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Women have historically been underrepresented in positions of power within athletic administration. Stereotype threat, or the realization that there is a possibility that one is being judged as confirming or being reduced to a stereotype, can negatively impact the recruitment and retention of woman leaders in sport. This study developed and validated a new scale, the Gender Stereotype Threat in Athletic Administration, and elicited responses from high school athletic directors in two U.S. states. Using multiple analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and structure equation modeling, five hypotheses were tested and supported based on the respondents' feelings of group identification, belonging uncertainty, extra pressure to succeed, and group reputation threat. The present work extends the findings on stereotype threat in the sport leadership domain and provides a useful instrument to study this phenomenon in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collegiate sport club programs are increasingly expected to demonstrate effectiveness and impact, as such the evaluation of program success is critical. Current evaluation methods are often subjective and lack standardization across programs. Unlike other recreational programs, sport clubs have unique organizational structures, with student officers responsible for various tasks related to club operations with unclear measurable outcomes. This study aimed to address this gap by investigating how collegiate recreation departments evaluate sport club program success and identifying critical success indicators. A Delphi design was used to gather expert opinions, and qualitative and quantitative data analysis was employed. The findings highlight various evaluation methods employed by administrators, including annual assessments, participant interviews, and point systems. Furthermore, indicators of success encompassed club activities, operations, and status, as well as participants' experiences and development. These findings provide valuable insights for program administrators to tailor support and enhance the effectiveness of collegiate sport club programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of state laws governing collegiate student-athletes’ name, image, and likeness (NIL) rights and place the laws within the framework of the NCAA’s historic and current views on amateurism and commercialization. To accomplish such, a content analysis of the 30 existing NIL laws/executive orders was performed to identify trends in the statutes and establish what commonalities and differences exist across states. The analysis found five themes/sections common across state laws (i.e., definitions, basic NIL rules, limitations, disclosures and review processes, agent and representation rules, and required workshops). Moreover, the evaluation revealed the basic NIL rights of student-athletes are uniform across all states. However, the limitations that are placed on them and the processes they must abide by vary from state to state. Current NCAA bylaws were found to coincide with the new state laws, while still maintaining the organization’s desire for amateurism and push to minimize commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Sport clubs are complex organizations made up of amateur athletes, many of whom not only play on the team but also lead the club and interact with internal and external actors. While the actions and responsibilities of club members are well researched, little is known about the relationships these clubs have with other actors. The current case study investigated these exchange relationships within collegiate sport clubs (CSCs) through examining the following research question. What are the characteristics and outcomes of the social exchange relationships within CSCs? : Guided by social exchange theory and social constructivist epistemology, the researchers conducted focus groups with representatives from 29 clubs and interviews with four recreation professional staff at three universities across the United States. : Analysis of the transcripts found multiple exchange relationships exist within CSCs, with primary importance placed on the relationships between the club's executive board and club members, and the club members and the university. Each exchange relationship was found to contribute to specific desirable outcomes for the engaged actors that could not be had without the exchange partner. : Analysis of the findings led to recommendations for practitioners on how to maximize the outcomes of the found exchange relationships and maintain quality exchanges between actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic planning is a proactive process of analyzing an organization to identify the organization's values, mission, vision, goals, and objectives. Within campus recreation, research has focused on the processes of strategic planning, without examining the distinct organizational strategies of individual departments. The purpose of the study was to examine the content and structure of strategic plans within campus recreation and identify major priorities across institutions as a means to inform campus recreation practice. To achieve this aim, document analyses were conducted on campus recreation strategic plans of five large universities (public and private) across the United States for content and structure. The data were categorized by prominent strategic planning components outlined in Haines's campus recreation assessment model, from which codes and themes emerged. A standard of excellence, service, and outcomes were identified as major priorities across institutions and strategic planning components. The results demonstrated an ineffective structure of goals and objectives, highlighting areas for improvement. Through empirical investigation, industry standards can be established to enhance quality programming in campus recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to establish if there was an attitudinal relationship between the philanthropic foundations of professional athletes and the team of those same athletes. A convenience sample of fans (n = 201) responded to a 61-item online questionnaire. The results indicate attitudes toward an athlete's philanthropic foundation influenced the attitudes toward the athlete's team. Additionally, awareness of the philanthropic foundations and the team's philanthropic efforts were found to positively influence attitudes toward the corresponding organization. Findings related to identification revealed athlete identification moderated the relationship between awareness of the athlete's philanthropic foundation and attitudes toward the foundation, while team identification moderated the same relationship with the team's philanthropic efforts. These results suggest sport organizations should look to strategically invest resources to ensure the success of such philanthropic ventures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]