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We present the discovery and characterisation of two transiting planets observed by \textit{TESS} in the light curves of the young and bright (V=9.67) star HD73583 (TOI-560). We perform an intensive spectroscopic and photometric space- and ground-based follow-up in order to confirm and characterise the system. We found that HD73583 is a young ($\sim 500$~Myr) active star with a rotational period of $12.08 \pm 0.11 $\,d, and a mass and radius of $ 0.73 \pm 0.02 M_\odot$ and $0.65 \pm 0.02 R_\odot$, respectively. HD73583 b ($P_b=6.3980420 _{ - 0.0000062 }^{+0.0000067}$ d) has a mass and radius of $10.2 _{-3.1}^{+3.4} M_\oplus$ and$2.79 \pm 0.10 R_\oplus$, respectively, that gives a density of $2.58 _{-0.81}^{ 0.95} {\rm g\,cm^{-3}}$. HD73583 c ($P_c= 18.87974 _{-0.00074 }^{+0.00086}$) has a mass and radius of $9.7_{-1.7} ^ {+1.8} M_\oplus$ and $2.39_{-0.09}^{+0.10} R_\oplus$, respectively, this translates to a density of $3.88 _{-0.80}^{+0.91} {\rm g\,cm^{-3}}$. Both planets are consistent with worlds made of a solid core surrounded by a volatile envelope. Because of their youth and host star brightness, they both are excellent candidates to perform transmission spectroscopy studies. We expect ongoing atmospheric mass-loss for both planets caused by stellar irradiation. We estimate that the detection of evaporating signatures on H and He would be challenging, but doable with present and future instruments., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Using 3D radiative MHD simulations and Lyman-$\alpha$ transit calculations, we investigate the effect of magnetic fields on the observational signatures of atmospheric escape in exoplanets. Using the same stellar wind, we vary the planet's dipole field strength ($B_p$) from 0 to 10G. For $B_p<3$G, the structure of the escaping atmosphere begins to break away from a comet-like tail following the planet ($B_p=0$), as we see more absorbing material above and below the orbital plane. For $B_p\geq3$G, we find a ``dead-zone'' around the equator, where low velocity material is trapped in the closed magnetic field lines. The dead-zone separates two polar outflows where absorbing material escapes along open field lines, leading to a double tail structure, above and below the orbital plane. We demonstrate that atmospheric escape in magnetised planets occurs through polar outflows, as opposed to the predominantly night-side escape in non-magnetised models. We find a small increase in escape rate with $B_p$, though this should not affect the timescale of atmospheric loss. As the size of the dead-zone increases with $B_p$, so does the line centre absorption in Lyman-$\alpha$, as more low-velocity neutral hydrogen covers the stellar disc during transit. For $B_p<3$G the absorption in the blue wing decreases, as the escaping atmosphere is less funnelled along the line of sight by the stellar wind. In the red wing (and for $B_p>3$G in the blue wing) the absorption increases caused by the growing volume of the magnetosphere. Finally we show that transits below and above the mid-disc differ caused by the asymmetry of the double tail structure., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 12 pages, 8 figures

The GJ 436 planetary system is an extraordinary system. The Neptune-size planet that orbits the M3 dwarf revealed in the Ly$\alpha$ line an extended neutral hydrogen atmosphere. This material fills a comet-like tail that obscures the stellar disc for more than 10 hours after the planetary transit. Here, we carry out a series of 3D radiation hydrodynamic simulations to model the interaction of the stellar wind with the escaping planetary atmosphere. With these models, we seek to reproduce the $\sim56\%$ absorption found in Ly$\alpha$ transits, simultaneously with the lack of absorption in H$\alpha$ transit. Varying the stellar wind strength and the EUV stellar luminosity, we search for a set of parameters that best fit the observational data. Based on Ly$\alpha$ observations, we found a stellar wind velocity at the position of the planet to be around [250-460] km s$^{-1}$ with a temperature of $[3-4]\times10^5$ K. The stellar and planetary mass loss rates are found to be $2\times 10^{-15}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and $\sim[6-10]\times10^9$ g s$^{-1}$, respectively, for a stellar EUV luminosity of $[0.8-1.6]\times10^{27}$ erg s$^{-1}$. For the parameters explored in our simulations, none of our models present any significant absorption in the H$\alpha$ line in agreement with the observations.

We use 3D hydrodynamics simulations followed by synthetic line profile calculations to examine the effect increasing the strength of the stellar wind has on observed Ly-$\alpha$ transits of a Hot Jupiter (HJ) and a Warm Neptune (WN). We find that increasing the stellar wind mass-loss rate from 0 (no wind) to 100 times the solar mass-loss rate value causes reduced atmospheric escape in both planets (a reduction of 65\% and 40\% for the HJ and WN, respectively, compared to the "no wind" case). For weaker stellar winds (lower ram pressure), the reduction in planetary escape rate is very small. However, as the stellar wind becomes stronger, the interaction happens deeper in the planetary atmosphere and, once this interaction occurs below the sonic surface of the planetary outflow, further reduction in evaporation rates is seen. We classify these regimes in terms of the geometry of the planetary sonic surface. "Closed" refers to scenarios where the sonic surface is undisturbed, while "open" refers to those where the surface is disrupted. We find that the change in stellar wind strength affects the Ly-$\alpha$ transit in a non-linear way. Although little change is seen in planetary escape rates ($\simeq 5.5\times 10^{11}$g/s) in the closed to partially open regimes, the Ly-$\alpha$ absorption (sum of the blue [-300, -40 km/s] \& red [40, 300 km/s] wings) changes from 21\% to 6\% as the stellar wind mass-loss rate is increased in the HJ set of simulations. For the WN simulations, escape rates of $\simeq 6.5\times 10^{10}$g/s can cause transit absorptions that vary from 8.8\% to 3.7\%, depending on the stellar wind strength. We conclude that the same atmospheric escape rate can produce a range of absorptions depending on the stellar wind and that neglecting this in the interpretation of Ly-$\alpha$ transits can lead to underestimation of planetary escape rates., Comment: Recommended for publication in MNRAS

We investigate signatures of magnetic fields and activity at the surface and in the prominence system of the ultra-rapid rotator V530 Per, a G-type solar-like member of the young open cluster $\alpha$~Persei. This object has a rotation period shorter than all stars with available magnetic maps. With a time-series of spectropolarimetric observations gathered with ESPaDOnS over 2 nights on the CFHT, we reconstruct the surface brightness and large-scale magnetic field of V530 Per using the Zeeman-Doppler imaging method, assuming an oblate stellar surface. We also estimate the short term evolution of the brightness distribution through latitudinal differential rotation. Using the same data set, we finally map the spatial distribution of prominences through tomography of the H\alpha emission. The brightness map is dominated by a large, dark spot near the pole, accompanied by a complex distribution of bright and dark features at lower latitudes. The magnetic field map is reconstructed as well, most of the large-scale magnetic field energy is stored in the toroidal field component. The main radial field structure is a positive region of about 500 G, at the location of the dark polar spot. The brightness map of V530 Per is sheared by solar-like differential rotation, with a roughly solar value for the difference in rotation rate between the pole and equator. \halpha~is observed in emission, and is mostly modulated by the stellar rotation period. The prominence system is organized in a ring at the approximate location of the co-rotation radius, with significant evolution between the two observing nights. V530 Per is the first example of a solar-type star to have its surface magnetic field and prominences mapped together, which will bring important observational constraints to better understand the role of slingshot prominences in the angular momentum evolution of the most active stars., Comment: Accepted by A&A, 20 pages, 14 figures

Here, we study the dichotomy of the escaping atmosphere of the newly discovered close-in exoplanet AU Mic b. On one hand, the high EUV stellar flux is expected to cause a strong atmospheric escape in AU Mic b. On the other hand, the wind of this young star is believed to be very strong, which could reduce or even inhibit the planet's atmospheric escape. AU Mic is thought to have a wind mass-loss rate that is up to $1000$ times larger than the solar wind mass-loss rate ($\dot{M}_\odot$). To investigate this dichotomy, we perform 3D hydrodynamics simulations of the stellar wind--planetary atmosphere interactions in the AU Mic system and predict the synthetic Ly-$\alpha$ transits of AU Mic b. We systematically vary the stellar wind mass-loss rate from a `no wind' scenario to up to a stellar wind with a mass-loss rate of $1000~\dot{M}_\odot$. We find that, as the stellar wind becomes stronger, the planetary evaporation rate decreases from $6.5\times 10^{10}$ g/s to half this value. With a stronger stellar wind, the atmosphere is forced to occupy a smaller volume, affecting transit signatures. Our predicted Ly-$\alpha$ absorption drops from $\sim 20\%$, in the case of `no wind' to barely any Ly-$\alpha$ absorption in the extreme stellar wind scenario. Future Ly-$\alpha$ transits could therefore place constraints not only on the evaporation rate of AU Mic b, but also on the mass-loss rate of its host star., Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication as a Letter in MNRAS

The growth of spectroscopic observations of exoplanetary systems allows the possibility of testing theoretical models and studying the interaction that exoplanetary atmospheres have with the wind and the energetic photons from the star. In this work, we present a set of numerical 3D simulations of HD 209458b for which spectral lines observations of their evaporative atmosphere are available. The different simulations aim to reproduce different scenarios for the star-planet interaction. With our models, we reconstruct the Ly$\alpha$ line during transit and compare with observations. The results allow us to analyse the shape of the line profile under these different scenarios and the comparison with the observations suggests that HD209458b may have a magnetic field off less than 1 G. We also explore the behaviour of the magnesium lines for models with and without magnetic fields.

We homogeneously analyse $\sim 3.2\times 10^5$ photometric measurements for $\sim 1100$ transit lightcurves belonging to $17$ exoplanet hosts. The photometric data cover $16$ years 2004--2019 and include amateur and professional observations. Old archival lightcurves were reprocessed using up-to-date exoplanetary parameters and empirically debiased limb-darkening models. We also derive self-consistent transit and radial-velocity fits for $13$ targets. We confirm the nonlinear TTV trend in the WASP-12 data at a high significance, and with a consistent magnitude. However, Doppler data reveal hints of a radial acceleration about $(-7.5\pm 2.2)$~m/s/yr, indicating the presence of unseen distant companions, and suggesting that roughly $10$ per cent of the observed TTV was induced via the light-travel (or Roemer) effect. For WASP-4, a similar TTV trend suspected after the recent TESS observations appears controversial and model-dependent. It is not supported by our homogeneus TTV sample, including $10$ ground-based EXPANSION lightcurves obtained in 2018 simultaneously with TESS. Even if the TTV trend itself does exist in WASP-4, its magnitude and tidal nature are uncertain. Doppler data cannot entirely rule out the Roemer effect induced by possible distant companions., Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures, 6 tables; revised manuscript submitted to MNRAS; online-only supplements are in the download archive

Lyman $\alpha$ observations of the transiting exoplanet HD 209458b enable the study of exoplanets exospheres exposed to stellar EUV fluxes, as well as the interacting stellar wind properties. In this study we present 3D hydrodynamical models for the stellar-planetary wind interaction including radiation pressure and charge exchange, together with photoionization, recombination and collisional ionization processes. Our models explore the contribution of the radiation pressure and charge exchange on the Ly$\alpha$ absorption profile in a hydrodynamical framework, and for a single set of stellar wind parameters appropriate for HD 209458. We find that most of the absorption is produced by the material from the planet, with a secondary contribution of neutralized stellar ions by charge exchange. At the same time, the hydrodynamic shock heats up the planetary material, resulting in a broad thermal profile. Meanwhile, the radiation pressure yielded a small velocity shift of the absorbing material. While neither charge exchange nor radiation pressure provide enough neutrals at the velocity needed to explain the observations at $-100~\mathrm{km~s^{-1}}$ individually, we find that the two effects combined with the broad thermal profile are able to explain the observations., Comment: 12 pages, 6 Figures. Accepted for publication in MNRAS

The development of models for learning music similarity and feature extraction from audio media files is an increasingly important task for the entertainment industry. This work proposes a novel music classification model based on metric learning and feature extraction from MP3 audio files. The metric learning process considers the learning of a set of parameterized distances employing a structured prediction approach from a set of MP3 audio files containing several music genres. The main objective of this work is to make possible learning a personalized metric for each customer. To extract the acoustic information we use the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) and make a dimensionality reduction with the use of Principal Components Analysis. We attest the model validity performing a set of experiments and comparing the training and testing results with baseline algorithms, such as K-means and Soft Margin Linear Support Vector Machine (SVM). Experiments show promising results and encourage the future development of an online version of the learning model., Comment: In a review process, I found some errors and made some changes in methodology that improved my results. Once I finish the experiments, I will upload the new version

White dwarfs are often found in binary systems with orbital periods ranging from tens of minutes to hours in which they can accrete gas from their companion stars. In about 15% of these binaries, the magnetic field of the white dwarf is strong enough ($\geq 10^6$ Gauss) to channel the accreted matter along field lines onto the magnetic poles. The remaining systems are referred to as "non-magnetic", since to date there has been no evidence that they have a dynamically significant magnetic field. Here we report an analysis of archival optical observations of the "non-magnetic" accreting white dwarf in the binary system MV Lyrae (hereafter MV Lyr), whose lightcurve displayed quasi-periodic bursts of $\approx 30$ minutes duration every $\approx 2$ hours. The observations indicate the presence of an unstable magnetically-regulated accretion mode, revealing the existence of magnetically gated accretion, where disk material builds up around the magnetospheric boundary (at the co-rotation radius) and then accretes onto the white dwarf, producing bursts powered by the release of gravitational potential energy. We infer a surface magnetic field strength for the white dwarf in MV Lyr between $2 \times 10^4 \leq B \leq 10^5$ Gauss, too low to be detectable by other current methods. Our discovery provides a new way of studying the strength and evolution of magnetic fields in accreting white dwarfs and extends the connections between accretion onto white dwarfs, young stellar objects and neutron stars, for which similar magnetically gated accretion cysles have been identified., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Accepted in Nature

In outburst, neutron star X-ray binaries produce less powerful jets than black holes at a given X-ray luminosity. This has made them more difficult to study as they fade towards quiescence. To explore whether neutron stars power jets at low accretion rates ($L_{\rm X} \lesssim 10^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$), we investigate the radio and X-ray properties of three accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars (IGR J17511-3057, SAX J1808.4-3658 and IGR J00291+5934) during their outbursts in 2015, and of the non-pulsing neutron star Cen X-4 in quiescence (2015) and in outburst (1979). We did not detect the radio counterpart of IGR J17511-3057 in outburst or of Cen X-4 in quiescence, but did detect IGR J00291+5934 and SAX J1808.4-3658, showing that at least some neutron stars launch jets at low accretion rates. While the radio and X-ray emission in IGR J00291+5934 seem to be tightly correlated, the relationship in SAX J1808.4-3658 is more complicated. We find that SAX J1808.4-3658 produces jets during the reflaring tail, and we explore a toy model to ascertain whether the radio emission could be attributed to the onset of a strong propeller. The lack of a universal radio/X-ray correlation, with different behaviours in different neutron star systems (with various radio/X-ray correlations; some being radio faint and others not), points at distinct disk-jet interactions in individual sources, while always being fainter in the radio band than black holes at the same X-ray luminosity.

We observed the Rapid Burster with Chandra when it was in the 'banana' state that usually precedes the type-II X-ray bursting 'island' state for which the source is particularly known. We employed the High-Energy Transmission Grating Spectrometer in combination with the ACIS-S detector in continuous clocking mode. The observation yielded 20 thermonuclear type-I X-ray bursts emitted from the neutron star surface with recurrence times between 0.9 and 1.2 hr, and an e-folding decay time scale of 1 min. We searched for narrow spectral features in the burst emission that could constrain the composition of the ashes of the nuclear burning and the compactness of the neutron star, but found none. The upper limit on the equivalent width of narrow absorption lines between 2 and 6 keV is between 5 and 20 eV (single trial 3 sigma confidence level) and on those of absorption edges between 150 and 400 eV. The latter numbers are comparable to the levels predicted by Weinberg, Bildsten & Schatz (2006) for Eddington-limited thermonuclear bursts., Comment: Submitted to Proceedings of 11th INTEGRAL conference (Amsterdam, October 2016), to be published in PoS, 10 pages, 5 figures

The low mass X-ray binary 2A 1822-371 is an eclipsing system with an accretion disc corona and with an orbital period of 5.57 hr. The primary is an 0.59 s X-ray pulsar with a proposed strong magnetic field of 10^10-10^12 G. In this paper we study the spin evolution of the pulsar and constrain the geometry of the system. We find that, contrary to previous claims, a thick corona is not required, and that the system characteristics could be best explained by a thin accretion outflow due to a super-Eddington mass transfer rate and a geometrically thick inner accretion flow. The orbital, spectral and timing observations can be reconciled in this scenario under the assumption that the mass transfer proceeds on a thermal timescale which would make 2A 1822-371, a mildly super-Eddington source viewed at high inclination angles. The timing analysis on 13 years of RXTE data show a remarkably stable spin-up that implies that 2A 1822-371, might quickly turn into a millisecond pulsar in the next few thousand years., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS