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Starting from the concept of 'degree of non-linearity' of the relationship amongst unknown parameters and scattered fields, we discuss how knowledge of the geometrical features of the targets favorably affects the solution of inverse scattering problems. The same concept is also exploited to optimize the contrast source-extended Born (CS-EB) model, resulting in the optimized CS-EB (O-CS-EB) inversion approach, which remarkably reduces false solutions occurrence. Then, a two-steps approach is proposed as a reliable and effective inversion strategy. The first step consists in retrieving the shape of the targets using the linear sampling method, while in the second step, the estimated shapes and the O-CS-EB are exploited to reconstruct the permittivity profile. The approach has been tested against experimental data, showing that very accurate reconstructions are achieved from monochromatic data. Index Terms--Contrast source-extended Born (CS-EB), electromagnetic inverse scattering problems, shape reconstruction.

The problem of synthesizing 'optimal' sum and difference patterns subject to arbitrary sidelobe bounds by means of a simple feeding network is dealt with. It is shown how a hybrid optimization procedure properly acting on both clustering into subarrays and excitations of these latter greatly improves performances of known feeding architectures with respect to existing procedures. Results of the proposed technique, which significantly outperform existing methods, renew the interest of these simple feeding architectures, and emphasize the effectiveness of this kind of hybrid procedures exploiting the convexity of the problem with respect to a part of the unknowns. Index Terms--Antenna arrays, convex programming (CP), hybrid optimization, monopulse antennas, sum and difference patterns.

Accurate and reliable evaluation of the electromagnetic field scattered by dielectric objects is a canonical problem in the electromagnetic community. In the framework of integral equation formulations, iterative techniques, and in particular conjugate gradient (CG) schemes, are widely used. However, when the number of parameters grows, CG techniques may become too demanding from a computational point of view. In this paper, we show that many forward scattering problems can be conveniently solved by means of very simple series expansions, which allow a lower computational complexity and memory storage with respect to other iterative schemes. In particular, we consider three different series expansions, namely: 1) the traditional Born series; 2) the contrast source-extended Born series, which is recently introduced by rewriting the traditional source-type integral equations; and 3) a new series, which is a hybridization of the previous ones. Theoretical conditions for the applicability of the series expansions are discussed, and practical tools to foresee that a problem can be solved by means of these simple iterative schemes are provided. Numerical examples are reported for the sake of comparison and to assess performance. Index Terms--Contrast source extend Born model, electric field integral equation, electromagnetic scattering, integral equations.

Most global optimization based synthesis procedures act in essentially the same way on all the involved variables. In this paper, it is theoretically discussed and numerically emphasized how explicit exploitation of the convexity of the problem with respect to a part of the degrees of freedom (when available) allows to achieve increased performances with respect to previous results, and to develop new interesting design solutions. Examples are presented for the synthesis of both sum and difference patterns by using nonuniformly spaced arrays and for the so called 'optimal compromise amongst sum and difference patterns.' Finally, the proposed approach is exploited in developing effective design solutions (based on the concept of interleaved arrays) to the problem of achieving very flexible antennas while using simple feeding networks. As an example, array antennas capable to radiate two different beams with individually steerable patterns, or to perform jammer rejection at the physical layer or even to realize a 'flat-top' beam pattern are synthesized and presented. Index Terms--Array antenna synthesis, hybrid optimization, interleaved array, simulated annealing.

Author(s): Mark T. Ross (corresponding author) [1]; Darren V. Grafham [1]; Alison J. Coffey [1]; Steven Scherer [2]; Kirsten McLay [1]; Donna Muzny [2]; Matthias Platzer [3]; Gareth R. Howell [...]

A hybrid approach to the synthesis of excitations and locations of nonuniformly spaced arrays in order to achieve optimal focusing in any given direction is proposed and discussed. The approach takes definite advantage from the convexity of the problem with respect to excitation variables, and exploits a Simulated Annealing procedure as far as location variables are concerned. The corresponding synthesized patterns outperform previously known results in standard benchmark problems. Index Terms--Antenna array pattern synthesis, convex programming, nonuniformly spaced arrays, simulated annealing.

The most complete compositional map for the human chromosome band Xq28 was constructed by determining the molar fractions of guanine plus cytosine in DNA for 36 yeast artificial chromosomes which almost completely cover the human chromosome band Xq28. Three distinct regions were discovered. Xq28 is an example of a subset of reverse bands which are different from the two other subsets which are from telomeric bands characterized by specific cytogenetic properties and by the predominance of H2 and H3 isochores.

Two approaches are being applied in genome mapping that vary in the way gene sequences are analyzed. The first approach analyzes gene sequences made from copies of messenger RNA, while the second approach uses systematic sequencing of a DNA which is the compared to the cDNA. Sequences are marked with oligonucleotide primers to divide the parts being studied. Genome mapping is continually hindered by sequences containing a large amount of guanine and cytosine and the presence of repetitive sequences.

Abstract Background The subtelomeric regions of human chromosomes exhibit an extraordinary plasticity. To date, due to the high GC content and to the presence of telomeric repeats, the subtelomeric sequences are underrepresented in the genomic libraries and consequently their sequences are incomplete in the finished human genome sequence, and still much remains to be learned about subtelomere organization, evolution and function. Indeed, only in recent years, several studies have disclosed, within human subtelomeres, novel gene family members. Results During a project aimed to analyze genes located in the telomeric region of the long arm of the human X chromosome, we have identified a novel transcript family, DDX11L, members of which map to 1pter, 2q13/14.1, 2qter, 3qter, 6pter, 9pter/9qter, 11pter, 12pter, 15qter, 16pter, 17pter, 19pter, 20pter/20qter, Xpter/Xqter and Yqter. Furthermore, we partially sequenced the underrepresented subtelomeres of human chromosomes showing a common evolutionary origin. Conclusion Our data indicate that an ancestral gene, originated as a rearranged portion of the primate DDX11 gene, and propagated along many subtelomeric locations, is emerging within subtelomeres of human chromosomes, defining a novel gene family. These findings support the possibility that the high plasticity of these regions, sites of DNA exchange among different chromosomes, could trigger the emergence of new genes.

Abstract Background Cognitive impairments are heterogeneous conditions, and it is estimated that 10% may be caused by a defect of mental function genes on the X chromosome. One of those genes is Aristaless related homeobox (ARX) encoding a polyA-rich homeobox transcription factor essential for cerebral patterning and its mutations cause different neurologic disorders. We reported on the clinical and genetic analysis of an Italian family with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) and intra-familial heterogeneity, and provided insight into its molecular defect. Methods We carried out on linkage-candidate gene studies in a new MRX family (MRX87). All coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of ARX gene were analysed by direct sequencing. Results MRX87 patients had moderate to profound cognition impairment and a combination of minor congenital anomalies. The disease locus, MRX87, was mapped between DXS7104 and DXS1214, placing it in Xp22-p21 interval, a hot spot region for mental handicap. An in frame duplication of 24 bp (ARXdup24) in the second polyAlanine tract (polyA_II) in ARX was identified. Conclusion Our study underlines the role of ARXdup24 as a critical mutational site causing mental retardation linked to Xp22. Phenotypic heterogeneity of MRX87 patients represents a new observation relevant to the functional consequences of polyAlanine expansions enriching the puzzling complexity of ARXdup24-linked diseases.

Abstract Background The association between premature ovarian failure (POF) and the FMR1 repeat number (41> CGGn< 200) has been widely investigated. Current findings suggest that the risk estimation for POF can be calculated in the offspring of women with pre-mutated FMR1 alleles. Case presentation We describe the coexistence in a large Italian kindred of Fragile X syndrome and familial POF in females with ovarian dysfunctions who carried normal or expanded FMR1 alleles. Genetic analysis of the FMR1 gene in over three generations of females revealed that six carried pre-mutated alleles (61–200), of which two were also affected by POF. However a young woman, who presented a severe ovarian failure with early onset, carried normal FMR1 alleles ( Conclusion Our case study represents a helpful observation and will provide familial cases with heterogeneous etiology that could be further studied when candidate genes in addition to the FMR1 premutation will be available.

This article describes the discovery of a novel SNARE domain that might be involved in the regulation of membrane fusion. This domain is shared by a novel family of VAMPs called long VAMPs or longins. Members of this family are more conserved among eukaryotes than are classical VAMPs, possibly because of their underlying basic SNARE function.