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The article explains the development and specific features of the detective genre in the Czech Republic (and its predecessor Czechoslovakia) from the beginning of the 20th century. It observes that these features are just as valid in the last 30 years. The main focus is on crime fiction literature and, in particular, TV crime series that have become especially popular since 2015, both of which have been inspired by true organised crime cases between 1990-2010.

This article aims to summarize recent developments in Czech scholarship dedicated to the study of war and warfare. Over the past decade, numerous authors have expressed dismay at the state of the field, analyzing its situation with often harsh criticism. This article aims to offer a comprehensive fresh look at the state of research as it has developed over the past twenty years, to prove or disprove these judgments. Its conclusions are far from positive and it is obvious that military historiography — while dominating the popular study of history — is not the most progressive area in Czech historical scholarship. However, individual authors and some particular fields of research are closer to international and mainstream scholarly discourse than previously thought. While the field remains very much disjointed in its topical coverage of the past, being heavily dependent on individual authors and their preferences, some areas, in particular the First World War and the post-1945 period, perhaps even the patchy selection of works on the nineteenth-century Habsburg period, show some promise in terms of methodological innovation. Particularly strong is the "war and society" approach to military history, while the cultureal history of warfare is getting increasingly more attention in recent years as well. On the other hand, the inter-war period and the history of the Second World War remain firmly rooted in a neo-positivist discourse developed throughout the 1990s, producing descriptive biographies or histories of military institutions often attached to a strongly politicized/nationalized perspective on history. In particular, a scant international relevance and self-centered approach is the problem here, with analyses often all but ignoring the current state of research and methodology in a global perspective. As a result, it remains uncertain whether and when Czech military historiography will be able to overcome its conservative tendencies to integrate itself either into the international discourse on the history of warfare or into the academic study of history in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses discourses of Czech tourism on the Eastern Adriatic coast between the turn of the twentieth century and the 1930s using the Czech resorts in Baška on Krk Island and Kupari near Dubrovnik as case studies. The author argues that the ideological foundation of this type of tourism was a narrative of proximity between the Czechs and their fellow Slav Croatians. At the same time, the practice of Czech tourism was characterized by a pattern of cultural paternalism and economic exploitation toward the local population. It thus became a pseudo-colonial enterprise that distorted the Czech national myth of democracy, rationalism, and cosmopolitanism. Nevertheless, tourism still contributed to cultural mediation between Czechs and South Slavs. This article illustrates that point by highlighting the commemoration of the Yugoslav playwright Ivo Vojnović by Czech tourists in the 1930s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medievalists frequently approach Johannes Marignola's Chronicle of Bohemia (Cronica Boemorum) from two distinct angles, as a travelogue and as a historiographical work, and tend to separate these two aspects. This study focuses on an analysis of the functions of the travelogue elements in the chronicle as a whole. Marignola associates the historical narrative of the first and second ages of the world with reflections on his own journey to the East. However, the stylized narrator is in evidence throughout the chronicle, both as a historian and as a witness. With the aid of Old Testament and Gospel quotations, Marignola witnesses the reality of an earthly paradise in the East and the miracle at the court of Charles IV, connecting the narrative of Czech and of world history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explains the development and specific features of the detective genre in the Czech Republic (and its predecessor Czechoslovakia) from the beginning of the 20th century. It observes that these features are just as valid in the last 30 years. The main focus is on crime fiction literature and, in particular, TV crime series that have become especially popular since 2015, both of which have been inspired by true organised crime cases between 1990-2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author considers several texts that have recently been devoted to Masaryk’s book Česká otázka (The Czech Question), but the topic of the article revolves around the more general issue of “the Czech question,” and not the book itself. The intention is to find out what the contemporary forms and pathways are of the intellectual self-reflection on Czech national existence. On the one hand, there is a collection of philosophers and other experts in the humanities who are trying to determine the extent to which Masaryk’s book, dating from the end of the 19th century, is still important for the current state of the Czech nation (and thus “Czech questions”). On the other hand, another focus of the article is a set of twenty reflections on the current state of, and the degree of threat to, the nation’s uniqueness, written by a prominent Czech neurologist who also takes into account the more than century-long debate on the “meaning of Czech history.” Although a comparison of both approaches reveals some similarities in their awareness of a crisis in the current state of the Czech nation, significant differences in methodological starting points soon step into the foreground and from this emerge differences in the conclusions the different approaches reach, differences that touch on the future toward which the nation is maturing.

The article contains an extensive overview of the history of early Czech music theory from its beginnings in the late Middle Ages to the First World War. The emphasis is on trends of development rather than on detailed study of individual treatises. More space is devoted to key founding figures such as Jan Blahoslav and Jakub Jan Ryba. The text summarizes a number of findings that are not easily accessible to the non-Czech reader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jaroslav Goll’s school, a noticeable phenomenon of the Czech historiography, was discussed. This school arose from J. Goll’s historical seminar at the Czech Faculty of Philosophy in Prague in the late 19th century. J. Goll’s students, the first generation of Czech professional historians, defined the Czech historical science development during the subsequent 50 years. The phenomenon of J. Goll’s school was for the first time analyzed based on the approaches of the contemporary Russian historiography. The anthropological and social aspects of J. Goll’s school were considered. Some facts of J. Goll’s biography were also mentioned. It was concluded that J. Goll’s school was a strong and leading scientific and pedagogical school. It had the basic elements of a scientific school as a social group. A great variety of research themes and methodological approaches within the school was determined by the wide range of problems covered by its research program. The revision of F. Palacký’s concept of Czech history initiated by J. Goll required multilateralism within the school. J. Goll did his best to preserve the school unity up to the World War I.

This article analyses the development of the sociology of culture in Czechia. Its focus is on the sociology of the arts and cultural sociology, which, it is argued, are connected through the notion of the relative autonomy of cultural structures. While the Czech sociology of culture may have been rendered less dynamic by the lack of a critical mass of sociologists specialising in this area and by the country's frequent political upheavals and its isolation from the international circulation of ideas, it has experienced moments of considerable vitality. Three periods in the development of the field are identified here, each of them marked by a movement toward a stronger and more sociologically adequate conceptualisation of cultural autonomy: (1) from the diffuse culturalism of the field's founding figures to the functionalist theory of the interwar sociologist Inocenc Arnošt Bláha, whose view of the relationship between art and society was influenced by the work of the Prague School of Structuralism; (2) from the cultural reductionism of Marxist-Leninist theory after 1948 to the eclectic sociology of culture and the arts of the late socialist period; (3) from the demise of this transitional form of a sociology of culture in the 1990s to the increasingly internationalised but also heterogeneous landscape of the 2010s, which is constituted by a semi-institutionalised centre of cultural sociology at Brno and small groups or individuals in Prague and other academic locales. The thread of continuity in an otherwise discontinuous historical development is found in the recurrent motif of the relative autonomy of culture which the Czech sociology of culture absorbed through its exposure to art and literary theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses the style of two picture series dealing with Czech history. The analysis focuses primarily on the way of mediating historical knowledge as well as forming and establishing cultural memory in the two series which are compared. In connection with this, the use of language, the construction of meanings and the interplay between verbal and visual components are described. The picture series investigated represent opposing approaches to the issue of cultural (historical) memory. The objective of Obrázky z českých dějin a pověstí (Pictures from Czech History and Legends; 1980, revised edition 1996) is to depict a traditional version of Czech history and support its adoption by recipients (children being the main target group). Obrázky include various informal, derogatory and anachronistic elements, but these components are used purposefully to attract the interest of recipients in a didactic presentation of historical events. On the other hand, Opráski sčeskí historje (perhaps: Pictures from Czech History; 2014–2015) submit an alternative, subversive, comical and absurd version of Czech history. Their objective is to destruct the traditional view of such history. In order to achieve this effect, Opráskitake advantage of intentional orthographical mistakes (with great invention), play with the language, polysemy of words, anachronisms and intertextual relations to contemporary popular culture.

The help provided by Hungarian fellow believers played a crucial role in the revival of Protestantism in Bohemia and Moravia after the Edict of Toleration of 1781. Two thirds of the approximately 70 reorganized Reformed congregations had Hungarian pastors from Hungary. Most of them had been sent by the Reformed Church District of Tiszáninnen, which convinced almost 40 young preachers to participate in the „Bohemian mission.“ Whereas the missionary work of the pastors in Bohemia and Moravia has been amply researched, the impact of their missions on Hungary has been largely neglected. Their mission was, however, a relationship with two ends. In this article I seek to close this gap on the basis of recently collected data on students from the Bohemian lands at the Reformed College of Sárospatak and the documents on the repatriation of the Toleration Preachers and their widows who returned back to Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first part of this article discusses the influence of the representatives of the Scottish Enlightenment, including Hugh Blair, William Robertson, Adam Smith and David Hume, on the leader of the Czech national emancipation movement and founder of modern Czech historiography František Palacký (1798-1876). The second part assesses the influence of Walter Scott on the young romantic poet Karel Hynek Mácha (1810-1836), whose attempts to interpret Czech history from a tragic and ironic perspective problematized Palacký's position, especially with regard to his assumptions about the unity of a national community and its interests, as well as the perfectibility of individual nations and the human species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author considers in his article a Czech Television series called Bohéma aired in January and February 2017 (screenplay by Tereza Brdečková, direction by Robert Sedláček). This production merits attention not only as an artistic phenomenon but also as a background for questions that a historian asks. Is it really an interpretation of history or pure fiction? What is the genre of this work: playing with history on the edge between a trashy production, fiction with a historical background, playing with an ambition to present a slice of Czech history? In every case it is a stimulus for reflections on the relationship between ‘memory’ and its demands (represented by contemporaries — survivors) and ‘drawn history’, or art that has incorporated into its narrative real-life characters, time and space. For the author the series is a stimulus for bringing up to date classic historic themes.

The article explores the issue of credit as one of the instruments used by Ferdinand I in his interior policy during the first half of his reign (1526-1545). It discusses the methods used by the sovereign in dealing with the recognition of debts of his predecessors towards his supporters and his antagonists. The research focuses on the client networks that originated from the financial ties between Ferdinand I and representatives of Bohemian nobility. The article defines the main types of creditors who provided loans to the sovereign in the first half of 16th century and uncovers also their motivation for doing so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deceptive eights and The Czech Question: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk’s writing strategies This article concerns the writing strategies present in Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk’s works, especially in The Czech Question. Firstly, the author shows the impact of the second edition of The Czech Question, published in 1908, on the discussion about the sense of Czech history. Secondly, she examines Masaryk’s writing strategies, showing to what extent they involve creating and, on the other hand, analysing Czech history. Złudne ósemki a Czeskie pytanie. Strategie pisania Tomáša Garrigue’a Masaryka W artykule podjęta zostaje problematyka strategii pisania obecnych w dziele T. G. Masaryka, zwłaszcza w jego Czeskim pytaniu. Po pierwsze, autorka pokazuje jaki wpływ miało drugie wydanie Czeskiego pytania, opublikowane w 1908 roku, na dyskusję o sensie czeskiej historii. Po drugie, autorka analizuje strategie pisania Masaryka, pokazując, do jakiego stopnia chodzi w nim o kreację, a do jakiego o analizę czeskiej historii.

Memory in words: On the inadequacy of terms (A Czech-Polish-German example) This article is devoted to the inadequacy of the Polish and Czech terminology related to the displacement of German-speaking communities after 1945. Discussing the example of the terms “Sudety” and “pohraničí” (Borderlands), the author identifies the inadequacy of various equivalents of these concepts in Polish secondary literature. The adopted methodology makes it possible to demonstrate a particular historical entanglement of the term “Sudety” and its incompatibility with metadiscourse (the language of research). The terminological analysis is the starting point for describing the memory of the historical situation in the Czech pohraničí after 1945. The study analyses material collected during interviews with the residents of pohraničí, including their own reflections on terminological issues. Pamięć w słowach – o nieadekwatności pojęć (przypadek czesko-polsko-niemiecki) Artykuł poświęcony jest nieadekwatności terminologii dotyczącej wysiedleń społeczności niemieckojęzycznych po roku 1945 w językach polskim i czeskim. Autorka na przykładzie pojęć „Sudety” i „pohraničí” wskazuje na nieadekwatność różnych istniejących w polskiej literaturze przedmiotu ekwiwalentów tych pojęć. Przyjęta przez autorkę metodologia pozwala na wykazanie szczególnego uwikłania historycznego terminu „Sudety” i jego nieprzystawalność do metadyskursu, jakim jest język badawczy. Analiza terminologiczna stanowi punkt wyjścia do opisu pamięci o sytuacji historycznej na czeskim pohraničí po 1945 roku. Materiał do analiz stanowią wywiady z mieszkańcami pohraničí i znajdujące się w nich prowadzone przez samych rozmówców refleksje terminologiczne.

Copyright of Acta Baltico-Slavica is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This text deals with the legal practice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. How the judges dispensed justice against several ethnical groups? Therefore case files from the „Amtsgericht Brünn“ will be analysed. In the end you could see an of course nationalistsocialist court, but not a highly political and not always unfair one. The „Amtsgericht Brünn“ was a more or less unimportant court and because of that, they acted in a more or less lawful way-from todays view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Adeptus is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Even though the tramping subculture forms a part of Czech society for nearly a century, it only gained the attention of the museums and other memory institutions, aside from some exceptions, over the last three decades. The paper examines both previous research on the history and on the present status of the tramping movement in the Czech and Slovak Republics, and the general theoretical and methodological problems it raises. These include, among others, assessing the importance of individual tramping groups defined locally, socially and by generation; the fragmentary makeup of sources resulting predominantly from the private nature of the tramping and, finally, choosing the appropriate methods when documenting and archiving findings. It focuses, furthermore, on ethical problems of such a research and assesses the blurred boundaries between tramping and other forms of grouping or staying outdoors. The present paper is based on the experience of documenting the tramping movement in the Ethnographic Department of the National Museum and within the grant project of the Department of Czech History in the Faculty of Arts of Charles University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exposition named History will present the development of the Czech lands from the 9th century till the present. The exposition will be divided into two separate spaces - the Historical Building of the National Museum will house the history of the 9th-19th centuries and the New Building of the National Museum will house the history from the 20th century. Despite reflecting to a certain extent the traditional division of the Middle Ages, Early Modern Period, the "long" 19th century, and the 20th century, the narrative will be continuous without any artificial historical disruptions. We will debunk some historical myths and stereotypes. Emphasis will be laid on the presentation of items from the collections of the National Museum. A certain update will also be important, i.e. the presentation of ideas and symbols, that we refer to today. Parallel narratives will be nonetheless important, as they will show that history is not unambiguous and that certain events can be viewed from several different perspectives (e.g. the winner and the loser, nobleman and subject). Last but not least, we will address the issues of individual freedom and its limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyses the Czech Television series Bohéma from the perspective of a historian and draws attention to the issue of its genre with an unclear definition. The production follows on a thin boundary line between the trashy, fiction with a historical background, and a work of history, posing a challenge to a historian and asking questions about our relation to historical memory and its instrumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece will introduce Czech ostalgic films set in the normalisation period (1969⁻1989) and will interpret the basic divide between nostalgic representation of the period and the openly anti-communist stances of the films’ creators. The methodological frame of this research comes from Robert Rosenstone’s approach of representation of history in film. To interpret ostalgia in Czech film, I use ideas from Daphne Berdhal and Svetlana Boym. I described the nostalgic elements and their functions in the structure of the films, taking into account their story, characters, settings, film style, narration, genre, and audience response (identification, causality of emotional experience). Czech ostalgic films about the normalisation period are interpretively ambivalent. The interpretational tension appears out of a fundamental divide between a clear refusal of communism and an idyllic view of the socialist past. They cannot be simply classified into restorative or reflective nostalgia. The younger generation of spectators perceives ostalgic films in the mode of reflective nostalgia; on the other hand, the older generation perceive the films in terms of restorative nostalgia. A different way of perceiving ostalgia reveals a misunderstanding between generations of the current Czech society. Due to singular anti-communist viewpoints and emphasised liberal values, the films cannot be interpreted in a desire for an idealised home in a communist past, but as a desire for a present home and its security, which cannot be clearly conceptualised. The concept of reflective nostalgia can be linked with the theory of Berdhal. The films cannot be perceived as a desire for an idealised home in a communist past due to specific anti-communist viewpoints and highlighted liberal values, but as a need for a home and security that cannot be directly conceptualised. This appearance of reflective nostalgia can be connected with the theory stated by Berdhal.

The BBC television format 100 Greatest Britons (2002) was a pioneer on the global television market. The project is based on cultural translation and on shift s in form and content, enabling it to address the largest local target audience possible. It can consequently be considered a typical representative of so-called glocalization. A text by a TV theoretician and one of the producers of the Czech version of the format (The Greatest Czech - Největší Čech, 2005) provides an insider's view. It follows the steps Czech TV had to take when adapting the format to fulfil the provisions of the licence agreement and address its concrete audience in its own, specific way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the topic of family in the Czech patriotic milieu of the 19th century on the example of the family of Václav Staněk, a physician and patriot. Václav Staněk was in close contact with Josef Frič and František Ladislav Čelakovský. Before the revolution in 1848, Staněk and his wife Karolina opened a Czech 'parlour', one of the first places for women interested in education. The paper focuses on the public activities of the family during the revolution 1848 and presents the work of Václav Staněk at the Imperial Diets in Vienna and Kroměříž. Not only does it pay attention to the political activities of Staněk himself, but it also shows the political opinions of his wife a partly his daughter as well. An important space is dedicated to the everyday life of V. Staněk as a member of the Imperial Diets in Vienna and Kroměříž and to the everyday life of his family in Prague. The main source of information is the rich and unexploited correspondence of the Staněk family, which provides insight into the political and family life at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late seventeenth-century Prague, Simon Abeles, a Jewish boy of about eleven or twelve, left the Jewish quarter, studied for conversion to Christianity, returned home without converting, and then died. The boy's father, Lazar Abeles, was charged with his murder and hanged himself in jail. Löbl Kurtzhandl, a young man who had lived with the family, was accused of being an accomplice and sentenced to death. The case became a cause célèbre as the boy came to be regarded as an unofficial local saint acclaimed in broadsides, pamphlets, and even music. A single Yiddish source, a historical song, tells the story from a Jewish point of view but, surprisingly, does not take up the question of the guilt or innocence of either Kurtzhandl or the elder Abeles, focusing instead on Kurtzhandl's actions in his final days, hours, and moments. Burning polemics between local Christians and Jews centered on this very question, each population seeking saint-like heroes for its young members to emulate. On the Catholic side, such activity fit within a much broader context of Catholic renewal and triumphalism that capped a decades-long process of ridding Bohemia of Protestant influence. On the Jewish side, it represented active resistance against such trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on the history of Jews in the early modern period, especially European Jewry, has flourished in recent years, clearly demonstrating that the period from c.1500 to c.1750 should be seen as distinct from both medieval and modern Jewish history. Mobility of people and information, changing relationships among rabbinic leaders and communal organizations, and the evolving nature of Jewish identity are among the characteristics that have been noted as unique to this period. This article surveys how historical scholarship related to Bohemian Jewry fits in that context, and suggests directions for moving that scholarship forward. Today's historiography has grown from foundations laid in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Wissenschaft des Judentums framework, by way of the establishment of the Jewish Museum in Prague and scholarly activities undertaken there, through the difficult years of World War II and Communist rule. Building on that tradition, the strengths of current historical writing on early modern Bohemian Jewry include material and print culture. Room remains for the development of broader, more synthetic analyses that link this regional history more closely with its central European and Jewish early modern surroundings. More research on specific areas such as Bohemian Jewish history through the lens of gender analysis, wide-ranging social history, and more, together with improved integration with broader historiographical trends, would both shed light on historical processes in the Bohemian Lands and improve understanding of early modern Jewish history as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Carolinae Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historica (1803-7550) is the property of University of Ostrava, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Reflecting on teaching and participating in a course that traveled abroad during spring break, 2011, professors and students share their insights to promote facultydesigned study abroad. The article explains how the course was designed to facilitate students learning how to create connections between lived experiences and texts, whether they are history or literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the ways in which the concept of political culture has been used in Czech historiography. The blurring of boundaries between positivist and culturalist approaches is identified as the main source of difficulties faced by authors who study political culture. The author comments on the ways in which Czech historians of the last two decades have appropriated the concept of political culture from political science. He claims that, within political science or social sciences more broadly, one should distinguish two different approaches to political culture: 1. the behavioralist concept of political culture as introduced by Almond and Verba which is closely tied up with the quantitative survey research technique and a positivist epistemology (denoted here as the P-type concept of political culture); and 2. the set of interpretative or culturalist approaches to political culture, which do not form a consistent group, but share a commitment to a postpositivist epistemology (the K-type of political culture concept). History and, in particular, cultural history, with its interpretive and constructivist bent, is shown to be predominantly associated with the K-type concept of political culture. The author then proceeds to discuss the work of those Czech historians who have made use of the concept of political culture adopted from political science. The literature under review gives evidence of an unresolved tension between the P- and K-type of political culture concepts. Another conclusion is that the study of political culture of the P-type in those periods for which no survey data is available faces insuperable difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper's task is to give basic characteristics of emigration of scientists and scholars from the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (CSAS) in the era of Communist regime with special emphasis on the wave of exiles in 1968-1970. The paper is based on two information collections. The first is database of CSAS workers who emigrated in between 1953 and 1989; the data were collected as a part of a research project on Czech scientists and scholars in exile 1948-1989 and information is continuously added. The second source is a selection of the most significant scientists and scholars from the database in the soon-to-be published book Sto českých vĕdců v exilu (Hundred Czech scientists and scholars in exile). The authors succeeded in collecting their comparable and mutually interpretable biograms in that volume. The data are analyzed quantitatively in the first part of the paper. It focuses on many questions, among them the proportion of emigrants to the number of scientific workers; their numbers before 1968, in 1968-1970, and during the so-called normalization (1971-1989); stratification according to the different disciplines, institutes, or scientific branches; age stratification; career status; and so on. The total number of emigrants was between 760 and 790 persons; it represented 6-7 % of the total number of workers in the Academy. The majority of them left from April 21, 1968, to 1970. A broad spectrum of scientific branches was represented among the emigrants, with the share of chemists higher than average. Prosopographic analysis showed that the core of emigrants were scientists and scholars born in the years 1918-1941 who mostly emigrated at ages 26-40 (rather strong is also a group that left at ages 40-50). Most of them emigrated to U. S. A., others to Canada, West Germany, and other European countries. In the second part of the article, the emigration of scientists and scholars is evaluated generally and also in separate periods with emphasis on the personal motivation on the one hand and institutional and political conditions on the other. Before their departures, the scientists and scholars were as workers of the Academy loyal to the Communist regime and some of them were also its admirers; however, their loyalty was strongly undermined by invasion of the Soviet army in August 1968. It made them feel acutely threatened existentially, and memories of World War II influenced the intensity of this feeling (many scientists were during the war prisoners from concentrations camps or they had other bad experience), as did persecution from the 1950s (three of them were political prisoners from the period, many others were persecuted in other ways). In their roles, they even exhibited fear of political engagement during the Prague Spring. The possibilities for their future scientific careers abroad also contributed to their decisions to emigrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores changes to the scholarly journal "The Czech Historical Review" in relation to the changing political atmosphere connected with the rise of communism in Czechoslovakia following World War II. A brief history of the periodical is presented, noting the cessation of publication during World War II. Particular focus is given to ideological conflicts between democratic historians and Marxist-Leninist historians when the journal resumed publication in 1946, following the end of World War II. The suspension of the publication in 1949 following a Marxist attempt to take control of the editorial board is also discussed.

The article examines the Bohemian estate of Frýdlant to explore the concept of "second serfdom" through the relationship which existed between the village and the estate. Observations are based on archival records including court records and serf petitions. Particular focus is given to manorial dominance theories, communal autonomy theories, and communal-manorial dualism. The coercion of weaker villages through the combined efforts of overlords and oligarchies is also discussed and the ways in which manorial regulation and the social capital of a community were used to increase power are examined.

This piece will introduce Czech ostalgic films set in the normalisation period (1969–1989) and will interpret the basic divide between nostalgic representation of the period and the openly anti-communist stances of the films' creators. The methodological frame of this research comes from Robert Rosenstone's approach of representation of history in film. To interpret ostalgia in Czech film, I use ideas from Daphne Berdhal and Svetlana Boym. I described the nostalgic elements and their functions in the structure of the films, taking into account their story, characters, settings, film style, narration, genre, and audience response (identification, causality of emotional experience). Czech ostalgic films about the normalisation period are interpretively ambivalent. The interpretational tension appears out of a fundamental divide between a clear refusal of communism and an idyllic view of the socialist past. They cannot be simply classified into restorative or reflective nostalgia. The younger generation of spectators perceives ostalgic films in the mode of reflective nostalgia; on the other hand, the older generation perceive the films in terms of restorative nostalgia. A different way of perceiving ostalgia reveals a misunderstanding between generations of the current Czech society. Due to singular anti-communist viewpoints and emphasised liberal values, the films cannot be interpreted in a desire for an idealised home in a communist past, but as a desire for a present home and its security, which cannot be clearly conceptualised. The concept of reflective nostalgia can be linked with the theory of Berdhal. The films cannot be perceived as a desire for an idealised home in a communist past due to specific anti-communist viewpoints and highlighted liberal values, but as a need for a home and security that cannot be directly conceptualised. This appearance of reflective nostalgia can be connected with the theory stated by Berdhal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]