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Cell-mediated reactions in measles cases, in direct contacts and healthy children were tested. Indices of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated blastic transformation and leukocyte migration inhibition were evaluated. Positive reactions were found in the first and second weeks after manifestation of clinical symptoms. The application of glucocorticosteroids in clinical complications resulted in delayed and reduced leukocyte migration inhibition. Studies on seronegative contacts suggested that positive cell-mediated reactions may appear before manifestation of clinical symptoms.

Haemolytic activity of complement (CH50) and occurrence of circulating immune, complexes (CIC) were studied in serum samples from children with mumps meningitis taken at regular intervals. The decrease of CH50 was observed in 46 out of 77 samples (60%) in the Ist examination, between 1-6th day from the appearance of symptoms, in 43/67 samples (64%) in the IInd examination, between 12--16th day of disease, and in 7/22 samples (32%) in the IIIrd examination, between 12--14th month of observation since the appearance of symptoms. Typical changes of complement level during the disease were of such profile that the most pronounced decrease was in the Ist and IInd examination with the normalization in the IIIrd examination. The presence of CIC was found in 21%, 15% and 14% of samples in the Ist, IInd, and IIIrd examination respectively. Serum sample form the child on 5th day of disease, with high concentration of CIC (482 micrograms/ml), was subjected to sepharose 6B gel filtration on the calibrated column. The molecular weight of thus analyzed immune complexes was as follows: 2.5 X 10(6) and 5.0 X 10(5) daltons. CIC contained anti-mumps antibodies, determined by Elisa, in IgG, IgA and IgM classes.

In immunoglobulin fractions or after elimination of IgG by absorption the immunofluorescence test for rubella IgM antibodies is more sensitive than in whole serum. Blocking of IgM activity by IgG antibodies was eliminated when the time of incubation of the serum with virus antigen was prolonged. After prolonged incubation higher titres of rubella antibodies were also obtained in the IgM immunoglobulin fractions. Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus suspension effectively absorbs antibodies of IgG class. The IgM antibody titres in absorbed sera of patients infected with rubella were in some cases 2 to 4 times higher than in unabsorbed sera.

The annual number and incidence of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in Poland was evaluated by means of a methematical model and on the basis of serological studies. In its principles this model describes the infectious kinetics of rubella by the formula y = 1--e-at, where "y" is the rate of immune persons, "a" is a parameter representing the transfer of susceptibles to immunes and "t" is age. The calculated incidence of congenital rubella syndrome resulted in average values of 0.15 to 0.38%, i.e. 15 to 38 CRS cases among 100,000 children born to mothers primarily infected by rubella virus during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Fluorescence antibodies (FA) were titrated in human sera against antigens synthesized in four different infected cell lines: SIRC, RK-13, Vero and BHK-21. The cells infected in suspension by rubella virus attained the optimal concentration of fluorescence staining antigen earlier, fluorescence was more intensive and the titers of the tested human sera were slightly higher than in monolayer cell cultures. FA titers were high and they were correlated with the antibody titers obtained by hemagglutination-inhibition test. Some practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Monkeys and guinea pigs were immunized with various doses of measles and mumps viruses. A cell-mediated response measured by leukocyte migration inhibition occured during the first two weeks after immunization. In case of measles virus, marked migration inhibition occurred already on the 7th day in monkeys and guinea pigs immunized with high virus doses. The response declined as early as 14 days after immunization in contrast to the group of guinea pigs inoculated with a lower virus dose. In these animals the response sustained for up to 50 days. Immunization of animals with various doses of mumps virus was similar and positive responses were obtained in the absence of detectable antibodies. Even 2.5 TCID50 of mumps virus induced the response although more irregularly than 250 or 2500 TCID50 virus.

Out of 1670 pregnant women contacts examined for antibodies to rubella virus, recent rubella infection was confirmed in 5.1% of subjects, 2.2% of which were symptomatic and 2.9% asymptomatic; 89.9% of tested women were seropositive. These results closely resembled those, obtained in serological surveys, carried out in Poland several times in the years 1969-82. Rubella antibodies were found in over 90% of women in childbearing age, with HI antibody geometric mean titre (GMT) 58.7-84.3 (depending on the epidemiologic situation). Especially high GMT--of 122--was detected in women of the 30-34 year age group after the rubella epidemic in 1980/81, which showed the highest rubella morbidity of 5-9 year-old children. Reactogenicity and immune response in 10-13 year-old vaccinated girls were investigated. Seroconversion among seronegatives, among subjects with low antibody level (less than 1:20) and among seropositives with antibody titres 40 or higher before vaccination occurred in 99.8%, 60% and 12.8% of cases, respectively. HI antibody GMT after immunization was 132.6-135, similar to GMT induced by naturally acquired infection in the women of 30-34 year age group after the rubella epidemic. The difference of GMT in vaccinated girls with joint symptoms (152) and without postvaccinal reactions (124) was statistically significant. Practical conclusions for rubella diagnostic and vaccination programmes based on the analogies and differences of antirubella immunity in infected pregnant women, in naturally infected children and adults, and in vaccinated subjects are discussed.

The MANPRINT RISK ASSESSMENT (MRA) was developed by personnel of the Analysis Integration Branch, Personnel Plans Division, Manning Integration Directorate, of the United States Army Soldier Support Center-National Capital Region. The MRA has been developed as a tool to help the Materiel Systems Project Officer Evaluate the MANPRINT risk associated with the development of an emerging materiel system, Product Improvement Program or Non-Developmental Item. Although designed primarily for use by the project officer, this tool can be used effectively by a variety of personnel associated with the Materiel Acquisition Process. When used properly, it can provide a wealth of information about the current status and progress of a proposed system or materiel acquisition program. Keywords: Manpower; Personnel; Army training; System safety; Health hazards; Human factors engineering.