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Nearly all solid granular foods and powdered ingredients, such as sugar, flour, grain, spices, starch, and powdered flavors, have the capacity to sustain a combustion. This may result often in dust fires, originating from dust layers and heaps, and sometimes also in violent explosions, when the dust is suspended and a cloud is formed. Many factors affect the explosion violence or the ignition sensitivity of a dust cloud: these can be related to physical properties of the solid material (particle size, moisture content, minimum ignition temperature, etc.) and to the geometry of the system involved in the explosion (closed vessels, long pipes, degree of turbulence, etc.). While the conditions to have an explosion occur rarely in processing buildings, hazardous dust clouds regularly form during bin filling, powder conveying, or dust collection. The scope of this paper is to review a selection of incidents occurred in the past involving solid food materials and analyze them against the current best industrial practices regarding explosion prevention and protection. Particular attention will be given to the analysis of potential ignition sources and their effectiveness in igniting the flammable dust atmosphere. A selection of “lessons learnt” will also be derived from the analysis of the incidents. Lastly, the paper shall discuss the most recent trends of combustible dust fires and explosions among other industry sectors (pharmaceutical, wood processing, chemical, energy production), to gain insights about potential areas of improvement to advance in people and plant safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The nasal ala has always been considered a difficult anatomical structure to restore, particularly when full-thickness reconstruction is needed. Although the forehead flap is considered the flap of choice, the nasolabial turnover flap, despite being a one-step surgical procedure, has been largely ignored for nasal ala reconstruction. We present our experience performing nasal ala full-thickness reconstruction with the nasolabial turnover flap, reporting on its advantages and comparing it with the most commonly used alternative techniques., Methods: Between 2017 and 2022, 48 patients presenting full-thickness defects of the nasal ala after skin cancer resection underwent reconstruction with a nasolabial turnover flap at two large regional plastic surgery units. Surgical technique was presented in detail, with particular attention in describing the complex three-dimensional movement of the flap., Results: All patients healed uneventfully, with good functional and cosmetic outcomes. No major complications were observed., Conclusions: The nasolabial turnover flap is a reliable and valuable option for achieving full-thickness nasal ala reconstruction. Satisfactory results in terms of function and cosmetic appearance can be obtained in a one-stage operation. Based upon our experience, the nasal turnover flap could be considered a viable reconstruction option, even for less-experienced surgeons., Competing Interests: The authors have no financial interest to declare in relation to the content of this article., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)