatriate their nationals who have joined Daesh in order to try them on their territory, it is appropriate to ask whether this policy is consistent with international law. This article aims to provide a legal response to the political and security issues surrounding the repatriation and trial of French and Georgian nationals who have joined Daesh. Firstly, the legal dilemma of the trial of adults who joined Daesh will be studied in the light of international law and the domestic law of Iraq, France and Georgia, including the thorny issue of the application of the death penalty in Iraq and the recognition of crimes against humanity. Secondly, the legal possibility of repatriation of French and Georgian minors interned in camps in northern Syria will be analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing how terrorist groups acquire, retain, apply, and distribute knowledge is an essential factor for the application of public security policies. This article will address the learning processes of terrorist and insurgent groups through the theoretical discussion of exponents of security studies, with the aim of being compared to provide a framework that can meet the strategic reality of several of these groups. Likewise, a comparative study of different theaters of operations is carried out to evidence the characteristics of the learning curves of terrorist groups from Daesh, ETA and the IRA. The academic effort consigned in this article can shed light on how to deny strategic advantages to terrorist and insurgent groups through the application of public policies that take into account the learning processes and the strategic spectrum of these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper will focus on analysing the sources of funding used by DAESH1, mostly between 2014 and 2017. The objectives of the research are to document: (1) the funding sources that supported the development and maintenance of DAESH, (2) the factors that contributed to the strengthening of the funding lines and (3) the measures that can be applied to combat the financing of terrorist groups. The terrorist organization's success in gathering and managing funds has had a significant contribution to its rapidly growing influence and image among the other extremistterrorist entities which claim legitimacy within Islam. The current stage of knowledge will be presented and each relevant element will be analysed. In what concerns the research apparatus, analysis and quantitative methods will be utilized in order to highlight the causes that contributed to the development of DAESH's funding capabilities. Relevant aspects from literature, as well as conclusions drawn by several authors with expertise on the topic, will be mentioned and compared. The newly resulted ideas will be synthesized through interpretation and development of current knowledge. The aim is to create a theoretical framework that provides solutions as potential measures that can be taken into consideration by national authorities in order to prevent such entities from gaining control over territories, becoming more attractive to activists, also developing funding networks comparable to those of some states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main arguments in the terrorism studies literature is about the validity of the lone actors. While some studies defend that the definition of lone actor to be an oxymoron because it contradicts the generally accepted definition of terrorism, others argue that lone actors are very real. In this article, it is argued that lone actors have some distinct characteristics and that is why they are a real threat to European security. These features are theorized within the framework of the organizational connection variable, and the differences between lone actor and other organized attacks are examined. According to both statistical and descriptive analysis of these attacks, it is concluded that lone actor attacks are used as a conscious strategic choice by al Qaeda and Daesh leadership because of their unique characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Islamist group Boko Haram (BH) was founded in the early 2000s and in less than two decades has transformed from a “Nigerian” movement into a regional one. Tactical, strategic and ideological differences between the leaders of BH have repeatedly led to its splits into separate factions; the most serious occurred in 2016, when the group split into the Islamic State in West Africa Province and Jamaatu Ahl-is-Sunna Lidda’Awati Wal-Jihad, the latter being still referred to as “Boko Haram” for convenience.The present paper examines the reasons for the splits in BH, the goals and military tactics of the two factions, and the prospects for the development of the security situation in the region of the Lake Chad basin (LCB), where armed conflict is fueled by large-scale poverty, socio-economic and political marginalization, and ineffectiveness of local authorities against the background of intertribal tensions and massive migration.The LCB has now become a huge human reservoir for jihadist recruitment. The situation in the region is further complicated by the fact that a significant portion of the population supports the Islamists, while the majority of locals are targeted by them and seek to leave their homes.The authors note that the division of BH into separate factions has made it more difficult for the LCB armed forces to conduct anti-terrorist operations, and for the LCB governments to negotiate cease fires or retrieve hostages, although, simultaneously, the split has led to a certain decline in the level of violence and to the weakening of the influence of the Islamists on the socio-economic development in the region.

Many an ethically minded translator would think twice or thrice prior to translating an ideologically loaded text as they need to reflect the encoded ideologies of the original narrative in the target narrative. Yet, some translators decide, for different reasons, to undermine and challenge the narratives in question, thus applying various reframing strategies to superimpose certain directionality on the original narratives. This paper, therefore, examines the English translations of the Arabic editorials on Daesh (ISIS), published by the Washington-based Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) that has a large impact on the US policy and the public. In this paper, we explain how media translation contributes to (re)framing the current civil war in Syria on the one hand, and how this promotes the narrative of 'Arab and Muslim terrorists' on the other. The study finds that by relying on the narrativity feature of selective appropriation, MEMRI extensively employs the textual reframing tools, i.e., addition and omission, thus promoting different narratives of the civil war. We propose that rival narratives could be circulated through translation where the translators reframe the original narratives and reconstruct the embedded narrativity features that, in turn, renegotiate the original arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The news has been a place for violent extremist groups to gain recognition internationally. The Syrian Civil war which had involved notorious and internationally recognised violent extremist groups is an example of this phenomenon. However, a limited number of studies had uncovered the thematic variation on how Malaysian online news frames violent extremist groups involved in the Syrian Civil War. Therefore, the present study explored whether the Malaysian news coverage of the violent conflicts that involved violent extremist groups active during the Syrian civil war may shed light on how mainstream news covers violent extremist groups. The present study employed a qualitative search and analysis of two popular online newspapers in Malaysia to identify the types of news frames on the news published during the peak of the Syrian civil war and when a notorious violent extremist group, Daesh (alternatively known as Islamic State (IS) or Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)), had shaken and threatened the world. A total of 272 news articles published between 2010 to 2020 were collected and analyzed. Analysis of the news frames revealed twelve different news frames. The frame with the highest occurrence was labelled as "Western destructive interventions". The frame detailed out Western nations' involvement in the war which caused damage to livelihood and civilizations in Syria and justified the violent extremist groups' activities. The present study concludes that the Malaysian news media framing on violent extremist groups and other parties involved in the Syrian Civil War could have two varied forms, positive (heroic or humanized) or negative (destructive or demonized). The main contribution of this study is that it provides an insight into how Malaysian news media cover a conflict involving Muslim extremist groups. Additionally, the study adds to previous research on how violent extremist groups is framed in digital news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Middle Eastern Studies / Ortadoğu Etütleri is the property of Turkmen Cooperation & Cultural Foundation Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies (ORSAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conocer cómo los grupos terroristas adquieren, retienen, aplican y distribuyen conocimiento es un factor esencial para la aplicación de políticas públicas en seguridad. En el presente artículo se abordarán los procesos de aprendizaje de grupos terroristas e insurgentes a través de la discusión teórica de exponentes de los estudios de seguridad, a fin de ser comparados para ofrecer un marco que pueda satisfacer la realidad estratégica de varios de estos grupos. De igual forma, se realiza un estudio comparado de diferentes teatros de operaciones para evidenciar las características de las curvas de aprendizaje de grupos terroristas desde Daesh, hasta ETA y el IRA. El esfuerzo académico consignado en el presente artículo puede dar luces sobre cómo negar ventajas estratégicas a grupos terroristas e insurgentes mediante la aplicación de políticas públicas que tengan en cuenta tanto sus procesos de aprendizaje como su espectro estratégico.

This Research Note provides findings from a systematic monitoring effort of visually documented extrajudicial executions perpetrated by the Islamic State terrorist group. Based on a data set covering 2,414 individuals killed between January 2015 and December 2020 (1,224 incidents) -- which was compiled for 'Perspectives on Terrorism' in the monitoring project 'Counting Lives Lost' (CLL) -- it presents results from long-term measures of roughly 20 incident- and victim level variables, including citizenship, gender, geographic location, execution method, and IS' justifying arguments for the killings. Accompanied by a supplementary statistics file featuring tabular and graphical representations of the data and the full data set, it highlights temporal trends, changing dynamics, and characteristic qualitative and quantitative patterns, providing unprecedented insights into the execution activities and victimization behavior of the terrorist organization. In contrast to earlier long-term studies, it includes local victims and is not geographically limited. The findings reveal a marked downward trend in incident and casualty numbers over time yet also make clear that IS executions have not come to a halt but continue to remain a persistent phenomenon. The data suggests that the group's territorial breakdown impacted its publicized execution activities. Patterns for conflict-related hostage killings and governance-linked Sharia executions differed significantly. More than 95% of the victims were local citizens from conflict nations (most of them Muslims), while foreigner killings were rare. Less than 1% of the victims were females. The IS' heartlands of Iraq and Syria constituted the main execution theater. Over time, execution activities relocated on a micro-level from urban to more rural areas (especially, within Syria and Iraq) and, on a macro-level, increasingly shifted to different regions (particularly West Africa). The IS named purported 'charges' of the captives as the reason for its violence. The bulk of these charges were related to the conflict between the group and its enemies, while accusations that were closely tied to its implementation of territorial governance had a much lower share. While the IS is often associated with transgressive execution methods, the majority of victims were killed by shooting, yet the group accounted for an unprecedented number of beheadings. Particular types of charges and execution techniques appeared to be associated with each other. Public executions before a physical audience varied for different killing styles and charges, and significantly decreased over time. In 52 execution incidents, the IS instrumentalized minors as executioners. While over 90% of the foreign hostages garnered coverage in Western news media, less than 10% of the locals were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is one of the descriptive field studies, which adopted the study on the method of social survey sample through a questionnaire distributed to (300) respondents and unregulated interviews, as well as some eyewitnesses in order to identify the reality of Iraqi women during the crisis of ISIS terrorist organization, And to diagnose the social effects of the war against ISIS on the situation of women, so I reached a set of results, the most prominent of which are:1-The terrorist organization Daesh considers women and children as a tool of war that helps him to legitimize his ideas and implement his policies, when he exploited the sex of women as a tool of psychological warfare, by terrorizing women and exploiting their passion, which Arab societies are keen to protect it.2-Deprive women of some personal practices, such as the imposition of wearing the veil, and prevent women out without a mahram, and keep them inside the home, and the application of special sanctions against those who violate those laws.3-A number of women have been involved in marrying a member of the organization, with fake marriage contracts not recognized by the Iraqi government, and now live in displacement camps, with their children, outcasts by their families and communities

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza el discurso elaborado por DAESH, centrado en la antigüedad. Más allá de su carácter radical y destructivo, el discurso esconde una mayor complejidad de lo esperado, puesto que camufla sus verdaderos argumentos bajo una falsa apariencia de conflicto religioso, participa de debates actuales en torno a la narrativa histórica que se construye a partir de la arqueología, las piezas y los museos, se apropia de ideas del discurso occidental y colonialista, tergiversa y reinventa el pasado y oculta no solo la realidad de un tráfico de antigüedades, sino que también busca destruir la existencia de otras percepciones de las estatuas, apegadas a la memoria y las tradiciones de las comunidades locales, que hacen de las estatuas mucho más que meros ídolos de la Ŷāhiliyya, la época anterior a Muḥammad y el islam.

UN Security Council Resolution 2396 (2017) on Foreign Terrorist Fighters (Returnees and Relocators) urges nations to improve information and evidence sharing while developing tailored prosecution, rehabilitation and reintegration strategies; including programs addressing radicalization in children associated with “Foreign Terrorist Fighters.” The need for such programs has gained urgency since the collapse of Islamic State (IS)/Daesh, with the detainment of IS family members in overcrowded camps in Syria, and their uncertain fate following the Turkish military Operation PEACE SPRING, in October 2019. Approximately 2 million children underwent Daesh indoctrination June 2014 – 2019, and this process continues to be led by women in many detention camps. The heightened sense of vulnerability to terrorist attacks in Western nations has led many nations to refuse the return of children to their home country, or initial entry - fearing that their past radicalization will lead to future terrorism. Such decisions contravene, among other instruments, the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), Convention on Refugees (1951), Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC 1989), and the Optional Protocol to the CRC on Children in Armed Conflict (OPAC, 2000). This paper examines emotional traumas experienced by Daesh “camp followers,” particularly the children, and the psychological rehabilitation and social reintegration challenges they face as they grow to adulthood. This paper argues that the psychosocial support needed for rehabilitation and reintegration is better found in Western societies than in refugee camps, which are often incubators for future terrorists.

Malaysia is no exception when it comes to the Daesh threat. Several vulnerable Muslim populations have been previously targeted by Daesh via specific modus operandi to fulfil the terrorism agenda. Based on a persistent concern about Daesh-related issues and their consequences, this article critically explores the role of the security agency, the Counter-Terrorism Division within the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), in addressing Daesh radicalisation in Malaysia. It examines the process and effectiveness of the top down and ‘soft’ approaches undertaken by the RMP via the rehabilitation and deradicalisation of former Daesh detainees before they rejoin society. The research is qualitative, and is based on a focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with representatives from the Counter Terrorism Division, terrorism experts, government officials and former detainees. The findings show that the RMP’s efforts to curb Daesh intimidation have been effective in terms of decreasing the number of new terrorism incidents, militant recruitment and the establishment of networks and cells. The introduction of ‘Module 30′, which involves theological and psychological improvement, and civil order, along with vocational training and ‘lifelong-monitoring’, has significantly contributed to rehabilitating and deradicalising the majority of former Daesh convicts in Malaysia, such that they embrace peace and renounce violence and religious extremism.

This essay examines two installations: Wafaa Bilal's 168:01 (2016–) and Edmund de Waal's library of exile (2019–2020). Both are starkly white spaces, which come alive with the intervention of the viewer/participant. In both, books are accumulated over time, and will eventually be shipped to Iraq where they will help to replenish Iraqi libraries that have been destroyed during the Second Gulf War, or the violence that has followed it. Bilal encourages members of the public viewing 168:01 online, or visiting the exhibition in person, to exchange one of the blank white books that line its shelves for a book on the wish-list of the University of Baghdad's Faculty of Fine Art, his own alma mater. The contents of de Waal's library of exile will be shipped to Mosul where they will help to replace the contents of libraries in that city, most recently destroyed by daesh or IS fighters. This essay explores each installation's meditation on exilic longing, the way each reflects on the sorrow of losing a homeland or watching its people suffer from afar. I argue that in contrast to the profound sadness that each of these works evokes, it is the indefatigability of hope and the power of human resilience that each most powerfully conveys. While poignantly inviting us to reflect on grief and loss, both 168:01 and library of exile carefully avoid the pitfalls of a nostalgic gaze, not least by gesturing toward a brighter future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The aim of the study was to know noise induces hearing loss and the effect of the noise on peshmerga that participated in the Daesh war in Erbil city. One of the health problems or most common forms of sensorineural is the noise induced-hearing loss. depending on the exposure noise induce cause damaging of the cochlea. So, one of the causes of noise induced hearing loss is exposure to the excessive noise. Objective: To determine noise induce hearing loss among peshmerga participated in the Daesh war in Erbil city. Patients and Methods: In the present study, a total of (253) Peshmerga of four special brigades who exposed to noise in the Daesh war in Erbil city was performed, also pure tone audiogram was done for each peshmerga in the Auditory department at Hawler teaching hospital. Also, pure tone audiogram and firearm noise levels for the right and left ear for each degree of hearing loss for the range of the noise induced hearing loss (4000Hz) performed and hearing loss range in dB. Slight/Mild from 16-40dB, Moderate/Moderate severe from 41-70dB, and Severe/Severe profound from 71-120 dB. were evaluated for each peshmerga in the auditory department at Hawler teaching hospital to know the cause of inducing hearing loss. Subjects answered a questionnaire and underwent threshold tonal audiometry. Results: Two hundred and fifty-three peshmerga who participated in the Daesh war, was enrolled in this study that subdivided into four age groups (20-29), (30-39), (40-49), (50-59) years, pure tone audiogram was done for each peshmerga for right and left ear. Conclusion: Because of the nature of the profession military, the common disease in the military is induce hearing loss is caused by noise. Hearing is the vital origin during exposure to loud noise. So, prevention is needed and to be a learner with care to the use of hearing protection device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general meaning of "proxy war" is the pursuit of one's interests exploiting other actors. Measures to this end can be implemented in two ways: through hard and soft power. As far as countering the activities of terrorist organizations is concerned, it can be seen that self-interest is placed above efforts against terrorism. The civil war in Syria and the activities of terrorist organizations have become grounds for greater involvement of global powers in the struggle for gaining influence in the country. This paper aims to show the actions of global and regional powers and other state actors taken in an attempt to assert power and influence under the guise of the fight against terrorism. The paper is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses aspects related to Josepha Nye's concept of "smart power" and the notions of "proxy war" and "proxy activities". The practical part discusses the activities of international actors pursuing their interests through official involvement in the fight against Daesh in the Syrian territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the onset of the war in Syria, and particularly since the emergence of the Islamic State (ISIS or Daesh), we have witnessed the expansion of IS ranks through a highly effective recruitment. Combatants from almost of countries, including China, have joined IS. The majority of Uyghur combatants have left China to join, the Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP) while others have joined IS since late 2014. Most of them were forced into exile in Turkey via Malaysia and Thailand following the intensification of Chinese repression against them, and the Chinese operations in Pakistan against the TIP fighters led to last to leave Pakistan for Syria. The most religious of these migrants are recruited by the Turkish networks, sympathizers of the TIP, while a minority is enlisted by Daesh. How are these two movements different? If the Uyghur Daeshists reject any nationalist ideology, the Uyghurs of the TIP defend a national cause and initially aim at the independence of the Uyghur region. However, in the facts, this population represents only part of this movement which includes more and more other Central Asian Turks. Indeed, the ideology of TIP has evolved over time, no longer targeting the only Uyghur cause, but the creation of a Turkic and Islamic Central Asian nation. In this context, Uyghur presence in Syria could be explained by their need to gain military experience to fight China. Only the analysis of the modes of communication and the forms of propaganda not only of the Chinese authorities but also from the different jihadist movements that we studied, as well as the analysis of the relations that each one has with the Uyghur organizations of the diaspora allows to understand in depth the current geopolitical stakes.

Copyright of Akademik Hassasiyetler is the property of Huzeyfe Suleyman Arslan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Speed critique is one of the most popular ways to examine the intersection of time and media. Although these studies have been productive, speed critiques generally focus on speed as fast and monodirectional. As an alternative, we offer speed entanglements as a vocabulary attuning critics to the velocity, rate, and entanglement of processes of change. Speed entanglements explore the manipulation of entities' speeds by different communities and organizations. We identify two competing speed entanglements stemming from Daesh's 2015 video detailing the destruction of the Iraqi Mosul Museum and a nearby archeological site. We argue that Daesh's speed entanglement attempts to accelerate the speed of preserved historical artifacts in order enact their vision of an ideal community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS ARTICLE IS AN UP-TO-DATE RADIOGRAPHY OF THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATION ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA, ALSO KNOWN AS ISIS, ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUPS IN THE WORLD, KNOWN FOR ORCHESTRATING OVER TIME COUNTLESS VIOLENT TERRORIST ATTACKS, WHICH HAVE HAD A DEFINING IMPACT ON GLOBAL SECURITY. IT ADDRESSES ISSUES OF INTEREST RELATED TO THE ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE TERRORIST GROUP, ITS IDEOLOGY, OBJECTIVES AND OPERATION, AS WELL AS THE EVOLUTION OF THE GROUP SINCE 2014 (THE YEAR IN WHICH IT EXPERIENCED THE MOST IMPORTANT OPERATIONAL SUCCESSES) AND UNTIL NOW. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATION HAS FACED, IN RECENT YEARS, A MAJOR DESTRUCTURING, IT CONTINUES ITS ACTIVITY TODAY, BEING FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON THE DIMENSION OF REORGANIZATION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at re-transmit the spirit of the national democratic project of Iraq post of the chaos left by the Daesh terrorist group stage(The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, ISIS) , Which controlled large parts of Iraq, and had an adverse effect on the political scene in Iraq, inspired everyone that there are deficiencies in the political, economic, religious and ethnic structure of the Iraqi people in non-response to democratic thought.The researcher relied on the hypothesis that " the requirements of building a democratic project are based on the need to provide the requirements ranging from two interrelated aspects, like the institutional aspect and the aspect that related to the general and necessary requirements for the establishment of democracy in society, in which the principles of majority rule, the rule of law, authority concentration on the principles of the people's rule , and the rights of individuals guaranteed". This study utilized systematic analysis approach, historical approach,and the inductive approach undertaking the research. Government reports, statutes and laws were likewise hotspots for essential information in this review. Optional information was fundamentally from scholastic works, for example, books, diary articles, and theses. The results revealed that the model of building democratic Iraqi society post-ISIS needs primarily the government integrated system that includes principles, institutions and mechanisms that control the process of identifying options, making public decisions and the circulation of power periodically, In addition to balancing between rights and duties which can considered as the one of the main characteristic of democracy in order to achieve and developing security and stability in Iraq .

After the killing of most powerful Iranian General Qassem Soleimani, in US drone strike in Iraq on January 3, 2020, the tensions in the Middle East are growing. Tehran retaliated by firing ballistic missiles at US troops stationed in Iraq. The General's death attracted a lot of concerns from the world as global economy gets directly affected by Middle Eastern tensions. The US forces based in Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan surround almost all of Iran. The situation remains volatile and lot depends on how Iran responds? Any prospect of war would unleash sufferings across the region. This study investigates the challenges posed by the killing of Qassem Soleimani and the role that regional politics and sectarian fault-lines may play in exacerbating the problems. It also discusses the US approach regarding regime change and Pakistan's place in the given context and suggests that Islamabad should pursue a balanced approach that would serve its geopolitical interests as well as domestic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]