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Dane statystyczne o turystyce pochodzące z badania bazy noclegowej nie uwzględniają wielu kategorii turystów, np. nocujących u rodziny i znajomych oraz w drugich domach. Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy rosnącej kategorii „niewidocznych” miejsc noclegowych – mieszkań na turystyczny wynajem krótkoterminowy. Celem artykułu jest analiza roz- mieszczenia oraz zmian podaży i popytu na mieszkania turystyczne w Polsce przed pan- demią COVID-19 i w czasie jej trwania (od 2019 do końca 2021 r.). Wykorzystano dane pochodzące z platform Airbnb i Vrbo. Omawiane mieszkania stanowią znaczną część turystycznej bazy noclegowej w kraju: na 5 rejestrowanych miejsc noclegowych przy- pada 1 w mieszkaniach turystycznych dystrybuowanych przez wymienione platformy (w Trójmieście i Krakowie – aż 3–4). Choć mieszkania turystyczne są skoncentrowane w dużych miastach, rośnie ich liczba w regionach górskich, nadmorskich i pojeziernych. Wywołany przez pandemię spadek liczby podróży turystycznych był mniej zauważalny w mieszkaniach turystycznych niż w rejestrowanej bazie noclegowej. W miastach zano- towano silne spadki liczby gości w tego typu obiektach, z kolei poza nimi widoczny był wzrost liczby noclegów w mieszkaniach turystycznych w 2021 r. względem okresu przed pandemią. Liczba dostępnych mieszkań dostosowuje się do zmieniającego się zapotrze- bowania szybciej niż liczba miejsc w obiektach hotelarskich. Praca potwierdza potrzebę uwzględnienia mieszkań turystycznych w badaniach statystycznych, planowaniu polity- ki turystycznej i przestrzennej.

Airbnb se considera la empresa de turismo de mayor valor en la historia y es el epítome de la economía de plataforma en el turismo, un sector sumido en la crisis ocasionada por la pandemia de COVID-19. El presente artículo presenta el contexto actual de la investigación internacional centrada en Airbnb, describiendo para ello el origen, el estado actual y la posible evolución de la oferta de la plataforma durante y después de la pandemia. Los datos de la oferta mundial de Airbnb en 2018, 2019 y 2020 fueron obtenidos de la plataforma por el método de extracción de datos web (scraping); estos revelaron que el crecimiento dinámico de la oferta de alojamiento se detuvo en el último año. En el transcurso de la pandemia, la oferta de la plataforma ha seguido registrando una dispersión geográfica hacia mercados menos saturados y zonas rurales. Los pisos y los apartamentos enteros siguen siendo cada vez más predominantes en la estructura de las ofertas listadas en la plataforma, mientras que el descenso en el porcentaje de ofertas de anfitriones con ofertas múltiples indica una desaceleración en el proceso de profesionalización de la oferta.

The article presents the level and spatial structure of the absorption of EU funds within Cohesion Policy and Common Agricultural Policy during the 2007–2013 EU financial framework in Poland. The data analysed include all of the payments from European programmes, divided into two groups: the support dedicated for the development of agriculture and rural areas, and the cohesion policy. It has been demonstrated that the level and structure of delivery of these funds is spatially diversified. The index of the absorption of EU funds per capita is negatively correlated with the level of socio-economic development, which results from the allocation of payments dedicated for development of agriculture and rural areas. The distribution of cohesion funds is not correlated with the level of socio-economic development in poviats.

Internet platforms, enabling short-term rental of private houses, are an increasingly important provider of tourist accommodation. The largest peer-to-peer accommodation platform is Airbnb. To date, most geographical studies on Airbnb investigated spatial patterns and effects of platform activity on large cities. This study attempts to expand the understanding of the role of Airbnb in various types of urban and non-urban tourism destinations. It employs Tourism Area Life Cycle model to investigate the differences in the quantity of peer-to-peer accommodation in destinations in various stages of their life cycles. Five Nordic countries are used as the study setting. A database of 61 thousand active non-hotel Airbnb listings is compared with statistical data obtained from national statistical institutions on regional (74 NUTS-3 regions) geographical scale. The results show that peer-to-peer rental supply and use is concentrated in destinations characterised by the quick increase in the number of tourist visits.

Celem badania jest ocena preferencji chinskich turystow w Europie w kwestii wyboru odwiedzanych przez nich atrakcji turystycznych. W artykule wykorzystano oryginalną procedure badawczą: zliczono opinie o atrakcjach turystycznych w wybranych krajach europejskich zamieszczone w serwisie TripAdvisor ogolem i w jezyku chinskim. Pozwolilo to określic, ktore obiekty w badanych krajach są najliczniej odwiedzane i oceniane przez chinskich turystow, a takze ktore kraje oraz jakie rodzaje atrakcji cieszą sie najwiekszą popularnością wśrod gości z Chin. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, ze chinscy turyści trafiają przede wszystkim do najbardziej popularnych atrakcji turystycznych polozonych w najwiekszych miastach Europy, a opinie online mogą stanowic wartościowe źrodlo informacji na temat preferencji turystycznych wybranych grup.

This book is devoted to a current topic of the importance of peer-to-peer accommodation platforms for tourism behaviour, businesses and destinations. Most of the book focuses specifically on Airbnb...

Purpose – the main goal of tourism clusters is to attract more tourists to the region and improve the quality of regional tourism products. The aim of this paper is to verify whether the initiative of the Eastern Poland Tourism Brands Cluster has contributed to the development of tourism services and products offered by local firms. Research methodology – to achieve the goal, we described and evaluated cluster activities based on secondary sources of data and questionnaire interviews conducted with the representatives of entities involved in the cluster. We used the modified COO effect model to evaluate the services according to the following criteria: modernity, diversity, prestige and quality. We employed a 5-item Likert scale in our questionnaire. Findings – the results of the analysis showed that despite the increased recognition of tourist brands and products, the cluster did not survive. This experience shows that clusters operating in the tourism industry have less chance of survival than industrial clusters. Research limitations – main limitation of the research is the scarcity of source materials and a low number of surveys returned by cluster members. Personal meetings with respondents would add valuable information. Practical implications – the results of research can be used as an indication for the development and maintenance of tourist cluster initiatives on the market. In recent years, more and more studies focus on the development prospects of tourism clusters. Originality – until now, however, no study on cluster performance has employed the COO effect model or its derivatives, which makes our paper novel in this aspect. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.051

The rising number of homes and apartments rented out through Airbnb and similar peer-to-peer accommodation platforms cause concerns about the impact of such activity on the tourism sector and property market. To date, spatial analysis on peer-to-peer rental activity has been usually limited in scope to individual large cities. In this study, we take into account the whole territory of Spain, with special attention given to cities and regions with high tourist activity. We use a dataset of about 250 thousand Airbnb listings in Spain obtained from the Airbnb webpage, aggregate the numbers of these offers in 8124 municipalities and 79 tourist areas/sites, measure their concentration, spatial autocorrelation, and develop regression models to find the determinants of Airbnb rentals&rsquo, distribution. We conclude that apart from largest cities, Airbnb is active in holiday destinations of Spain, where it often serves as an intermediary for the rental of second or investment homes and apartments. The location of Airbnb listings is mostly determined by the supply of empty or secondary dwellings, distribution of traditional tourism accommodation, coastal location, and the level of internationalization of tourism demand.

The paper examines the size, structure, distribution, dynamics, and use of Airbnb accommodation offer in 167 countries. Web-scrapping Airbnb website in fall 2018 and 2019 resulted in a datasets on 5.7 million listings, including 3.6 million active listings which have been rented out (reviewed) during the last year. Listings are divided into four groups based on types of properties and numbers of offers hosted by one platform user. The results show that the platform is most commonly used to rent out entire apartments by multi-hosts. The numbers of Airbnb listings in countries depend on the level of economic development and size of inbound tourism. One third of Airbnb supply is located in big cities, another one third near seacoasts. Airbnb offer grows most quickly in its relatively new markets, while in primary urban destinations of some European countries it is stable or decreases. The offer of professional hosts is growing more quickly than of peer-to-peer hosts. Differences in the frequency of use and prices of listings exaggerate the geographical unevenness in benefits and impacts of Airbnb activity. Airbnb supply is not a uniform segment of tourist accommodation and its effects on destinations should be considered in relation to territorial context.

Tourism produces an increasing share in global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These are mostly derived from transport emissions, and long-haul air travel in particular. Short-haul domestic tourism is believed by some to be a potential substitute for long-haul tourism. Using the example of Finland this paper examines the extent to which domestic second home tourism can substitute for other leisure trips and therefore contribute to reductions of travel-generated GHG emissions. Survey data are used to evaluate the CO2 emissions caused by travel to domestic second homes, and to create statistical models that verify if the owners of domestic second homes travel to other leisure destinations less frequently than others, and if they cause less emissions by their leisure mobility than others with comparable economic and demographic background. We find that although the owners and users of domestic second homes travel for other leisure purposes less frequently than others, this does not mean their leisure mobility generates less emissions. Overall, owners of second homes produce significantly more CO2 by their leisure mobility than non-owners. The use of second homes does not seem to be a substitute for high emission long-haul travels, but rather a part of an overall highly mobile leisure lifestyle. It is therefore necessary to better understand and influence the entire range of individual mobility behaviours in order to reduce travel-related GHG emissions.

National Rural Network is an important instrument for rural development in Poland. NRN is an instrument of the Rural Areas Development Programme. The main objective of NRN is to support the rural areas of the European Union by providing information, experiences and good practices for sustainable rural development. These measures are intended to improve the quality of life of rural residents and the conditions of their work. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate whether the implementation of NRN initiatives contributes to socio-economic development of rural areas in Podlaskie Voivodship. In order to achieve this objective, the projects supported by NRN for the years 2010-2017 were reviewed, and the numbers of the projects in individual poviats were compared to the changes in values of socio-economic development indicators derived from the Central Statistical Office data. Keywords: EU funds, National Rural Network, Podlaskie Voivodeship, rural development Article DOI: http://doi.org/10.15544/RD.2017.235

Artykuł zawiera przegląd literatury oraz założenia i wstępne wyniki badań nad wpływem drugich domów na region turystyczny. Najpierw przedstawiono zjawisko drugich domów w Polsce na tle świata oraz rozmieszczenie i charakterystykę zjawiska na obszarze badawczym Borów Tucholskich. Następnie zaprezentowano wpływ drugich domów na obszary recepcji w warstwie środowiskowej, ekonomicznej i społecznej na podstawie literatury międzynarodowej oraz wstępnych badań terenowych.

Rural communities are getting more diversified in terms of people's backgrounds, sources of livelihood and interests towards the rural landscape. A common way to discuss rural community change has been to contrast in-migrants and seasonal residents with long-term rural residents. In this article, we aim to challenge this segmentation. We ask what it is to be a dweller in the modern countryside and how much the residential status has to do with people's interests and use of space. Based on a postal survey in a case study area in Finland, we look into the differences in the valuation of different leisure activities performed in rural space between second home owners and permanent residents. After dividing permanent residents and second home owners into further subgroups based on their spatial and temporal possibilities to engage in rural leisure, we found that there are no specific activities or groups of activities typical for certain groups of rural leisure space users. Differences between local residents and second-home owners are rarely explained by this simple dichotomy, rather the differences are better explained by spatial and temporal accessibility.

Currently, urban sprawl is one of important spatial problems in Poland, although to date it has mostly been recognised as an issue in suburban areas. This study aims to explain how the expansion of purpose-built second homes contributes to the creation of a sprawled settlement pattern in areas of high natural value, focusing on the example of Bory Tucholskie as a study area. Two research approaches are used: first, an inventory of second homes and archival aerial photographs are combined to perform a GIS analysis of the factors affecting the location of second homes and other new buildings within the past two decades; second, the results of a survey, interviews and the analysis of documents provide a deeper understanding of the quantitative results. The location of new second homes is conditioned by the presence of the forest, lakes, and their isolation from main villages. Unlike other new developments, second homes create a disorganised, discontinuous and increasingly dispersed spatial pattern in the vicinity of natural areas, which can be explained by the motives for the use of second homes, the practices of their acquisition and the planning regulations. Second homes are an integral part of the sprawl process that is occurring in Poland, which is generated by economic restructuring, increasing consumption, and lifestyle changes.

Internal Migration in Germany in 1990 And 2005The article seeks to answer the questions concerning the possibility of identifying regular patterns within internal migration in the towns and rural areas of the Federal Republic of Germany as well as factors contributing to regional variations in the process. The research involves 439 German counties (Kreise) and compares data on internal migration in the country in the years 1991 and 2005, i.e. from its reunification until the year 2005. The 15-year period of functioning of one reunited state has been assumed sufficient for capturing some regularities and trends.