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H. diffractus Dai, Fletcher & Zhang, 2013 (Plates 1–3) Hishimonus diffractus Dai, Fletcher & Zhang, 2013: 311, Figs 2C, 2F, 8A–E Examined material FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Cagnes-sur-Mer, 40 m a.s.l., 43.6639470, -7.1371475, 12.X.2012, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, on Jasminum sp. (Oleaceae), P. Gros leg., G. Kunz det.. PORTUGAL: Madeira Island, Caminho da Fonte do Livramento, Caniço, Santa Cruz, 199 m a.s.l., 32.645907, - 16.843643, 04.VIII.2015, 1 ♀, on a chromotropic sticky trap placed in a vineyard, C. Brazão leg., idem., 13.X.2015, 2 ♀♀; Jardim do Lido, São Martinho, Funchal, 20 m a.s.l., 32.636268, -16.932595, 03.VIII.2017, 1 ♀, on Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae), C. Brazão leg.; Posto Agrário, Caniçal, Machico, 57 m a.s.l., 32.738227, -16.743737, 26.IX.2018, 1 ♀, on chromotropic sticky trap placed in a vineyard, C. Brazão leg.; Estreito da Calheta, Calheta, 286 m a.s.l., 32.732454, -17.162188, 17.IX.2019, 1 ♂, on chromotropic sticky trap placed in a vineyard, S. Freitas & L. Vieira leg. (Aguín-Pombo det., all specimens). SPAIN: Granada, Motril, 42 m a.s.l., 36.745061, -3.516736, 28.XI.2016, 30 ♀♀, 7 ♂♂, 15 nymphs, on Jasminum sp., J. Marín leg., A. Miralles det.; Alicante, Pilar de Horadada, 16 m a.s.l., 37.8750813, -0.7621520, 10.V.2017, 1 ♂, on Rubus sp., urban garden, P. Valero leg., P. Valero & A. Miralles det.; Cádiz, Jerez de la Frontera, Zoobotánico de Jerez, 57 m a.s.l., 36.690628, -6.148324, 23.VI.2019, 15.VIII.2019, 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, on Jasminum officinale, I. Sánchez & A. Pérez leg. and det.; Jerez de la Frontera, Club Nazaret, 92 m a.s.l., 36.678163, -6.115790, 16.VII.2019, 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, 10.IX.2019, 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, attracted by the light in an urban garden, A. Pérez leg. and det.; Jerez de la Frontera, Las Albarizas, 92 m a.s.l., 36.705135, -6.124536, 31.VIII.2019, 2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, on Pittosporum tobira, I. Sánchez leg. and det.; Mallorca, Illetas area West of Palma, 39.540011, -2.592006, 22.VI.2007, 20/ 30 adults, swept from a dense Olea bush in a local garden, S. Foster leg.; Illetas area West of Palma, 39.542013, -2.586850, 2.IX.2009, 5/ 10 adults, on small Olea in woodland on a steep slope, S. Foster leg.; Illetas area West of Palma, 39.537876, -2.589880, 16.VII.2014, 5/ 10 adults on Olea growing as a garden hedge, S. Foster leg.; Illetas area West of Palma, 39.533946, -2.589053, 01.X.2019, single adult on large mature Olea overhanging a car park, S. Foster leg., M.R. Wilson det.. GIBRALTAR: Botanic Garden, VI.2012, 36.131710, -5.351282, numerous males and females, light trap, M.R. Wilson leg. and det.. UNITED KINGDOM: Worcester, V/ VI.2021, male and female specimens living on imported jasmine plant from garden center, G. Falmer leg., M.R. Wilson det.. ITALY: Sicily, Catania province, Acireale, 206 m a.s.l., 37.623085, -15.164439, 20.VI.2018, 1 ♂, 29.V.2020, 1 ♂, in Citrus orchard, S. Bella leg., V. D’Urso det.. Description Male. Length 3.7–3.8 mm. Vertex, pronotum, and scutellum greenish yellow marked with pale brown patches. Scutellum with lateral and apical areas ivory white, marked with two brown spots near base and another before apex. Forewings silvery white with brown mottling between veins, becoming darker and denser apically; brown median diamond patch distinct, well defined by dark brown at anterior margin and posterior corner, with median section anterior to posterior patch translucent whitish (Du & Dai 2019). Genitalia (Plate 2). Pygofer in lateral view longer than height, posterior margin rounded. Valve approximately twice as wide at base as long medially. Subgenital plates broad triangular, broadly rounded at base then rounded apically to posterior finger-like process from median corner. Paramere with apophysis long and thick, apically rounded. Connective with broad rectangular stem, about as long as lateral arms. Aedeagal shafts, in posterior view, more or less straight, divergent of even width throughout and bearing short, sharp thorn-like process on inner margin at about one-half to two-thirds length. In lateral view, shafts evenly lightly curved from base with apical process much narrower and strongly reflexed anteriorly; gonopore subapical on posterior surface (Du and Dai 2019). Female. Length: 3.7–3.9. Aspect and colour pattern like male (Plate 3). Genitalia. Seventh sternite 2.5 times as wide at base as long medially, its posterior margin medially concave, with posterolateral angles largely rounded; in correspondence of the median concavity an evident brown W. Origin. Eastern Asia. Distribution. H. diffractus was described from China and Thailand (Dai et al. 2013) and recorded in Australia (Fletcher & Dai 2013). New records. It is here reported as new for France, Portugal (Madeira), Spain, Gibraltar, United Kingdom (as interception not in nature), and Italy (Sicily). First record and country in Europe: 2007, Spain. Host plant. In Europe found on Jasminum sp., Nerium oleander, Pittosporum tobira and Citrus orchards and vineyards. Remarks. H. diffractus shows affinity with H. aberrans Knight, 1970 from China and Thailand (Dai et al. 2013). In H. diffractus the basal processes are fused with the shafts of the aedeagus on each side except for the apical portion, which remains as a short, spine-like process at about two-thirds of the length of the shaft, whereas in H. aberrans the basal processes are separate from the shaft for almost their entire length. Both species have the subgenital plates abruptly narrowed apically before the apical finger-like process (Dai et al. 2013). H. diffractus is easily distinguished from the two species present in Europe by the shape of the aedeagus, parameres and connective [illustrated by Du & Dai (2019), see also Seljak (2013) for H. hamatus] and by the female sternite VII. These characters also make it distinguishable from other species of the genus., Published as part of Bella, Salvatore, Aguiar, António M. F., Kunz, Gernot, Miralles-Núñez, Adrià, Foster, Stuart, Sánchez-García, Iñigo, Wilson, Michael R. & D'Urso, Vera, 2022, Discovery of Hishimonus diffractus Dai, Fletcher & Zhang, 2013 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) in Europe, with remarks on previously recorded species of the genus, pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5159 (4) on pages 560-563, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6786112, {"references":["Fletcher, M. J. & Dai, W. (2013) The genus Hishimonus Ishihara in Australia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Opsiini) including description of three new species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, Nature, 58, 421 - 431.","Du, L. & Dai, W. (2019) High Species Diversity of the Leafhopper Genus Hishimonus Ishihara (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from China, with Description of Ten New Species. Insects, 10 (5), 120, 1 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 10050120","Dai, W., Fletcher, M. J. & Zhang, Y. L. (2013) First records of the genus Hishimonus Ishihara from Thailand (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Opsiini) including description of three new species. Zootaxa, 3670 (3), 301 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3670.3.1","Seljak, G. (2013) Hishimonus hamatus Kuoh (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae): a new alien leafhopper in Europe. Acta Entomologica Slovenica, 21 (2), 123 - 130."]}

Hishimonus sellatus (Uhler, 1896) Origin. Eastern Asia. Distribution. Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, China, Ethiopia, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Tanzania. In Europe accidentally introduced in Russia (Gnezdilov 2008; Dmitriev 2018). First record and country in Europe. 2007, Russia (Krasnodar Territory) (Gnezdilov 2008). Host plant. Polyphagous species. In China H. sellatus is common on Morus alba, Rosa spp., and Ziziphus jujuba (Hao et al. 2015). Remarks. This species is similar to Hishimonus truncatus Kuoh, 1976 (China), but H. sellatus can be identified by the short, broadly lamellate, laterally concave aedeagal shafts; the female sternite VII nearly twice as wide as long, posterior margin slightly curved with two median denticles separated by a tiny notch and second valvulae with dorsal teeth small and not prominent (Du & Dai 2019). H. sellatus in Georgia and in southern Russia is recorded as a vector of ‘Mulberry small leaf curl’ a phytoplasma disease on mulberry plants (Gnezdilov 2008)., Published as part of Bella, Salvatore, Aguiar, António M. F., Kunz, Gernot, Miralles-Núñez, Adrià, Foster, Stuart, Sánchez-García, Iñigo, Wilson, Michael R. & D'Urso, Vera, 2022, Discovery of Hishimonus diffractus Dai, Fletcher & Zhang, 2013 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) in Europe, with remarks on previously recorded species of the genus, pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5159 (4) on page 565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6786112, {"references":["Gnezdilov, V. M. (2008) First record of Hishimonus sellatus (Uhler, 1896) from Russia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 17 (1), 10. https: // doi. org / 10.31610 / zsr / 2008.17.1.10","Dmitriev, D. A. (2018) World Auchenorrhyncha Database. http: // dmitriev. speciesfile. org / index. asp (accessed 21 July 2021)","Hao, S., Wang, H., Tao, W., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., Zhang, M., Guo, L. & Shi, X. (2015) Multiplex-PCR for Identification of Two Species in Genus Hishimonus (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Jujube Orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108 (5), 2443 - 2449. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jee / tov 191","Du, L. & Dai, W. (2019) High Species Diversity of the Leafhopper Genus Hishimonus Ishihara (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from China, with Description of Ten New Species. Insects, 10 (5), 120, 1 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 10050120"]}

Hishimonus Ishihara, 1953 Hishimonus Ishihara, 1953: 38. Type species: Thamnotettix sellatus Uhler, 1896: 294, by original designation., Published as part of Bella, Salvatore, Aguiar, António M. F., Kunz, Gernot, Miralles-Núñez, Adrià, Foster, Stuart, Sánchez-García, Iñigo, Wilson, Michael R. & D'Urso, Vera, 2022, Discovery of Hishimonus diffractus Dai, Fletcher & Zhang, 2013 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) in Europe, with remarks on previously recorded species of the genus, pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5159 (4) on page 560, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6786112

Hishimonus phycitis (Distant, 1908) (= Eutettix lugubris Distant, 1918; H. orientalis Emeljanov, 1969) Origin. Eastern Asia; described from India and Sri Lanka. Distribution. China, India, Iran, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Oman, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and in the United Arab Emirates. Host plant. Polyphagous species, on the following plants are possible oviposition and nymphal development: Amaranthus tricolor (Amaranthaceae), Lepidium sativum (Brassicaceae), Gossypium arboreum (Malvaceae), Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae), Ziziphus spina-christii (Rhamnaceae), Citrus aurantifolia, C. sinensis, C. paradisi, C. limetta, C. reticulata (e.g. mandarin, tangerine), C. limon, C. aurantium, C. jambhiri, C. volkameriana (Rutaceae), and Solanum melongena, Withania somnifera (Solanaceae). It can also feed on: Daucus carota var. sativa (Apiaceae), Raphanus sativus (Brassicaceae), Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitaceae), Crotalaria juncea, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Medicago sativa, Sesbania cannabina, Vigna aconitifolia (Fabaceae), Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae), and Solanum lycopersicum (Solanaceae) (Jeger et al. 2017). Remarks. H. phycitis is very similar to H. paraphycitis Du & Dai, 2019 (China), but it can be identified by the circularly expanded aedeagal shaft apices (Du & Dai 2019).. Due its capacity to transmit phytoplasma diseases, H. phycitis is considered as a potential threat and is currently regulated by Council Directive 2000/29/EC and is regarded as ‘Union quarantine pest’ by the European Food Safety Authority (Jeger et al. 2017; EFSA 2021)., Published as part of Bella, Salvatore, Aguiar, António M. F., Kunz, Gernot, Miralles-Núñez, Adrià, Foster, Stuart, Sánchez-García, Iñigo, Wilson, Michael R. & D'Urso, Vera, 2022, Discovery of Hishimonus diffractus Dai, Fletcher & Zhang, 2013 (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) in Europe, with remarks on previously recorded species of the genus, pp. 558-570 in Zootaxa 5159 (4) on page 565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/6786112, {"references":["Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Candresse, T., Chatzivassiliou, E., Dehnen-Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. - C., Miret, J. A., Navarro, M. N., Niere, B., Parnell, S., Potting, R., Rafoss, T., Rossi, V., Urek, G., Van Bruggen, A., Van der Werf, W., West, J., Winter, S., Gardi, C., Aukhojee, M., Bergeretti, F. & MacLeod, A. (2017) Pest categorisation of Hishimonus phycitis. EFSA Journal, 15 (10), e 05030, 1 - 26. https: // doi. org / 10.2903 / j. efsa. 2017.5037","Du, L. & Dai, W. (2019) High Species Diversity of the Leafhopper Genus Hishimonus Ishihara (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) from China, with Description of Ten New Species. Insects, 10 (5), 120, 1 - 52. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 10050120","EFSA [European Food Safety Authority] (2021) Pest survey card on `Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia ' and its vector Hishimonus phycitis. EFSA supporting publication, 2021, 7026 E. https: // doi. org / 10.2903 / sp. efsa. 2021. EN- 7026"]}

The present three-year study traces the diversity of four bee communities in fragmented pedemontane areas of Volcano Etna (Catania province, Sicily) near the Metropolitan City of Catania, under different land management regimes. The selected areas comprise two different urban parks within Catania (Parco Gioeni and Parco degli Ulivi), a Nature Reserve (Complesso Immacolatelle e Micio Conti, San Gregorio di Catania), and an agroecosystem (a citrus orchard, Aci Catena). Previous data obtained from a well-investigated area (Leucatia, north of Catania) have been used as a control for bee diversity for this study. The results include an outline of bee species richness, data on the composition of bee communities, and seasonal patterns, using several diversity indexes. The study of bee diversity shows a total of 163 species, arranged in five families. The four investigated locations include 104 species arranged in four families: Andrenidae (20 species), Halictidae (15 species), Megachilidae (31 species), and Apidae (38 species); with a similar number of species (102) recorded in the control site (Leucatia). The study highlights strong seasonal variations of bee communities in all investigated sites, with differentiated seasonal patterns, whose compositions are affected mainly by forage sources, suitable nesting sites, as well as human activities. The data obtained provide a rough but basilar framework to assess management strategies to maintain adequate levels of bee diversity, especially for those areas with moderate to high environmental fragmentation. Our findings highlight the importance of season-long sampling of bee population factors if used as indicators in ecological studies.

Tychus meggiolaroi sp. n. (Figs 1���6) Type material. Holotype: NORTHERN LEBANON: ♂: Bsharre, 1500-1900 m, 18.iv.1895, W. Wittmer leg. (MSNV). Description. Length 1.5 mm, head, pronotum and abdomen dark brown, elytra red, antennae and legs yellowish and yellow palpi. Relatively dense pubescence of long and flattened golden setae on head, pronotum, elytra and abdomen; other setae shorter, yellowish and suberect on antennae, palpi and legs. Tuft of dense setae present behind temples. Tegument smooth and shiny; only elytra with some punctures. Head (Fig. 1) widest across eyes and narrowest posteriorly to antennal tubercles, slightly wider (0.30 mm) than long (0.29 mm). Antennal tubercles 0.145 mm wide and 0.06 mm long, separated by median longitudinal sulcus. Vertex separated from frontal rostrum by transverse depression. Pair of small dorsal vertexal foveae between and close to eyes, the latter prominent, each with 16-18 facets. Small tooth in front of each vertexal fovea. Tempora rounded. Last palpomere (Fig. 2) 0.16 mm long and 0.085 mm wide, with slightly rounded lateral margin. Antennae (Fig. 3) 0.90 mm long, club 0.31 mm long; scape distinctly longer than wide; antennomeres 2 and 3 longer than wide; antennomere 3 narrow at base, 4 also longer than wide, 5 distinctly larger than other segments of funiculus, longer than wide, with its medial margin enlarged in the apical third, 6-7 wider than long, 7 longer than 6 and 8; 8 smallest and distinctly wider than long. Antennal club with three antennomeres broaden progressively from 9 to 11, antennomeres 9 and 10 transverse, the latter wider than 9, terminal antennomere longer than wide and longer than combined length of antennomeres 9 and 10. Pronotum wider than head, wider (0.36 mm) than long (0.30 mm). It is more clearly tapered and rounded anteriorly than posteriorly with seven small basal pits, median pit larger than lateral ones. Its lateral antebasal foveae large and strongly impressed. Metaventrite with median impression from posterior margin and extending over about 1/2 of its length. Elytra wider (0.69 mm) than long (0.53 mm) and longer than pronotum, with protruding humeri. Two basal foveae on each elytron; sutural fovea associated with shallow sutural stria that extends to elytral apex, while discal fovea extended posteriorly in discal stria reaching about half of elytral length. Abdomen with 1 st tergite 0.20 mm long, with short discal carinae detached by pubescent basal impression occupying about 1/2 of tergite width. First tergite with pair of basolateral foveae, 1 st abdominal paratergite with pair of antebasal impressions, 2 nd abdominal tergite with pair of antebasal foveae. All abdominal ventrites not modified. Legs with posterior margin of mesotrochanters extend into short median spine, lateral margin of metatrochanters prolonged into small median spine, femora of all legs slightly thickened. Aedeagus (Figs 4���5) 0.25 mm long. Dorsal apophysis of median lobe sinuate and canaliculated, and enlarged at apex, bearing in basal third short spine directed medially. Ventral portion of median lobe shorter than dorsal apophysis, larger at base and gradually narrowed towards apex, the latter directed laterally and downward. Female. Unknown. Distribution. Northern Lebanon. Etymology. Tychus meggiolaroi sp. n. is dedicated to the memory of the entomologist Giuseppe Meggiolaro, who was the first person to study this material., Published as part of Sabella, Giorgio, Viglianisi, Fabio Massimo & D'Urso, Vera, 2019, A new species of Tychus Leach, 1817 from Lebanon (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae), pp. 596-600 in Zootaxa 4656 (3) on pages 597-598, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4656.3.14, http://zenodo.org/record/3368961

Adropion vexatum sp. nov. Fig. 4 Type locality: Nebrodi Mountains, Cesarò: Pizzo Antenna, 1640 m a.s.l., (37°55'57"N, 14°41'30"E). Material examined: Holotype (slide No. 5755) and 5 paratypes (slides Nos. 5754, 5756, 5757 and 5782) from a lichen sample on a tree collected by Dr. Rosario Catanzaro (29.04.1986). Specific diagnosis: Colourless; cuticle smooth; eye spots absent in living specimens; bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of Adropion type; buccal tube narrow; its length is 36.5–39 % of the total length of the bucco-pharyngeal tube; stylet supports inserted on the buccal tube at 63–66 % of the buccal tube length; pharyngeal tube longer than the pharyngeal bulb; pharyngeal bulb with small apophyses and three rod-shaped macroplacoids; microplacoid and septulum absent. The macroplacoid row length is c. 50% of the pharyngeal bulb length. Claws of the Hypsibius type; the main branches with accessory points; lunules and other cuticular thickenings on the legs absent (small dots excluded). Description of the holotype: Body length 302 µm; colourless; eye spots absent in living specimens; cuticle smooth but with small dots on the legs. Bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of Adropion type (Fig. 4A): mouth anteroventral and a steep, almost vertical, front to the head (Fig. 4B); bucco-pharyngeal tube (53.9 µm long) without drop-shaped thickening between the rigid buccal tube and the flexible pharyngeal tube; the latter with a spiral thickening. Buccal tube length, 21.0 µm (pbf = 39.0) and 1.8 µm wide (pt = 8.6) without ventral lamina; stylet supports inserted on the buccal tube at 65.5% of its length (pt = 65.5); pharyngeal tube length, 32.9 µm. Pharyngeal bulb elliptic, 30.3 µm by 21.8 µm, with small apophyses and three rod-shaped macroplacoids; microplacoid and septulum absent (Fig. 4A). Macroplacoid length: first, 4.0 µm long (pt = 19.0), second, 4.0 µm (pt = 19.0), third, 6.5 µm (pt = 31.0); entire macroplacoid row length, 14.6 µm (pt = 69.5). Claws of the Hypsibius type (Fig. 4A,C); the external claws are longer than the internal and have a longer secondary branch. External claw of legs I, 10.2 µm long (pt = 48.6) (the main branch length is 75.4% of the entire claw length); internal claws of the same pair of legs 7.5 µm long (pt = 35.7); external claws of the second and third pairs of legs 12.7 µm long (pt = 60.5) (their main branch length is 74.0% of the entire claws length); internal claws II and III 9.1 µm long (pt = 43.3); the posterior claws on the hind legs are bent and therefore could not be measured; the anterior claws are 10.0 µm long (pt = 47.6). Main branches of all claws with accessory points; lunules and other cuticular thickenings on the legs, absent (small dots excluded). Remarks: The paratypes are similar to the holotype in both morphological and quantitative characters; the morphometric characters of the holotype and three paratypes that were correctly orientated for measurements are reported in Table 1. Differential diagnosis: There are six species of Adropion described with smooth cuticle, three macroplacoid and lacking microplacoid and septulum: Adropion prorsirostre, Adropion arduifrons (Thulin, 1928), Adropion clavatum (Bartoš, 1935), Adropion carolae, Adropion montigenum and Adropion modestum. The new species differs from Adropion carolae in having less elongate pharyngeal bulb (Figs. 4A and 5A); macroplacoid row clearly shorter with respect to the buccal tube length (pt = 69.5–79.7 in Adropion vexatum sp. nov., 98.7 in Adropion carolae), and with respect to the pharyngeal bulb length (48.2–55.6% in the new species, 64–67% in Adropion carolae); and by having longer claws (pt of the posterior and anterior claws IV about 77 and 44–49 respectively, and in Adropion vexatum sp. nov., c. 55 and 42 respectively in Adropion carolae). The antero-ventral mouth and a steep front to the head of the new species separates it from Adropion clavatum, Adropion modestum and Adropion prorsirostre. Additional characters differentiating these species include: absence of granulation on the caudal portion of the body, pharyngeal tube longer than the pharyngeal bulb, and the third macroplacoid not caudally clavate for Adropion vexatum sp. nov. but present in Adropion clavatum. A less elongate pharyngeal bulb and presence of small apophyses in Adropion vexatum sp. nov., longer pharyngeal bulb and absent apophyses in Adropion modestum, and a shorter placoid row length (near half the pharyngeal bulb length in the new species, 48.2–55.6%, and 73–74% in Adropion modestum). The pharyngeal tube clearly longer than the pharyngeal bulb (Figs. 4A and 5B, and Table 1) in Adropion vexatum sp. nov., shorter for Adropion prorsirostre (Figs. 4A and 5B, and Table 1), a narrower bucco-pharyngeal tube (the pt index is 8.6–8.9 in the new species 10.6–13.9 in Adropion prorsirostre Figs. 4A, B and 5B), lower values of the pt index relative to the stylet support insertion point (about 63–66 in Adropion vexatum sp. nov. and about 68.5–71 in Adropion prorsirostre, Table 1), and higher values of the pt index relative to the claw lengths (Table 1). * according to Thulin 1928 ** according to Dastych 1985 Adropion vexatum sp. nov. differs from Adropion montigenum by having rod-shaped macroplacoids (these are oval granules in Adropion montigenum); the macroplacoid row length is about half the pharyngeal bulb length (48.2–55.6%) while in Adropion montigenum it is about 34%, and the claw shape differs, the basal common portion and the secondary branch being longer (Figs. 4C and 5C, D). Adropion vexatum sp. nov. is similar, but not identical, to Adropion arduifrons. Unfortunately, the original description of Adropion arduifrons (Thulin, 1928), was not very detailed. We have attempted to find the holotype but it seems to be lost, as kindly communicated by Prof. Kristensen (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) and Dr. Ekström (University of Lund, Sweden). It is, therefore, necessary to refer to Thulin’s (1928) original description with additional information from Dastych (1985), and we were also able to examine three specimens (kindly given by Dastych). For these comparisons it was necessary to use indices as defined by Thulin and Dastych, which are ms (the length of a structure as a ratio with respect to the body length), and cph (the percent ratio of a structure with respect to the pharyngeal bulb length). Unfortunately, these ratios of body length and pharyngeal bulb length can be influenced by the compression exerted by the coverslip; though if the comparative difference between two values is very high, it may be considered significant. The new species differs from Adropion arduifrons (as described by Thulin 1928) in a number of characters: the pharyngeal bulb has a different shape and is shorter with respect to the body length in Adropion vexatum sp. nov., in fact the ms index is 98.4–111.4 in the new species (a paratype of uncertain body length has been excluded), and 126 in Adropion arduifrons; the pharyngeal bulb also has a clearly different ratio length/width (the index cph of the pharyngeal bulb width is 71.9–73.6 in the new species, 55 in Adropion arduifrons); the pharyngeal tube is clearly longer than the pharyngeal bulb, whereas Thulin (1928) specified that it is almost as long as the pharyngeal bulb; the claws are slightly longer with respect to both pharyngeal and body length (the cph index value of the posterior claw IV is c. 55 in the new species, and 35.7 in Adropion arduifrons; the ms index c. 61 in the new species, and 45 in Adropion arduifrons) (Table 2). Dastych (1985) considered some specimens collected in Spitsbergen as belonging to the species Diphascon arduifrons, but specified that his specimens differed from Adropion arduifrons in, “having more rounded pharynx, longer placoid row, a little longer mouth tube and pharyngeal one and longer claws in regard to the pharynx length”. The specimens studied by Dastych were 118–170 µm long and he hypothesized that: “All these differences may be result from unlike body dimension of the holotype (284 µm – comp. Thulin l.c.) and compared specimens”. Adropion vexatum sp. nov. differs from Adropion arduifrons as described by Dastych (1985), by having larger body size; more rounded pharyngeal bulb; buccal tube shorter with respect to the pharyngeal bulb (cph index 108.6–124.3 in the new species 147–175 in the specimens studied by Dastych); shorter placoid row with respect to both the pharyngeal bulb length and to the body length (Table 2), and longer claws with respect to both the pharyngeal bulb length and to the body length (Table 2). In conclusion, a number of characters distinguish our specimens of Adropion vexatum sp. nov. from the descriptions of Adropion arduifrons, provided by both Thulin (1928) and by Dastych (1985), and from all the other species of the genus. We therefore believe Adropion vexatum sp. nov. is a valid new species and addition to the Sicilian fauna. Etymology: The specific name (vexatum = vexed) refers to the difficulty to be recognized as new species, and described, as a consequence of the problem regarding comparisons with Adropion arduifrons.

Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. Figs. 1, 2, 3 Type locality: Sicily, Nebrodi Mountains, Caronia, by the side of Zilio Lake, 1069 m a.s.l.; (37°57′N, 14°25′E). Examined material: Caronia, by the side of Zilio Lake: holotype (slide No. 5708) and one egg with fully developed hatching embryo (slide No. 5708), from a moss sample collected by Mr. Angelo Zappalà, 29.5.1989. Specific diagnosis: species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group; colourless, cuticle smooth with circular and elliptical pores and small dots on the legs; eye spots present before mounting; bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of the Macrobiotus type; ten peribuccal lamellae present; buccal armature with three dorsal and three ventral transverse ridges and a band of small teeth in the posterior portion of the buccal cavity; pharyngeal bulb with two macroplacoids and a small microplacoid; claws of the Macrobiotus hufelandi type with accessory points and lunules; the only egg found is freely laid, ornamented and with variable shape and size of processes: most are in the form of an inverted egg-cup with a large terminal disk, but some are elongate or very elongate, tapering, with a very small terminal disk. Description of the holotype: body length 311 µm, colourless, cuticle smooth with circular and elliptical pores and small dots on the legs; eye spots present before mounting; bucco-pharyngeal apparatus of Macrobiotus type (Figs. 1A,B); mouth terminal with ten peribuccal lamellae; a band of small teeth and three dorsal and three ventral transverse ridges are present in the caudal portion of the buccal cavity; it is not clear whether a band of anterior teeth is also present. Rigid buccal tube 32.7 µm long and 5.0 µm wide externally (pt = 15.3); stylet supports inserted on the buccal tube at 77.8 % of its length (pt = 77.8). Pharyngeal bulb (30.8 µm x 25.4 µm) with apophyses, two rod-shaped macroplacoids and a very small microplacoid (Fig. 1B). First macroplacoid, with a central narrowing, 9.3 µm long (pt = 28.4), second 5.8 µm (pt = 17.7), microplacoid, 2.2 µm long (pt = 6.7) (N.B. this is faint in the adult (Fig. 1) and was not visible in the fully developed embryo (Fig. 2)); entire placoid row 18.8 µm long (pt = 57.5), macroplacoid row 15.9 µm long (pt = 48.6). Claws of the Macrobiotus hufelandi type (Fig.1C). The external claws are 8.7 µm long (pt = 26.6) on the first pair of legs, 9.2 µm (pt = 28.1) on the second and third pairs of legs; the anterior claws on the hind legs are 10.8 µm long (pt = 33.0). Well-developed accessory points (Fig. 1C, arrow) and smooth lunules are present. A faint cuticular bar is present near the lunules on the first three pairs of legs. Remarks: The fully developed hatching embryo is similar to the holotype but the microplacoid is not visible. Egg: The egg, freely laid, has very peculiar characters (Figs. 2, 3). We found only one egg, fortunately with the fully developed hatching embryo. The egg is partially open but its diameter can be measured (about 75 µm without processes). We did not measure the diameter including the processes as these structures have various heights. About 18 processes are present in the circumference and about 90 in the hemisphere. The processes are not uniform in size (Figs. 2, 3); the greater majority are in the shape of an inverted egg-cup, 4.2–4.7µm high with a terminal disc of variable diameter (3.1–5.6 µm) with jagged but not dentate margin. However, some of the processes are clearly longer (7.3–11 µm), with a variably sized terminal disc (Figs. 2 and 3C arrow a), and some are very long (Fig. 3B, arrows), for example, one is 20.6 long with a 2 µm wide terminal disc (Figs. 2 and 3C arrow b). The egg shell has a reticular design (Fig. 3C arrow c), with larger or broader mesh surrounding the process bases than the shell between processes (Fig. 3C arrow d). Etymology: The specific name (nebrodensis = living on the Nebrodi Mountains) refers to the type locality. Differential diagnosis: As it is well known, distinguishing between the species of the Macrobiotus hufelandi group is very difficult and careful examination of both individuals and eggs is required to ensure correct identifications. Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. is typical of the hufelandi group, and the adult is very similar to other species, but luckily we found one egg (with the fully developed embryo), which has provided unique characters that allow an immediate identification of this species from the rest of the group. While the longest processes of this new egg may in some way be similar to the egg processes of Macrobiotus kristenseni Guidetti, Peluffo, Rocha, Cesari, & Moly de Peluffo, 2013, in M. kristenseni all the processes are the same length and are not in the shape of an inverted egg-cup with a wide terminal disc; i.e. it is atypical of the usual hufelandi group egg processes. For other members of the hufelandi group, in addition to the egg characters, a careful comparison of the adult animals allows us to distinguish between Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. and other species by one or more characters. Cuticular dots restricted to the legs separates the new species from Macrobiotus joannae and Macrobiotus punctillus; the presence of cuticular pores on the new species separates it from Macrobiotus lissostomus, Macrobotus andinus and Macrobiotus madegassus; in the buccal cavity Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. has distinctly separated transverse ridges in the caudal portion, while the dorsal ridges are fused forming a unique continuous transverse ridge in Macrobiotus diversus, Macrobiotus sapiens, Macrobiotus iharosi, Macrobiotus sottilei, Macrobiotus humilis, Macrobiotus biserovi, Macrobiotus seychellensis and Macrobiotus modestus; the absence (or not clearly visible) anterior band of teeth in the anterior portion of the buccal cavity separates the new species from Macrobiotus macrocalix, Macrobiotus persimilis, Macrobiotus hufelandi, Macrobiotus hyperboreus Biserov, 1990a, Macrobiotus trunovae, Macrobiotus martini, Macrobiotus almadai, Macrobiotus marlenae and Macrobiotus kazmierskii Kaczmarek & Michalczyk, 2009; in addition the presence of eye spots separates the new species from Macrobiotus hyperboreus; a medio-dorsal and a medio-ventral transverse ridge, present in the caudal portion of the buccal cavity of Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov., are absent in Macrobiotus martini; the absence of a clearly visible tooth in the buccal tube distinguishes the new species from Macrobiotus denticulus. The pt index relative to the stylet support insertion point is higher in Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. than Macrobiotus madegassus, Macrobiotus iharosi, Macrobiotus humilis, Macrobiotus martini, Macrobiotus modestus, Macrobiotus hibiscus and Macrobiotus seychellensis (c. 78 in the new species, 67.3–69.8 in Macrobiotus modestus, c. 71 in Macrobiotus madegassus and Macrobiotus humilis, 72–75.2 in Macrobiotus iharosi, 72.9–74.3 in Macrobiotus martini, 73.5–74.6 in Macrobiotus hibiscus, 74.5–77.6 in Macrobiotus seychellensis), and lower than Macrobiotus andinus, Macrobiotus trunovae and Macrobiotus punctillus (c. 78 in the new species, 80.7–82.2 in Macrobiotus punctillus, 81–82.4 in Macrobiotus trunovae, 81–84 in Macrobiotus andinus). In Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. the first macroplacoid has a clearly visible central narrowing which separates it from Macrobiotus patagonicus, Macrobiotus vladimiri Bertolani, Biserov, Rebecchi, & Cesari, 2011 and Macrobiotus hibiscus. Lower values of the pt index relative to the microplacoid distinguishes Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. from Macrobiotus sapiens, Macrobiotus joannae, Macrobiotus trunovae, Macrobiotus almadai; Macrobiotus macrocalix. The macroplacoid row clearly longer than the mid-point of the pharyngeal bulb in the new species separates Macrobiotus sandrae, and the presence of lunules of leg IV without marginal teeth in the new species separates Macrobiotus terminalis, Macrobiotus ramoli Dastych, 2005, Macrobiotus serratus Bertolani, Guidi & Rebecchi, 1996, and Macrobiotus seychellensis. The more slender claws of Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. differentiate it from Macrobiotus rawsoni Horning, Schuster & Grigarick, 1978, Macrobiotus vladimiri, Macrobiotus terminalis and Macrobiotus polonicus; and the absence of lateral gibbosity on the legs IV from Macrobiotus polonicus. When examining only adult animals without eggs it may prove to be very difficult to distinguish Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. from Macrobiotus personatus and Macrobiotus santoroi. However, the new species’ wider buccal tube in proportion to the body size distinguishes it from Macrobotus personatus and Macrobiotus santoroi (in the Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. holotype, 311 µm long, the index value is 15.3, while a Macrobiotus personatus paratype, 464 µm long, has a value of 13.6, and in Macrobiotus santoroi specimens, c. 400 µm long the value is c. 13). When eggs are also available for comparison there is no doubt that Macrobiotus nebrodensis sp. nov. is a bona species, completely distinct from Macrobiotus personatus and Macrobiotus santoroi.

Introduction of an exotic pathogen or insect in a region may not guarantee its establishment. The rapid evolution of climatic changes coupled with an increase in trade over the last ten years has resulted in a predictable but underestimated increase in introduction of plant and animal parasites in many regions of the Mediterranean basin. In addition to the damage to plant crops, the threat to wild biodiversity is also significant., peer-reviewed

The faunistic knowledge of the Auchenorrhyncha of the Maltese Islands is still incomplete. Studies on this insect group from the Maltese Islands were mostly neglected and it was only in recent years that some collecting efforts were carried out resulting in a published check-list of 46 species., peer-reviewed

A new species of Oligosita Walker (Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae), O. balcluthae Viggiani et Laudonia n. sp., is described as a parasitoid of the eggs of Balclutha brevis Lindberg (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) associated with crimson fountain grass, Pennisetum setaceum (Poaceae) in Italy. Morphological features and biology of the new species are discussed and illustrated. The 28S-D2 and ITS2 regions were successfully amplified and sequenced.

Short correspondence article with regards to the sightings of Austroagallia avicula in Gozo and Austroagallia sinuata in Malta. Three specimens of the Austroagallia avicula from Ramla were erroneously included in Austroagallia sinuata., peer-reviewed

High population levels of Osbornellus horvathi (Matsumura 1908) in Mediterranean natural environments and our previous findings of adults infected by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’, in Sicily in 2012, highlight the potential role of this species as a phytoplasma vector. In the present work, O. horvathi and other Auchenorrhyncha species were collected using sticky traps between May-October of 2013 in a natural area in Sicily. The insects were analyzed for phytoplasma detection and characterization. Among the 20 Auchenorrhyncha species collected, only O. horvathi was positive for phytoplasmas. Phytoplasma transmission to periwinkle and broad bean plants by field-collected phytoplasma-infected O. horvathi individuals was also carried out. The number and composition of Auchenorrhyncha populations in the area were described together with information on the biology of O. horvathi. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ was successfully transmitted to broad bean and periwinkle by field-collected ‘Ca. P. asteris’ and ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’ double-infected O. horvathi, thus highlighting its vector competence for the former phytoplasma. Further studies are required to assess the ability of O. horvathi to transmit ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’.

Oligosita balcluthae Viggiani et Laudonia n. sp. Figs 1, 2 Description. Female (Fig. 1 a). Body length: 0.65 mm (SD: 0.060; n: 20). Body honey yellow, ocelli and eyes black, head below the level of lower margin of eyes brown, some infuscation may be present laterally and ventrally on prothorax, and laterally on mesosoma and metasoma. Ovipositor sheaths brown. Fore wing (Fig. 1 c) blade lightly infuscate from base to distal margin; additional black spots present at level of premarginal vein and stigmal vein. Legs with coxae and last tarsomeres brown. Ratio of head: mesosoma: metasoma length = 5: 8: 14. Head slightly wider than mesosoma, about twice as wide as long. Mandibles each with 2 teeth and an internal truncation. Maxillary palpus one segmented, twice as long as wide, with a stout process of the same length and a terminal seta twice as long as palpus. Labial palpus vestigial, with a long seta as long as terminal seta on maxillary palpus. Antenna (Fig. 1 b) inserted just above level of lower ocular line; scape rather narrow, as long as club; pedicel slightly wider than scape; anellus transverse, very small; funicle segment narrowest basally, narrower and shorter than pedicel (10: 17); club widest at level of distal part of first segment and base of second segment, the latter slightly longer than the third; apical process a little shorter than third claval segment (8: 10). Setae and sensilla of antenna as in Fig. 1 b. Pronotum short, as long as metanotum, each lateral angle with a seta. Mid lobe of mesoscutum a little wider than long (40: 35), with shallow, longitudinal, net-like sculpture and with one seta half as long as scutellum at midlevel near lateral margin; scutellum one-third length of mid lobe of mesoscutum, with a pair of setae and two pores, each pore placed internally near base of seta and distant from each other by distance equal to length of seta. Axilla with one seta. Metanotum (Fig. 1 d) very short, about one-third as long as scutellum, with some striation. Propodeum (Fig. 1 d) as long as scutellum, with a triangular mid lobe and longitudinal striation also extending to lateral parts of the sclerite with reticulate sculpture; spiracle situated a little more than own diameter from anterior margin of propodeum. Fore wing (Fig. 1 c) 3.4 �� as long as broad; venation extending about 3 / 5 wing length; ratio of submarginal: premarginal: marginal: stigmal veins = 18: 8: 20: 6. Costal cell narrow, twice as long as marginal vein, with one seta on anterior margin at level of mid-length of premarginal vein; veins with rather long setae, one seta on submarginal vein about as long as premarginal vein, one at base of premarginal vein about as long as seta on submarginal vein, and three on marginal vein, the distal one the longest. Fore wing blade with distal margin not regularly rounded, with a few (4���6) microsetae along posterior margin opposite of marginal vein; disc distally beyond level of stigmal vein with a row of submarginal setae, with 2 to 3 irregular rows of setae extending from uncus to distal margin, and another 2 to 3 irregular rows extending just above posterior margin of disc from level of stigmal vein to distal margin; fringe well developed; maximum length of cilia along anal margin about as long as maximum width of disc. Hind wing with a row of microsetae just behind anterior margin. Front leg with tarsus a little longer than tibia (25: 20), tarsomeres subequal in length and width, with basitarsomere shorter than last tarsomere (6: 8); middle leg with basitarsomere longer than distal tarsomere (10: 8); hind leg with tarsomeres as for middle leg and tibial spur about half as long as basitarsomere. Metasoma ovate (Fig. 1 a), as long as head and mesosoma combined; urotergites with shallow longitudinal reticulation. Ovipositor with base inserted at level of the fourth urite, not extruded; third valvulae very short, only 0.13 total ovipositor length; ratio of ovipositor: front tibia length = 4: 2; hypogynium distal margin reaching basal half of ovipositor (Fig. 1 e) and with ventral surface as in Fig. 1 f. Male. Similar to female in colour and morphological features. Body length 0.56 mm (DS: 0.072; n: 20) a little shorter than that of female. Metasoma distally less pointed and with some dusky spots. Antenna (Fig. 2 a) without apical process. Male genitalia inserted at level of VIII urite; tubular, in lateral view curved ventrally (Fig. 2 b), the basal half a little wider than the last distal part; aedeagal apodemes (Fig. 2 c) short, as long as width of aedeagus body. Dimensions of the male genitalia: total length on average 0.10 mm (SD: 0.003 mm; n: 15); basal width: 0.01 mm (SD: 0.001 mm; n: 15); apodeme length: 0.01 (SD: 0.001 mm; n: 15). Etymology. The name is in reference to the host genus Balclutha. Material examined. Holotype (♀), on slide, Catania, 11.VII. 2014, Piazza Michelangelo (37 �� 31 ' 22 '' N, 15 ��05' 34 '' E); 43 m a.s.l., from egg of Balclutha brevis, leg. S. Bella. Allotype (♂): Catania, 18.X. 2014, same locality as holotype. Paratypes: 5 ♀, same data as holotype; 3 ♀ and 7 ♂ on slide, same data as allotype; 1 ♀ and 1 ♂ on card, from parasitized eggs collected in Catania, III. 2015, emerged in the Department of Agriculture-BIPAF laboratory on 8.IV. 2015. Additional material: 27 ♀ and 8 ♂ in alcohol, same data as holotype; 40 ♀ and 8 ♂, dried specimens, same data as holotype deposited in the entomological collection of the Department of Agriculture-BIPAF University of Naples ���Federico II���, Portici, Napoli, Italia. 43 ♀ in alcohol and 13 ♀ dried specimens, 28 ♂ in alcohol and 8 ♂ dried specimens are preserved in the laboratory of CREA-ACM Acireale (Catania). 183 ♀ and 97 ♂ in alcohol are deposited in the entomological collection of the Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Section of Animal Biology "Marcello La Greca", University of Catania. The holotype, 5 ♀ and 4 ♂ paratypes and all additional material are deposited in the entomological collection of the Department of Agriculture-Division of Biology and Protection of Agricultural and Forest Systems (BIPAF) University of Naples ���Federico II���, Portici, Napoli, Italia; 1 ♀ and 1 ♂ paratype in the National History Museum, London, England, U.K.; 1 ♀ and 1 ♂ paratype in the University of California, Riverside, California, USA; 1 ♀ and 1 ♂ paratype in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Taxonomic notes. This new species belongs to the collina group (Viggiani 1976) of Oligosita Walker as redefined by Pinto and Viggiani (2004). Among known species belonging to this group, which is characterized mostly by antenna and fore wing shape, O. balcluthae appears very similar to O. biscrensis Nowicki (1935). The latter species is known only from its original description, based on a female collected in a palm orchard of Biscra (Northern Sahara), Algeria, June 24, 1931. The type of O. biscrensis is preserved in the entomological collection of the Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia agraria ���Filippo Silvestri��� (DEZA), Portici (NA), Universit�� degli Studi di Napoli ���Federico II���. It was dissected and originally mounted on three cards; each with a circular hole covered with glass on both sides, but was remounted by Viggiani on two slides using balsam-phenol as the medium. Oligosita biscrensis should be added to the list of species in the S. Nowicki collection preserved in the above mentioned institution by Viggiani (2011). Specimens of O. balcluthae can be distinguished from O. biscrensis by the lower part of the head being dark, the fore wing fringe being about as long as the maximum discal width, and the ovipositor being only twice as long as the front tibia. The holotype of O. biscrensis has the head completely yellow, the longest setae of the fore wing fringe shorter than the maximum discal width (2 / 3), and the ovipositor three times as long as the front tibia (Fig. 2 d). Male genitalia of O. balcluthae show the typical shape known for other species of the collina group (Viggiani 1971). Molecular analyses. The 28 S-D 2 and ITS 2 regions were successfully amplified and sequenced. ITS 2 was used to provide molecular analysis of the new species. rDNA genes or nucleotide regions have proven to be useful in taxonomic studies for various taxa and one of the most important target regions used in molecular analysis was ribosomal DNA which is relatively less changed and is composed of 28 S D 2 gene regions and internal spaces ITS 2. The sequence analysis of ITS 2 rDNA has been described in several studies as a tool for Trichogrammatidae identification as well (Kan et al. 1996; Pinto et al. 1997, 2002; Sayed et al. 2011; Sumer et al. 2011). 28 S rDNA coding rRNA is accepted as a highly conserved gene region during evolutionary processes, so it is used to construct phylogenetic trees especially for higher categories. Ribosomal ITS 2 is a non-coding region located between 5.8 S and 28 S ribosomal DNA regions. Because this region is thought to change rapidly, it has been used commonly in population genetics, separation of cryptic species, and similar species. For Oligosita, PCR product sizes of the region ITS 2 varied from 460 to 510 bp (��vila-Rodr��guez et al. 2013). The 28 S-D 2 sequences (published in gene bank, accession number: BankIt 1831844 Seq 1 KT 124387) correspond completely with the 28 S-D 2 sequences published by Gillespie et al. (2005) for Oligosita. GRAPH 1. Number of adults of O. balcluthae (N) emerged from a sample of 10 P. setaceum ears collected in two locations of Catania (Piazza Michelangelo and Via Giovannino). ITS 2 sequences did not show polymorphic sites, but all specimens had a common origin, collected in the same place and from the same leafhopper eggs. In fact, from the multiple sequence alignment only one sequence was obtained which contained 498 pb (sequence published in gene bank, accession number: BankIt 1831844 Seq 2 KT 124388), and different from the observed data for Oligosita sp 1 and Oligosita sp 2 in ��vila-Rodr��guez et al. (2013). It was not possible to compare the ITS 2 sequences to other sequences obtained from Oligosita due to lack of published data. Biology. Oligosita balcluthae oviposits in the eggs of the host, which measure 0.7���0.8 mm in length and 0.2��� 0.3 in width, located on the internal side of the glumes in groups of 2 or 3 elements. A single parasitoid develops in each host egg (Fig. 2 e). The parasitization starts to be evident during the last larval stage when the host egg chorion becomes grey or brown (Fig. 2 f). The pupal stage, with black eyes, is clearly visible. The healthy leafhopper eggs during embryonic development show red eye spots. Ears of P. setaceum sampled from June 6, 2012 to May 28, 2013, showed that O. balcluthae adults emerged almost all year around, except during winter, when the parasitoid develops slowly its young stages. In 2015 a sample of P. setaceum ears collected in the second half of March showed adult O. balcluthae emerged at the beginning of April. The first annual emergence of the parasitoid matches the presence of fresh eggs of the leafhopper host. The abundance of O. balcluthae emerging from the P. setaceum ears is shown in the Graph 1., Published as part of Bella, Salvatore, Cupani, Sebastiano, D'Urso, Vera, Laudonia, Stefania, Sinno, Martina & Viggiani, Gennaro, 2015, Description of a new species of Oligosita Walker (Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae), egg parasitoid of Balclutha brevis Lindberg (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) living on Pennisetum setaceum, from Italy, pp. 583-590 in Zootaxa 4039 (4) on pages 584-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4039.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/239102, {"references":["Pinto, J. D. & Viggiani, G. (2004) A review of the genera of Oligositini (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) with a preliminary hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 13, 269 - 294.","Nowicki, S. (1935) Descriptions of new Genera and Species of the Family Trichogrammidae (Hym. Chalcidoidea) from the Palearctic Region, with notes - I. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie, 21, 583. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0418.1935. tb 00406. x","Viggiani, G. (2011 [2009]) Notes on the collection of Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of S. Nowicki and on some Aphelinoidea (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Frustula entomologica, New Series, XXXII (XLV), 101 - 110.","Viggiani, G. (1971) Studio morfologico comparativo dell'armatura genitale esterna maschile dei Trichogrammatidae. Ricerche sugli Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea. XXVIII. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia agraria Filippo Silvestri, 29, 181 - 222.","Pinto, J. D., Stouthamer, R. & Platner, G. R. (1997) A new cryptic species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) from the Mojave desert of California as determined by morphological, reproductive and molecular data. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 99, 238 - 247.","Pinto, J. D., Koopmanschap, A. B., Platner, G. R. & Stouthamer, R. (2002) The North American Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitizing certain Tortricidae (Lepidoptera) on apple and pear, with ITS 2 DNA characterization and description of a new species. Biological Control, 23, 134 - 142. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1006 / bcon. 2001.0995","Sayed, S. M., El-Shehawi, A. M. & Al-Otaibi, S. A. (2011) Molecular and Biological Characterization of Trichogramma turkestenica (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) which Inhabits Taif governorate at the West of Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10 (46), 9467 - 9472. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5897 / AJB 11.868.","Sumer, F., Oztemiz, S., Tuncbilek, A. S. & Stouthamer, R. (2011) Sequence analysis of the ribosomal DNA ITS 2 region in two Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Archives of Biological Sciences, Belgrade, 63 (4), 949 - 954. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2298 / ABS 1104949 E","Avila-Rodriguez, V., Alvarado-Gomez, G. O., Gonzalez-Hernandez, A. & Nava-Camberos, U. (2013) Differentiation and phylogeny of Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chacidoidea) from Mexico based on ITS 2 and 18 S molecular markers of rDNAr and COII of the mDNA. Southwestern Entomologist, 38 (2), 299 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3958 / 059.038.0213.","Gillespie, J. J., Munro, J. B., Heraty, J. M., Yoder, M. J., Owen, A. K. & Carmichael, A. E. (2005) A Secondary Structural Model of the 28 S rRNA Expansion Segments D 2 and D 3 for Chalcidoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22 (7), 1593 - 1608. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / molbev / msi 152"]}

A low molecular weight (MW) lectin (Paracentrotus lividus small lectin, PlSL) has been found in the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus. After gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, PlSL exhibits a MW of 13 kDa, while its hemagglutinating activity is Ca2+-independent and inhibited by D-Glucose, L-Rhamnose, D-Arabinose, L-Fucose and N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine. Electrophoretic analysis of the coleomic fluid of P. lividus reveals that the presence of PlSL increases following immune challenge with bacteria, whereas it is annulled as a consequence of osmotic stress. Interestingly, two other putative inducible hemagglutinins of an approximate MW of 11 and 32 kDa were retrieved in concomitance with the stress-promoted disappearance of PlSL.

Key to identification of Tychobythinus algiricus species group 1. Head with frontal lobe 0.11 mm wide, punctate in its posterior region, occipital region with slight impressed median sulcus, antennal scape at least 3.5 times longer than wide, antennomere 2 distinctly longer than wide, pronotum without pleural carina, ventral margin of profemora with some tubercles............................................................. 2 - Head with frontal lobe 0.12–0.13 mm wide, impunctuate in its posterior region, occipital region with short median carina, antennal scape at most 3 times longer than wide, antennomere 2 slightly longer than wide, pronotum with pleural carina, ventral margin of profemora without tubercles.......................................................... T. algiricus 2. Posterior region of frontal lobe strongly punctate, lateral margins of male head with stout and truncated median tooth, antennal scape 4 times longer than wide, antennomere 2 of male as wide as scape and not modified, antennomeres 6 and 7 as wide as 5 and 8, protrochanters with 2 tubercles............................................................ T. atlanticus - Posterior region of frontal lobe slightly punctate, lateral margins of male head without median tooth, antennal scape 3.5 times longer than wide, antennomere 2 of male slightly wider than scape, its ventral margin prolonged into rounded well-marked protrusion, antennomeres 6 and 7 slightly wider than 5 and 8, protrochanters without tubercles................ T. escalerai, Published as part of Sabella, Giorgio, Viglianisi, Fabio Massimo, D'Urso, Vera & Nouira, Said, 2014, A review of the Tychobythinus algiricus species group from North Africa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), pp. 579-586 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on page 585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/230192

Tychobythinus algiricus (Raffray, 1871) (Figs 1 A–D, 2 C–E, 3) Bythinus algiricus Raffray 1871: 160. Bythinus algericus Raffray 1873: 366, pl. XV, fig. 6 (antenna); Pic 1901: 403; Normand 1904: 218; Peyerimhoff 1910: 288. Bythinus (Machaerites) algiricus Reitter 1882: 483. Bryaxis (groupe V) algirica Raffray 1904: 275. Bythinopsis algerica Raffray 1908: 283; Raffray 1924: 85. Bythinopsis algirica Raffray 1911: 125; Martinez de la Escalera 1914: 99; Normand 1935: 85. Chiasmatobythus algericus Jeannel 1956: 68, figs 61–62 (habitus), 63 (aedeagus). Chiasmatobythus algiricus Kocher 1958: 207. Tychobythinus algericus Besuchet 1962: 349; 1963 a: 230; 1963 b: 219; Kocher 1969: 5; Ribera Almerje 1972: 137; Besuchet 1999: 52. Tychobythinus algiricus Löbl & Besuchet 2004: 314. Bythinus tuniseus Pic 1901: 403; Normand 1904: 218 (synonymized by Peyerimhoff 1910: 289). Bryaxis (groupe V) tunisea Raffray 1904: 276. Bythinopsis tunisea Raffray 1908: 284. Bythinopsis algerica var. tunisea Raffray 1924: 85. Chiasmatobythus remyi Jeannel 1956: 69 (synonymized by Besuchet 1999: 52); Kocher 1958: 208. Tychobythinus remyi Kocher 1969: 5. Tychobythinus occidentalis Besuchet 1962: 348 (syn. nov.). Material examined. NORTHERN TUNISIA: Tabarka governorate: Aïn Draham, 2 males and 1 female, VI. 1938 (H. Normand) (INAT); idem, 1 male and 1 female, X. 1938 (H. Normand) (INAT); idem, 1 male and 1 female, VI. 1939 (H. Normand) (CCo); idem, 1 male and 1 female, VI. 1939 (H. Normand) (MHNG); idem, 1 male and 1 female, 02.X. 1976 (H. Franz) (MHNG); idem, 1900, 1 male (holotype of Bythinus tuniseus) (M. Pic) (MNHN, ex coll. Peyerimhoff). Bèja governorate: km 32 road Aïn Draham - Bèja, 800 m, 1 male, 30.XI. 1997, under stone ( G. Sabella & A. Alicata) (DBUC); Le Kef governorate: Le Kef, 3 females, IV. 1940 (H. Normand) (INAT); idem, 3 ex., XI. 1939 (H. Normand) (CCo); idem, 2 ex., VI. 1951 (H. Normand) (CCo); idem, 1 male, VI. 1939 (H. Normand) (MHNG); idem, 1 male and 2 females, XI. 1939 (H. Normand) (MHNG); idem, 2 females, VI. 1949 (H. Normand) (MSNM); Jendouba governorate: Camp de la Santé, 1 male (H. Normand) (INAT); Bulla Regia, 1 male and 1 female (MNHN, ex. coll. Pic). NORTHERN ALGERIA: Algeria, 1 female (type algiricus Raffray) (MNHN); El Tarf province: Marais de la Calle, 1 male and 4 females, V. 1935 (H. Normand) (INAT); idem, 3 ex., V. 1938 (H. Normand) (CCo); idem, 4 females, V. 1938 (H. Normand) (MHNG); idem, 1 female (H. Normand) (MSNM); Annaba province: Edough Mount, 1 female (sub Machaerites theryi), 09.IV. 1893, (MNHN, ex. coll. Pic); idem, 1 female (sub Machaerites theryi), 08.V. 1893, (MNHN, ex. coll. Pic); Annaba (new name of Bône), 1 male (sub Machaerites jugurthae) (MNHN, ex. coll. de Saulcy); Jijel province: El Milia, 3 ex., 10.X. 1928 (H. Normand) (INAT); Blida province: Mouzaïa Mount, 1 female, IV. 1909 (INAT); idem, 1 male, IV. 1909 (MHNG); Chiffa, 1 ex. (MNHL); Chiffa Gorges, 1 male, 25.IV. 1895 (MHNG); Atlas de Blida, Chréa, Les Glacières, 1.100 m, 1 female, 3.V. 1988 (C. Besuchet, I. Löbl & D. Burckhardt) (MHNG); Sidi Zraïm near Mouzaïa, 11.V.1934, 1 male and 1 female (MNHN, ex. coll. Peyerimhoff); Zaouïa de Mouzaïa, 1 male and 1 female (MNHN, ex. coll. Peyerimhoff); Platrière marsh, near Mouzaïa, 1 female, 01.V. 1894 (MNHN, ex. coll. Peyerimhoff); Kehir river of Mouzaïa, 1 male, 02.VII. 1905 (MNHN, ex. coll. Peyerimhoff); Kaïrons river of Mouzaïa, 1 female, VIII. 1905 (MNHN, ex. coll. Peyerimhoff); Tipasa province: Koléa, Oum el Hallouf, 2 males and 1 female (P. M. de Peyerimhoff) (MHNG); idem, 3 males and 2 females (MHNG); idem, 5 males and 1 female (MNHN, ex. coll. Peyerimhoff); idem, 1 male ( sub Machaerites theryi) (MNHN, ex. coll. de Saulcy); idem, 1 male and 1 female (MNHN, ex. coll. Sainte Claire Deville); idem, 2 ex. (MNHL); Algiers province: Alger, 2 males ( MNHN, ex. coll. de Saulcy); Masafran marsh, 1 female (MHNG); MOROCCO: Tanger-Tétouan region: Boucharen, near Larache, 3 ex. (INAT); idem, 4 males and 3 females, V. 1910 (MHNG); idem, 04.V.1910, 4 males and 3 females (MNHN, ex coll. Peyerimhoff and coll. Raffray); Larache, 2 males and 2 females (coll. Raffray, MNHN); Khémis of Sahel, near Larache, 4 females, 03.IV. 1959 (C. Besuchet) (MHNG); Moulay Bousselham, Merja, 1 male, 04.II. 1966 (Lapin) (MHNG); Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen region: Moulay Bousselham, Merja, 1 male, 04.II. 1966 (Lapin) (MHNG); idem, Rharb, 2 males, 22.XII. 1968 (Lapin) (MHNG); Sebou river, near Kenitra, 1 female, IV. 1960 (R. Mussard) (MHNG); Rabat region: Fouarat river, Mamora forest, 1 male, 21.IV. 1962 (R. Mussard) (MHNG); idem, 1 male, 26.I. 1962 (R. Mussard) (MHNG); Fes-Boulemane region: Dayèt Aouaoua, south of Imouzzer, 1 male, 16.VII. 1963 (R. Mussard) (MHNG); Meknès-Tafilalet region: Zaouïa Ifrane, 1.600 m, 1 male, VIII. 1950, (C. Remy) (coll. Raffray, MNHN); Tadla-Azilal region: Beni-Mellal, VIII.1950, 1 female (holotype of Chiasmatobythus remyi) (MNHN); Souss Massa Draâ region: Tazentoute, Wit Tandoum cave, subterrain river, 1 female, 10.VIII. 1971 (J. N. Romero) (MHNG). Marrakech-Tensift-El Haouz region: south slope of Tizi-n-Test, 1.600 m, 1 female (holotype of Tychobythinus occidentalis) (C. Besuchet) (MHNG); idem, 1.600 m, 1 female (paratype of Tychobythinus occidentalis) (C. Besuchet) (MHNG). Redescription. Body 1.05–1.25 mm long, pubescence dense and fairly uniform consisting of long and flattened setae (length: 0.07–0.08 mm) on head, pronotum, elytra and abdomen, other suberect setae shorter (length: 0.03–0.04 mm) on antennae and legs and thin fluff on apical segment of maxillary palpi. Head (Figs 1 A, 1 D) distinctly wider (0.27–0.31 mm) than long (0.18–0.19 mm), frontal lobe width 0.12–0.134 mm, front between antennal tubercles glossy with some punctures concentrated on sides; well-impressed and large median sulcus reaching vertexal foveae. Clypeal carina clearly visible in lateral view, occipital region with short median longitudinal carina. Segment II of maxillary palpi with 10–14 tubercles, segment III slightly longer than wide with 4–6 tubercles, apical segment of maxillary palpi (Fig. 2 D) little more than 2 times longer (0.20–0.21 mm) than wide (0.08 mm). Antennae (Fig. 2 C) 0.48–0.50 mm long with scapus about 2.5 times longer (0.12–0.13 mm) than wide (0.049–0.050 mm), antennomere II longer (0.05 mm) than wide (0.04 mm) and wide as scape, antennomere III slightly longer than wide, antennomeres IV and VIII subequal and wider than long, antennomeres IX and X distinctly transverse, XI about two times longer than wide, and longer than about 2 times combined length of IX and X. Pronotum wider (0.30 mm) than long (0.23–0.24 mm), widest slightly before the middle, pleural carina barely visible, with deep antebasal sulcus. Elitra width 0.50 mm, length 0.48–0.50 mm. Metasternum with surface impressed by large and thick punctures. Legs not particularly elongate, protrochanters and profemora without tubercles. Metatibiae 0.40–0.41 mm long. Male. Winged and macrophthalmous (20–30 ommatidia) brown reddish with sometimes black abdomen, or micropterous and microphthalmous (6–10 ommatidia), body entirely pale brown. Occipital region with median longitudinal carina reaching about to posterior edge of vertexal foveae (Fig. 1 A). Gular region (Fig. 1 C) behind labium with deep and broad impression margined posteriorly by transverse ridge projecting on each side of head as sharp tubercle, this ridge with acute median process projecting ventrally bearing two tufts of modified setae at tips (Fig. 1 B). Aedeagus (Fig. 2 E) 0.26–0.28 mm long, ovoid with relatively short parameres that are sinuate and convergent, each bearing 3 bristles. Internal sac with 2 big and long teeth and 4 smaller and short spines. Female. Occipital region with short median longitudinal carina reaching to about its middle (Fig. 1 D). Wingless and microphthalmous with 2–6 ommatidia, entirely pale brown, gular region unmodified. Notes. Besuchet (1962: 349) described Tychobythinus occidentalis based on two females (holotype and paratype) from Morocco (Tizi-n-Test) stating that this species is close to Tychobythinus algiricus from which it differs in its smaller size, narrower frontal lobe, and very reduced eyes. We have examined a long series of specimens of T. algiricus from Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco which were compared favourably with the holotype and paratype of T. occidentalis, and found that all features used by Besuchet could be seen as simple gradation or variation within these series; so Tychobythinus occidentalis is here placed as the junior synonym of Tychobythinus algiricus (syn. nov.). According to Raffray (1873: 366) the typical series of this species (with males and females) was collected in the Chiffa Gorges in moss and in the Boghari Forest under a large stone. In the collections of the MNHN we could not find any specimens with labels referring to these two localities, and only one female with the locality label “ Algeria ” and determination label “ Bythinus algiricus / Type ”, both handwritten by Raffray. Distribution (Fig. 3). T. algiricus is a widespread species in the Maghreb (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco). Apart from the material examined it is reported from Fernana and Tebousouk (Tunisia) (Jeannel 1956: 69) and Tangeri (Besuchet 1962: 349)., Published as part of Sabella, Giorgio, Viglianisi, Fabio Massimo, D'Urso, Vera & Nouira, Said, 2014, A review of the Tychobythinus algiricus species group from North Africa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), pp. 579-586 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on pages 580-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/230192, {"references":["Raffray, A. (1871) Petites nouvelles. Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques, 3, 159 - 160.","Raffray, A. (1873) In: Fairmaire, L. & Raffray, A., Coleopteres du Nord de l'Afrique. Revue et Magazin de Zoologie Pure et Appliquee, 3 e Serie 1, 331 - 385.","Pic, M. (1901) Notes sur les Bythinus Leach, de Tunisie (Col.) et description d'une espece nouvelle. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 72, 403 - 404.","Normand, H. (1904) Catalogue raisonne des Pselaphides de Tunisie. L'Abeille, Journal d'Entomologie, 30, 209 - 222.","Peyerimhoff, P. M. de Fontenelle (1910) Sur un cas de poecilandrie discontinue observe chez un Bythinus. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 1910, 287 - 290.","Reitter, E. (1882) Bestimmungs-Tabellen der europaischen Coleopteren. V. Paussidae, Clavigeridae, Pselaphidae und Scydmaenidae. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koniglichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien, 31 (1881), 443 - 593. [plates. VI, VII]","Raffray, A. (1904) Genera et Catalogue des Pselaphides. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 73, 1 - 400.","Raffray, A. (1908) Coleoptera. Fam. Pselaphidae. In: Wytsmann, P. (Ed.), Genera Insectorum, fasc. 64. Rome, 487 pp. [9 plates]","Raffray, A. (1924) Etude sur la distribution geographique des Coleopteres de la famille des Pselaphides. Memorie della Pontificia Accademia di Scienze \" Nuovi Lincei \", series 2, 6 - 8. 238 pp.","Raffray, A. (1911) Pars 27: Pselaphidae. In: Junk, V. & Schenkling, S. (Ed.), Coleopterorum Catalogus Volumen VII. Berlin, W. Junk, 222 pp.","Martinez de la Escalera, M. (1914) Los Coleopteros de Marueccos. Trabajos del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Ser. Zol., 11, 1 - 533.","Normand, H. (1935) Contribution au Catalogue des coleopteres de Tunisie (5 me fascicule). Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, 26, 103 - 117.","Jeannel, R. (1956) Les pselaphides de l'Afrique du Nord. Essai de biogeographie berbere. Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, n. s. (Serie A: Zoologie), 14, 1 - 233.","Kocher, L. (1958) Catalogue commente des coleopteres du Maroc. Fascicule II. Hydrocanthares, Palpicornes, Brachelitres. Travaux de l'Institut scientifique cherifien, Serie zoologique, 14, 1 - 246.","Besuchet, C. (1962) Contribution a l'etude des pselaphides du Maroc. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 34 (1961), 333 - 371.","Besuchet, C. (1963 a) Pselaphides recoltes au Maroc par M. R. Mussard (Coleoptera). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 35, 227 - 232.","Besuchet, C. (1963 b) Troisieme contribution a l'etude des pselaphides du Maroc (Coleoptera). Archives des Sciences, 16, 217 - 223.","Kocher, L. (1969) Catalogue commente des coleopteres du Maroc. Feuillet rectificatif n ° 7 (fascicule II, p. 206 a 214) (Fam. Pselaphidae). Travaux de l'Institut scientifique cherifien, Serie zoologique, 34 (1968), 1 - 15.","Ribera Almerje, C. (1972) L'E. R. E. a l'Atlas marroqui. Muntanya, centre escursionista de Catalunya, 84, 135 - 137. [96, n. 662]","Besuchet, C. (1999) Pselaphides palearctiques. Notes taxonomiques et faunistiques (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 106, 45 - 67.","Lobl, I. & Besuchet, C. (2004) Subfamily Pselaphinae Latreille, 1802, In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea- Histeroidea - Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 272 - 329. [942 pp.]"]}

Tychobythinus atlanticus Besuchet, 1963 (Figs. 1 F, 2 B, 3) Tychobythinus atlanticus Besuchet 1963 b: 218, fig. 1 (aedeagus); Kocher 1969: 5; Löbl & Besuchet 2004: 314. Material examined. NORTHERN MOROCCO: Taza-Al Hoceïma-Taounate region: Djebel Tazzeka, 1.700 m, 1 male (holotype) (R. Mussard) (MHNG). Comparative notes. The characters that distinguish this species from T. escalerai and T. algiricus have already been discussed above. Distribution (Fig. 3). The species is known only from the type locality (Morocco, Djebel Tazzeka) where 1 male was collected., Published as part of Sabella, Giorgio, Viglianisi, Fabio Massimo, D'Urso, Vera & Nouira, Said, 2014, A review of the Tychobythinus algiricus species group from North Africa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), pp. 579-586 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on page 585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/230192, {"references":["Besuchet, C. (1963 a) Pselaphides recoltes au Maroc par M. R. Mussard (Coleoptera). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 35, 227 - 232.","Besuchet, C. (1963 b) Troisieme contribution a l'etude des pselaphides du Maroc (Coleoptera). Archives des Sciences, 16, 217 - 223.","Kocher, L. (1969) Catalogue commente des coleopteres du Maroc. Feuillet rectificatif n ° 7 (fascicule II, p. 206 a 214) (Fam. Pselaphidae). Travaux de l'Institut scientifique cherifien, Serie zoologique, 34 (1968), 1 - 15.","Lobl, I. & Besuchet, C. (2004) Subfamily Pselaphinae Latreille, 1802, In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea- Histeroidea - Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 272 - 329. [942 pp.]"]}

Tychobythinus escalerai Besuchet, 1962 (Figs 1 E, 2 A, 3) Tychobythinus escalerai Besuchet 1962: 347, fig. 16 (aedeagus); Kocher 1969: 5; Löbl & Besuchet 2004: 314. Material examined. NORTHERN MOROCCO: Tanger-Tétouan region: Tangeri, 2 males (Paratypes) (Martinez de la Escalera M.) (MHNG). Comparative notes. Tychobythinus escalerai is very similar to T. atlanticus, and these two species share many common features (narrow frontal lobe, occipital region with median longitudinal sulcus, pleural carina of pronotum lacking, profemora with some tubercles) by which they considerably differ from T. algiricus. However, T. escalerai is easily distinguished from T. atlanticus by the posterior region of frontal lobe which is slightly punctate (strongly punctate in T. atlanticus), the male head lacking a median tooth on the lateral margins (with median tooth in T. atlanticus), ventral side of male antennomere 2 prolonged into a distinct rounded tubercle (not modified in T. atlanticus), antennomeres 6 and 7 slightly wider than 5 and 8 (as wide as 5 and 8 in T. atlanticus), and protrochanters without tubercles (with two tubercles in T. atlanticus). Distribution (Fig. 3). This species is known only from the type locality (Morocco, Tangier) where 2 males were collected., Published as part of Sabella, Giorgio, Viglianisi, Fabio Massimo, D'Urso, Vera & Nouira, Said, 2014, A review of the Tychobythinus algiricus species group from North Africa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae), pp. 579-586 in Zootaxa 3893 (4) on pages 584-585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.7, http://zenodo.org/record/230192, {"references":["Besuchet, C. (1962) Contribution a l'etude des pselaphides du Maroc. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 34 (1961), 333 - 371.","Kocher, L. (1969) Catalogue commente des coleopteres du Maroc. Feuillet rectificatif n ° 7 (fascicule II, p. 206 a 214) (Fam. Pselaphidae). Travaux de l'Institut scientifique cherifien, Serie zoologique, 34 (1968), 1 - 15.","Lobl, I. & Besuchet, C. (2004) Subfamily Pselaphinae Latreille, 1802, In: Lobl, I. & Smetana, A. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 2. Hydrophiloidea- Histeroidea - Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, pp. 272 - 329. [942 pp.]"]}

Sabella, Giorgio, Viglianisi, Fabio Massimo, D'Urso, Vera, Nouira, Said (2014): A review of the Tychobythinus algiricus species group from North Africa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Zootaxa 3893 (4): 579-586, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3893.4.7