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140 results on '"Czech Metrology Institute"'

1. Long-term spectral responsivity stability of predictable quantum efficient detectors

Author: Porrovecchio, G., Linke, U., Smid, M., Gran, J., Ikonen, E., Werner, L., Czech Metrology Institute, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Justervesenet, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: photometry, General Engineering, predictable quantum efficient detector, radiometry
Abstract: Funding Information: The authors of PTB are grateful to Ingmar Müller who designed, set up and characterized the PQEDs calibrated by PTB and to Uwe Johannsen who set up and improved the cryogenic radiometer calibration facility of PTB. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme, ERA-NET Plus, under Grant Agreement No. 217257, from the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) Project SIB57 ‘New Primary Standards and Traceability for Radiometry’ and from the project 18SIB10 chipS.CALe (EMPIR). The EMRP is jointly funded by the EMRP participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union. The EMPIR programme is co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. EI acknowledges the support by the Academy of Finland Flagship Programme, Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN), decision number: 320167. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 BIPM & IOP Publishing Ltd. The stability of induced junction silicon photodiodes used to construct the predictable quantum efficient detector (PQED) has been studied over a time period of a decade by measurements of its spectral responsivity against absolute cryogenic radiometers (CR) in two independent laboratories at CMI and PTB. PQEDs operated at room temperature show a long-term temporal stability within 150 ppm over a broad spectral range during a 10-year period, well within the range of the claimed measurement uncertainty values of the CRs. This long term stability fulfills one of the fundamental requirements to establish a new primary standard for the measurement of power of optical radiation.
Published: 2022
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2. Impact of nanostructuring on effective thermal conductivity studied by scanning thermal microscopy

Author: Massoud, Antonin Mouhannad, Guen, Eloïse, Frausto-Avila, Christian Mateo, Gaur, N.J., Alkurdi, Ali, Klapetek, Petr, de Luna Bugallo, Andres, Yanez Limon, Jose Martin, Bluet, J.M., Gomès, Séverine, Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier, INL - Spectroscopies et Nanomatériaux (INL - S&N), Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École Supérieure de Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon (CPE)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Cinvestav Queretaro, Czech Metrology Institute, INL - Matériaux Fonctionnels et Nanostructures (INL - MFN), INSA-BQR MaNaTherm, Projet Nano2017, ANR-16-CE09-0023,TIPTOP,Pointes hautement sensibles pour la microscopie thermique à l'échelle nanométrique(2016), ANR-11-PDOC-0024,nanoHEAT,Mécanismes des transferts de chaleur à l'échelle nanométrique et optimisation(2011), European Project: 604668,EC:FP7:NMP,FP7-NMP-2013-LARGE-7,QUANTIHEAT(2013), and European Project: 766853,H2020-FETOPEN-1-2016-2017,EFINED(2018)
Subjects: [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022

3. Determination of the responsivity of a predictable quantum efficient detector over a wide spectral range based on a 3D model of charge carrier recombination losses

Author: Trinh Tran, Geiland Porrovecchio, Marek Smid, Erkki Ikonen, Timo Dönsberg, Jarle Gran, Justervesenet, Czech Metrology Institute, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, Metrology Research Institute, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: General Engineering, predictable quantum efficient detector, internal quantum deficiency, photodetector, simulation
Abstract: Funding Information: This project (18SIB10 chipS.CALe) has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Authors of Aalto University acknowledge the support by the Academy of Finland Flagship Programme, Photonics Research and Innovation (PREIN), decision number: 320167. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 BIPM & IOP Publishing Ltd. We present a method to determine the internal quantum deficiency (IQD) of a predictable quantum efficient detector (PQED) based on measured photocurrent dependence on bias voltage and a 3D simulation model of charge carrier recombination losses. The simulation model of silicon photodiodes includes wafer doping concentration, fixed charge of SiO2 layer, bulk lifetime of charge carriers and surface recombination velocity as the fitted parameters. With only one set of physical photodiode defining parameters, the simulation shows excellent agreement with experimental data at power levels from 100 μW to 1000 μW with variation in illumination beam size. We could also predict the dependence of IQD on bias voltage at the wavelength of 476 nm using photodiode parameters determined independently at 647 nm wavelength. The fitted values of doping concentration and fixed charge extracted from the simulation model are in close agreement with the expected parameter values determined earlier. At bias voltages larger than 5 Vat the wavelength of 476 nm, the internal quantum efficiency of one of the tested PQEDs is measured to be 0.999 970 ± 0.000 027, where the relative expanded uncertainty of 0.000 027 is one of the lowest values ever achieved in spectral responsivity measurement of optical detectors.
Published: 2022
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4. Impact of roughness on heat conduction involving nanocontacts

Author: Séverine Gomès, Nupinder Jeet Kaur, Petr Klapetek, Eloïse Guen, Pierre-Olivier Chapuis, Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Czech Metrology Institute, and European Project: 604668,EC:FP7:NMP,FP7-NMP-2013-LARGE-7,QUANTIHEAT(2013)
Subjects: Resistive touchscreen, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Orders of magnitude (temperature), FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Surface finish, Scanning thermal microscopy, Physics - Applied Physics, Applied Physics (physics.app-ph), 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Curvature, Thermal conduction, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Thermal conductivity, Surface roughness, [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], Composite material, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; The impact of surface roughness on conductive heat transfer across nanoscale contacts is investigated by means of scanning thermal microscopy. Silicon surfaces with out-of-plane rms roughness of ~0, 0.5, 4, 7 and 11 nm are scanned both under air and vacuum conditions. Three types of resistive SThM probes spanning curvature radii over orders of magnitude are used. A correlation between thermal conductance and adhesion force is highlighted. In comparison with a flat surface, the contact thermal conductance can decrease as much as 90% for a microprobe and by about 50% for probes with curvature radius lower than 50 nm. The effects of multi-contact and ballistic heat conduction are discussed. Limits of contact techniques for thermal conductivity characterization are also discussed.
Published: 2021
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5. SThM-based local thermomechanical analysis: Measurement intercomparison and uncertainty analysis

Author: Miroslav Valtr, Olga Kazakova, Tony Maxwell, Petr Klapetek, Severine Gomes, Alexandre Allard, Bruno Hay, Eloïse Guen, David Renahy, Guillaume Davee, Pierre-Olivier Chapuis, Robert Puttock, Jan Martinek, Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Czech Metrology Institute, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), and Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais [Trappes] (LNE )
Subjects: Reproducibility, Materials science, 020209 energy, Scale of temperature, General Engineering, Analytical chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Repeatability, Scanning thermal microscopy, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Differential scanning calorimetry, 0103 physical sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Calibration, [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], Thermomechanical analysis, Uncertainty analysis, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: We assess Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) with a self-heated doped silicon nanoprobe as a method for determining the local phase transition temperature of polymeric materials by means of nano-thermomechanical analysis (nano-TA). Reference semi-crystalline samples and amorphous test samples, characterized first using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), are studied by nano-TA in the temperature range 50–250 °C. The repeatability, the reproducibility and the reliability of nano-TA are evaluated by three laboratories by applying the same calibration protocol prior to and after the measurements. The calibration of the probe temperature scale and the variability of the sample thermomechanical response are validated by Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, resulting in a calculated uncertainty between 3 and 5 K. The SThM probe temperature data represented as a function of DSC-measured phase-transition temperatures of the semi-crystalline samples rule out the possibility of a quadratic fit and call for a linear calibration in absence of additional information. The maximum deviation obtained between SThM and DSC temperatures with such linear calibration reaches ± 30 K for melting temperatures and 50 K for glass transition temperatures.
Published: 2020
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6. Consistency test of coincidence-summing calculation methods for extended sources

Author: Jelena Krneta Nikolić, Ivana Vukanac, A. de Vismes Ott, M.I. Savva, Haluk Yücel, K. Tymińska, Paweł Saganowski, Tran Thien Thanh, R. Semmler, Jaroslav Šolc, Matthias Laubenstein, D. Gurau, Zbigniew Tymiński, T. Vidmar, Marina F. Koskinas, Laurent Ferreux, Paweł Jodłowski, Mario O. de Menezes, Denise S. Moreira, Pavel Dryak, Y. K. Lee, Marie-Christine Lépy, Mauro S. Dias, V. Peyres, K. Karfopoulos, Santiago Hurtado, Octavian Sima, Aurelian Luca, Department of Physics, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 077125, Romania, Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Laboratoire de métrologie de la radioactivité dans l'environnement (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SAME/LMRE), Service d'analyses et de métrologie de l'environnement (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SAME), Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN)-Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares [São Paulo] (IPEN/CNEN-SP), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP)-Comissão National de Energia Nuclear (CNEN), Czech Metrology Institute, Laboratoire de mesures nucléaires (IRSN/PSE-ENV/SAME/LMN), Universidad de Sevilla / University of Sevilla, AGH University of Science and Technology [Krakow, PL] (AGH UST), Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Service d’Études des Réacteurs et de Mathématiques Appliquées (SERMA), Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos' (NCSR), Vietnam National University - Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Ankara University, and A. Luca acknowledges support from the Joint research project IFA-CEA no. C5-09/2016 and Program Nucleu - project PN 19 06 02 04/2019.
Subjects: Magnitude (mathematics), [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, Coincidence-summing corrections, 01 natural sciences, Coincidence, Consistency test, spectrometry, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], nuclear instrumentation, Mathematics, instrumentation, Radiation, Ideal (set theory), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Mathematical analysis, Exact differential equation, gamma-rays, Gamma-ray spectrometry, Calculation methods, Coincidence-maiming corrections, 0104 chemical sciences, Test (assessment), Volume (thermodynamics), Self-consistency test, radioactivity, HPGe detector, ionizing radiation
Abstract: International audience; An internal consistency test of the calculation of coincidence-summing correction factors FC for volume sources is presented. The test is based on exact equations relating the values of FC calculated for three ideal measurement configurations. The test is applied to a number of 33 sets of FC values sent by 21 teams. Most sets passed the test, but not the results obtained using the quasi-point source approximation; in the latter case the test qualitatively indicated the magnitude of the bias of FC.
Published: 2020
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7. Characterization of a room temperature predictable quantum efficient detector for applications in radiometry and photometry

Author: Timo Dönsberg, K Salffner, Saulius Nevas, K. M. Nield, Marek Smid, Geiland Porrovecchio, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, Czech Metrology Institute, Callaghan Innovation, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Materials science, photometry, business.industry, Detector, General Engineering, Linearity, radiometry, Polarization (waves), 01 natural sciences, 010309 optics, Photometry (optics), Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, Radiometry, characterization, Predictability, 010306 general physics, business, room-temperature quantum efficient detector (RT-PQED), Quantum, primary standard optical power
Abstract: This paper presents the experimental characterization of predictable quantum efficient detectors, which have been designed for use at room temperature. The aim of the characterization was to validate modelled properties experimentally and, thus, the feasibility of such room temperature predictable quantum efficient detectors to be used as primary radiometric standards for applications in the fields of photometry and radiometry with an aimed uncertainty level of 0.01%. The characterizations were focused on linearity, thermal, angular, spectral and polarization dependencies of the detector that need to be known and considered in the respective applications. The results of the characterization measurements confirm the predictability of the detector, within the aimed 0.01% uncertainty level and, thus, the high potential for using that kind of devices as primary standards for applications in radiometry and photometry.
Published: 2018
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8. Activity measurements and determination of nuclear decay data of $^{166}$Ho in the MRTDosimetry project

Author: V. Lourenço, J. Bouchard, Jaroslav Šolc, Andrew Fenwick, Marie-Christine Lépy, A P Robinson, Pavel Dryak, C. Thiam, Sean Collins, John Keightley, Jana Sochorová, Christophe Bobin, V. Chisté, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Czech Metrology Institute, European Project: EMPIR 15HLT06,MRTDosimetry, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay
Subjects: Half-life measurements, Gamma-spectrometry, Activity standardization, Single-photon emission computed tomography, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, spectrometry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Molecular radiotherapy, X-rays, medicine, Dosimetry, beta-rays, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Physics, Radionuclide, Radiation, medicine.diagnostic_test, Decay data measurement, Magnetic resonance imaging, gamma-rays, 0104 chemical sciences, MRTDosimetry project, Ho-166, Activity measurements, metrology, Radioactivity, Radionuclide metrology, ionizing radiation, Radioactive decay
Abstract: Holmium-166 is a high-energy β−-emitter radionuclide (~ 1.8 MeV) with a short half-life ( ~ 26.8 h ) that offers great potential as an alternative to 90Y for the treatment of liver cancer based on radioembolization. The possibility of quantitative Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging of the main γ-ray emission at 80.6 keV, in addition to strong paramagnetic properties suitable for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), complement this therapeutic potential. The present paper describes the measurements carried out in three European radionuclide metrology laboratories for primary standardization of 166Ho and new determinations of X- and γ-ray photon-emission intensities in the framework of the European EMPIR project MRTDosimetry. New half-life measurements were also performed.
Published: 2019
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9. Validation of the fisheye camera method for spatial non-uniformity corrections in luminous flux measurements with integrating spheres

Author: Kokka, A., Pulli, T., Ferrero, Alejandro, Dekker, P., Thorseth, A., Kliment, P., Klej, A., Gerloff, T., Ludwig, K., Poikonen, T., Ikonen, E., Metrology Research Institute, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, CSIC, Dutch Metrology Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Czech Metrology Institute, Philips Lighting, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Osram GmbH, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, European Metrology Research Programme, and SCOAP
Subjects: Integrating spheres, photometry, UNIT, luminous flux, integrating sphere, measurement uncertainty, fisheye camera method, ERRORS, spatial correction, REALIZATION, angular intensity distribution
Abstract: 10 pags., 8 figs., 4 tabs. -- Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 3.0, In this paper, the fisheye camera method is validated for spatial non-uniformity corrections in luminous flux measurements with integrating spheres. The method was tested in eight integrating spheres with six LED lamps, and the determined angular intensity distributions and spatial non-uniformity correction factors were compared with the results of five goniophotometers. The average closeness score, describing the similarity between any two distributions, was 94.6 out of 100 for the distributions obtained using the fisheye camera method when compared with the goniophotometric results. The average closeness score for the five goniophotometers, when each goniophotometer was compared with the other four, was 96.6. On average, the relative deviation between the two methods was 0.05% when calculating the spatial corrections. The most significant sources of uncertainty for the fisheye camera method were large, view-obstructing sphere elements residing close to the camera port., The work leading to this study is partly funded by the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR) Project 15SIB07 PhotoLED ‘Future Photometry Based on Solid State Lighting Products’. The EMPIR initiative is cofunded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the EMPIR Participating States. Acknowledges the funded position of Aalto ELEC doctoral school and the support of the Tutkijat Maailmalle program.
Published: 2019
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10. Thermal conductivity characterization by means of scanning thermal microscopy: impact of sample properties

Author: Guen, Eloïse, Pic, Axel, Gallois-Garreignot, Sebastien, Kaur, N.J., Klapetek, Petr, Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier, Gomès, Séverine, Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), Czech Metrology Institute, and Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier
Subjects: [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.MECA.THER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019

11. Luminous intensity comparison based on new standard lamps with LED reference spectrum

Author: Gerloff, Thorsten, Kallenbach, Laura, Ledig, Johannes, Schrader, Christian, Sperling, Armin, Pulli, Tomi, Askola, Janne, Smid, Marek, Kliment, Petr, Pons, Alicia, Ferrero, Alejandro, Gal, Peter, Brida, Giorgio, Blattner, Peter, Stuker, Florian, Schneider, Markus, Dönsberg, Timo, Poikonen, Tuomas, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Metrology Research Institute, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, Czech Metrology Institute, CSIC, MKEH, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Swiss Federal Institute for Metrology, Osram GmbH, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: education
Abstract: Non
Published: 2019

12. Nanothermometry and nanocharacterization in scanning thermal microscopy: approach curves and temperature jumps at contact

Author: Alkurdi, Ali, Pic, Axel, Guen, Eloïse, Massoud, A.M., Zhao, Wenyu, Martinek, Jan, Lucchesi, Christophe, Vaillon, Rodolphe, Gallois-Garreignot, Sebastien, Bugnet, Matthieu, Klapetek, Petr, Bluet, Jean-Marie, Gomès, Séverine, Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier, Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier, Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INL - Spectroscopies et Nanomatériaux (INL - S&N), Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de Lyon (CPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-École supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de Lyon (CPE), Czech Metrology Institute, STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), and Matériaux, ingénierie et science [Villeurbanne] (MATEIS)
Subjects: [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.MECA.THER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019

13. Heat conduction through mechanical nanocontacts investigated by means of scanning thermal microscopy

Author: Guen, Eloïse, Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier, Kaur, N.J., Klapetek, Petr, Gomès, Séverine, Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Czech Metrology Institute, and Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier
Subjects: [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SPI.MECA.THER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph]
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

14. The half-life of 129I

Author: Rainer Dersch, Stefaan Pommé, Frédéric Chartier, Karsten Kossert, Andrej Rozkov, Ole Nähle, V. Lourenço, Eduardo García-Toraño, Jana Sochorová, Pavel Auerbach, Marta Fernández, V. Peyres, Philippe Cassette, Timotheos Altzitzoglou, Hélène Isnard, Marie-Martine Bé, Christophe Bobin, Anthony Nonell, A.I. Sánchez-Cabezudo, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [Geel] (IRMM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Czech Metrology Institute, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), European Project: 912/2009/EC,MetroRWM, CEA-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire (CEA-DEN), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Ionizing radiation, Nuclear fission product, half-life, [PHYS.NUCL]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Theory [nucl-th], Soil science, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 010309 optics, TRACER, 0103 physical sciences, Mass concentration (chemistry), activity measurement, mass spectrometry, standardization, Radionuclide, Radiation, 010401 analytical chemistry, Radiation dose, Decay data measurement, Radioactive waste, Half-life, Primary activity measurement, 0104 chemical sciences, beta-particle emission, metrology, Radioactivity, 129I, activity measurements, Deep geological repository, Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; The radionuclide $^{129}$I is a long-lived fission product that decays to $^{129}$Xe by beta-particle emission. It is an important tracer in geological and biological processes and is considered one of the most important radionuclides to be assessed in studies of global circulation. It is also one of the major contributors to radiation dose from nuclear waste in a deep geological repository. Its half-life has been obtained by a combination of activity and mass concentration measurements in the frame of a cooperation of 6 European metrology institutes. The value obtained for the half-life of $^{129}$I is 16.14 (12) × 10$^6$ a, in good agreement with recommended data but with a significant improvement in the uncertainty.
Published: 2018
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15. Local Thermophysical Properties Measurements on Polymers using Doped Silicon SThM Probe: Uncertainty Analysis and Interlaboratory Comparison

Author: Petr Klapetek, Tony Maxwell, Alexandre Allard, Miroslav Valtr, Eloïse Guen, Severine Gomes, David Renahy, Bruno Hay, Robb Puttock, Jan Martinek, Pierre-Olivier Chapuis, Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon, Czech Metrology Institute, National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais [Trappes] (LNE ), Institut Lumière Matière [Villeurbanne] (ILM), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Reproducibility, Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Doping, chemistry.chemical_element, Repeatability, Scanning thermal microscopy, Temperature measurement, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Thermal conductivity, chemistry, Optoelectronics, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Uncertainty analysis
Abstract: We first assess Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) with a self-heated doped silicon nanoprobe as a method for the simultaneous identification of the local thermal conductivity and phase transition temperature of polymeric materials. In a second step, results of an inter laboratory comparison and an uncertainty analysis involving three laboratories applying the same protocol of phase transition temperature measurement allow evaluating the repeatability, the reproducibility and the reliability of the method.
Published: 2018
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16. Thermal Measurements

Author: Klapetek, Petr, Chapuis, Pierre-Olivier, Czech Metrology Institute, Centre d'Energétique et de Thermique de Lyon (CETHIL), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), P. Klapetek, and European Project: 604668,EC:FP7:NMP,FP7-NMP-2013-LARGE-7,QUANTIHEAT(2013)
Subjects: [SPI.MECA.THER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Thermics [physics.class-ph], 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0210 nano-technology, 01 natural sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0104 chemical sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018
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17. European coordinated metrological effort for quantum cryptography

Author: M. López, N. Castagna, Ivo Pietro Degiovanni, Aigar Vaigu, Geiland Porrovecchio, R. A. Kirkwood, Christopher J. Chunnilall, Andrei Pokatilov, J. Morel, I. Ruo Berchera, Marco Gramegna, Farshid Manoocheri, S. Kueck, Toomas Kübarsepp, INRiM, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Czech Metrology Institute, National Physical Laboratory, AS Metrosert, Swiss Federal Institute for Metrology, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Computer science, Distributed computing, Quantum Key Distribution, Cryptography, 02 engineering and technology, Quantum entanglement, Quantum channel, Quantum key distribution, Metrology, 01 natural sciences, Secure communication, Quantum state, 0103 physical sciences, Quantum Communication, 010306 general physics, Quantum information science, Quantum, Quantum computer, Computer Science::Cryptography and Security, ta213, ta114, business.industry, TheoryofComputation_GENERAL, Single-Photon Sources, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Quantum technology, Quantum cryptography, ComputerSystemsOrganization_MISCELLANEOUS, Key (cryptography), 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Quantum Key Distribution, a fundamental component of quantum secure communication that exploits quantum states and resources for communication protocols, can future-proof the security of digital communications, when if advanced quantum computing systems and mathematical advances render current algorithmic cryptography insecure. A QKD system relies on the integration of quantum physical devices, as quantum sources, quantum channels and quantum detectors, in order to generate a true random (unconditionally secure) cryptographic key between two remote parties connected through a quantum channel. The gap between QKD implemented with ideal and real devices can be exploited to attack real systems, unless appropriate countermeasures are implemented. Characterization of real devices and countermeasure is necessary to guarantee security. Free-space QKD systems can provide secure communication to remote parties of the globe, while QKD systems based on entanglement are intrinsically less vulnerable to attack. Metrology to characterize the optical components of these systems is required. Actually, the "Optical metrology for quantum-enhanced secure telecommunication" Project (MIQC2) is steering the metrological effort for Quantum Cryptography in the European region in order to accelerate the development and commercial uptake of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) technologies. Aim of the project is the development of traceable measurement techniques, apparatus, and protocols that will underpin the characterisation and validation of the performance and quantum-safe security of such systems, essential steps towards standardization and certification of practical implementations of quantum-based technologies.
Published: 2018
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18. Correlative microscopy of radial junction nanowire solar cells using nanoindent position markers

Author: Takashi Itoh, Janis J. Merkel, Petr Klapetek, Andrea Mašková, Christiane Becker, Linwei Yu, Peter Pikna, Soumyadeep Misra, Jiří Vyskočil, Aliaksei Vetushka, Martin Ledinský, Matěj Hývl, Jan Kočka, Aleš Marek, Antonín Fejfar, Pere Roca i Cabarrocas, Zdeňka Hájková, Martin Foldyna, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (FZU / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Czech Metrology Institute, Service d'étude en Géographie économique Fondamentale et Appliquée (SEGEFA), Université de Liège, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd [Tokyo], Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd [Japon], Laboratoire de physique des interfaces et des couches minces [Palaiseau] (LPICM), and École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Microscope, Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, Nanowire, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Optics, Optical microscope, law, 0103 physical sciences, Thin film, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010302 applied physics, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, Conductive atomic force microscopy, Nanoindentation, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Amorphous solid, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Radial junction solar cells with only ~100 nm thin amorphous Si absorber layer deposited on Si nanowires can be prepared by a relatively simple and low-cost thin film technology. Metal assisted Si nanowire growth leads to a disorder in nanowire orientations, lengths and shapes, which is then preserved by the conformal absorber layer. Interestingly, high conversion efficiencies are reached in spite of the disorder. In this contribution we describe microscopic methods aiming at exploring the role of structural disorder on the local electronic properties of radial junction cells. A method for locating the same nanostructure in different microscopes, using the nanoindentation marks for orientation on the sample, is described. Indents can be easily located by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopes or scanning probe microscopes. Groups of three indents arranged in triangles can serve as coordinate systems for triangulation on samples, enabling correlative microscopy even in instruments which were not designed for it. This approach also enables localization of the same positions on samples after repeated mounting in various microscopes with a precision better than 50 nm. This is possible even on samples without any structural features, as demonstrated for flat silicon thin films prepared by solid phase crystallization, for which we have correlated crystallographic maps from electron backscattering diffraction and conductivity maps by atomic force microscopy. The technique allows observing the same locations before and after technological steps, as shown for the hot wire chemical vapor deposition of carbon nanowalls.
Published: 2015
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19. Predictable quantum efficient detector based on n-type silicon photodiodes

Author: M. Merimaa, Meelis Sildoja, Chi Kwong Tang, Mikko A. Juntunen, Mika Prunnila, Jarle Gran, Farshid Manoocheri, Esa Tuovinen, Maria Luisa Rastello, Alicia Pons, Ingmar Müller, Péter Gál, Erkki Ikonen, Marek Smid, Giorgio Brida, L. Lolli, Timo Dönsberg, Hannu Ronkainen, Hele Savin, B. Rougié, Lutz Werner, European Metrology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, SCOAP, Dept Signal Process and Acoust, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Justervesenet, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Laboratoire Commun de Métrologie LNE-CNAM, CSIC, Czech Metrology Institute, Magyar Kereskedelmi Engedélyezési Hivatal (MKEH), INRiM, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Helsinki Institute of Physics
Subjects: INVERSION LAYER, Materials science, Silicon photodetector, ACCURACY, CRYOGENIC RADIOMETER, INDUCED-JUNCTION, NONLINEARITY, 02 engineering and technology, Radiation, 114 Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Primary standard, 010309 optics, Atomic layer deposition, Radiant flux, law, 0103 physical sciences, ABSOLUTE, TECHNOLOGY, Radiometry, business.industry, Detector, SELF-CALIBRATION, General Engineering, METROLOGY, Induced junction, RESPONSE SELF-CALIBRATION, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Metrology, Photodiode, ROOM-TEMPERATURE, JUNCTION, RADIATION, Optoelectronics, ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Timo Dönsberg et al. -- 16 pags., 16 figs., 4 tabs. -- Open Access funded by Creative Commons Atribution Licence 3.0, The predictable quantum efficient detector (PQED) consists of two custom-made induced junction photodiodes that are mounted in a wedged trap configuration for the reduction of reflectance losses. Until now, all manufactured PQED photodiodes have been based on a structure where a SiO2 layer is thermally grown on top of p-type silicon substrate. In this paper, we present the design, manufacturing, modelling and characterization of a new type of PQED, where the photodiodes have an Al2O3 layer on top of n-type silicon substrate. Atomic layer deposition is used to deposit the layer to the desired thickness. Two sets of photodiodes with varying oxide thicknesses and substrate doping concentrations were fabricated. In order to predict recombination losses of charge carriers, a 3D model of the photodiode was built into Cogenda Genius semiconductor simulation software. It is important to note that a novel experimental method was developed to obtain values for the 3D model parameters. This makes the prediction of the PQED responsivity a completely autonomous process. Detectors were characterized for temperature dependence of dark current, spatial uniformity of responsivity, reflectance, linearity and absolute responsivity at the wavelengths of 488¿nm and 532¿nm. For both sets of photodiodes, the modelled and measured responsivities were generally in agreement within the measurement and modelling uncertainties of around 100 parts per million (ppm). There is, however, an indication that the modelled internal quantum deficiency may be underestimated by a similar amount. Moreover, the responsivities of the detectors were spatially uniform within 30¿ppm peak-to-peak variation. The results obtained in this research indicate that the n-type induced junction photodiode is a very promising alternative to the existing p-type detectors, and thus give additional credibility to the concept of modelled quantum detector serving as a primary standard. Furthermore, the manufacturing of PQEDs is no longer dependent on the availability of a certain type of very lightly doped p-type silicon wafers., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) project SIB57 'New Primary Standards and Traceability for Radiometry'. The EMRP is jointly funded by the EMRP participating countries within EURAMET and the European Union. Financial support from the Academy of Finland through the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Atomic Layer Deposition is also acknowledged.
Published: 2017
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20. 60Co in cast steel matrix: A European interlaboratory comparison for the characterisation of new activity standards for calibration of gamma-ray spectrometers in metallurgy

Author: S. Klemola, Anton Švec, Marijan Nečemer, Jaroslav Šolc, V. Peyres, Andrej Javornik, Belén Caro Marroyo, Dirk Arnold, Lídia Silva, Branko Vodenik, Hannah Moser, Eduardo García-Toraño, O. Burda, Aldo Fazio, Faidra Tzika, Aurelian Luca, Laurent Ferreux, M. Reis, Zbigniew Tymiński, Mikael Hult, Pavel Dryak, Uwe Wätjen, JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [Geel] (IRMM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Czech Metrology Institute, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Slovenský Metrologický Ústav, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority [Helsinki] (STUK), IFIN-HH, Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen [Wien] (BEV), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), The IFIN-HH research work was co-funded by the Program Nucleu, project no. PN 09 37 02 05, representing the Romanian national support for the project MetroMetal., European Project: 912/2009/EC,MetroMetal, Fazio, A., Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Metrology, Cast steel, metallurgy, Intercomparison exercise, Ionising radiation, Gamma-ray spectrometry, EURAMET, Materials science, Radiation, Spectrometer, metallurgy, Metallurgy, UNCERTAINTY, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, 010309 optics, Matrix (chemical analysis), Cast steel, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Gamma ray spectrometry
Abstract: International audience; Two series of activity standards of Co-60 in cast steel matrix, developed for the calibration of gamma-ray spectrometry systems in the metallurgical sector, were characterised using a European interlaboratory comparison among twelve National Metrology Institutes and one international organisation. The first standard, consisting of 14 disc shaped samples, was cast from steel contaminated during production ("originally"), and the second, consisting of 15 similar discs, from artificially-contaminated ("spiked") steel. The reference activity concentrations of Co-60 in the cast steel standards were (1.077 +/- 0.019) Bq g(-1) on 1 January 2013 12h00 UT and (1.483 +/- 0.022) Bq g(-1) on 1 June 2013 12h00 UT, respectively.
Published: 2016
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21. Characterisation of a radionuclide specific laboratory detector system for the metallurgical industry by Monte Carlo simulations

Author: Aurelian Luca, Aleksi Mattila, Faidra Tzika, Hannah Moser, Teemu Siiskonen, Guillaume Lutter, Pavel Dryak, Jaroslav Šolc, Andre Saraiva, Branko Vodenik, Dirk Arnold, L. Szucs, Tomasz Dziel, Eduardo García-Toraño, O. Burda, Aldo Fazio, V. Peyres, Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira, Thierry Branger, Jozef Martinkovič, Marco Capogni, Czech Metrology Institute, Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen [Wien] (BEV), Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [Geel] (IRMM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), IFIN-HH, Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Magyar Kereskedelmi Engedelyezesi Hivatal (MKEH), Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Slovenský Metrologický Ústav, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority [Helsinki] (STUK), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), and Capogni, M.
Subjects: Nuclear engineering, Monte Carlo method, EURAMET, Coincidence summing, Metallurgy, Ionising radiation, Gamma-ray spectrometry, Metrology, Monte Carlo simulation, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Gamma ray spectrometry, Radionuclide, Radiation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Metallurgical industry, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, 0104 chemical sciences, Environmental science, Nuclear medicine, business
Abstract: International audience; One of the outputs of the European Metrology Research Programme project "Ionising radiation metrology for the metallurgical industry" (MetroMetal) was a recommendation on a novel radionuclide specific detector system optimised for the measurement of radioactivity in metallurgical samples. The detection efficiency of the recommended system for the standards of cast steel, slag and fume dust developed within the project was characterized by Monte Carlo (MC) simulations performed using different MC codes. Capabilities of MC codes were also tested for simulation of true coincidence summing (TCS) effects for several radionuclides of interest in the metallurgical industry. The TCS correction factors reached up to 32% showing that the TCS effects are of high importance in close measurement geometries met in routine analyses of metallurgical samples.
Published: 2015
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22. Interlaboratory comparison on 137Cs activity concentration in fume dust

Author: Maria Belén Gómez–Mancebo, S. Klemola, Jaroslav Šolc, Dirk Arnold, Aldo Fazio, Zbigniew Tymiński, Branko Vodenik, Pavel Dryak, Faidra Tzika, Belén Caro Marroyo, V. Peyres, Laurent Ferreux, Hannah Moser, G. Sibbens, Aurelian Luca, M. Reis, O. Burda, Mikael Hult, JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [Geel] (IRMM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen [Wien] (BEV), Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Czech Metrology Institute, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), IFIN-HH, Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), National Center for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority [Helsinki] (STUK), European Project: 912/2009/EC,MetroMetal, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), and Fazio, A.
Subjects: 137Cs, Iodizing radiation measurements, Interlaboratory comparisons, Fume dust, Metrology, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Test material, Interlaboratory comparison, Activity concentration, fume dust, Standard material, Radiation, 60Co, Comparison results, Contamination, respiratory tract diseases, 0104 chemical sciences, Iodizing radiation measurement, Reference values, Environmental chemistry, Environmental science
Abstract: Proceeding of the 9th International Topical Meeting on Industrial Radiation and Radioisotope Measurement Applications, 6-7 July 2014, Valencia, Spain.; International audience; A comparison was conducted, between 11 European National Metrology Institutes and EC-JRC, on measurement of Cs-137 activity concentration in fume dust. As test material an activity standard produced from real contaminated fume dust was used. The standard material consisted of 13 cylindrical samples of compressed fume dust. The material contained Cs-137 and Co-60 of reference activity concentrations of (9.72 +/- 0.10) Bq/g and (0.450 +/- 0.018) Bq/g, respectively, for the reference date of 1 June 2013, determined using the comparison results. The organization and results of the intercomparison, as well as the process of obtaining reliable reference values are presented.
Published: 2015
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23. Determination of the 151Sm half-life

Author: Rainer Dersch, Stefaan Pommé, Philippe Cassette, Karsten Kossert, Timotheos Altzitzoglou, Anthony Nonell, Jarmila Ometáková, G. Stadelmann, Xavier Mougeot, Tomasz Dziel, Jana Sochorová, Ole Nähle, Pavel Auerbach, V. Lourenço, Matej Krivošík, Marie-Martine Bé, Hélène Isnard, Frédéric Chartier, Andrej Rožkov, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire (LANIE), Service d'études analytiques et de réactivité des surfaces (SEARS), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [Geel] (IRMM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Czech Metrology Institute, Narodowe Centrum Badań Jądrowych (NCBJ), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Slovenský Metrologický Ústav, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST)
Subjects: Chromatography, half-life, Chemistry, 151Sm, Half-life, standardisation, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 0104 chemical sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, mass spectrometry
Abstract: New measurements have been undertaken to determine the half-life of 151Sm. A pure 151Sm solution was obtained after chemical separation from a samarium solution resulting from the dissolution of an irradiated samarium sample. The concentration of 151Sm in the solution was measured by mass spectrometry, combined with the isotope dilution technique. The activity of the solution was measured by liquid scintillation counting by six European laboratories as part of an international comparison. These combined results lead to a half-life of T 1/2 = 94.6(6) a.
Published: 2015
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24. Results of the EURAMET.RI(II)-S6.I-129 supplementary comparison

Author: Eduardo García-Toraño, Timotheos Altzitzoglou, Pavel Auerbach, Marie-Martine Bé, Valérie Lourenço, Christophe Bobin, Philippe Cassette, Rainer Dersch, Karsten Kossert, Ole Nähle, Virginia Peyrés, Stefaan Pommé, Andrej Rozkov, Anabel Sanchez-Cabezudo, Jana Sochorov́, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas [Madrid] (CIEMAT), JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [Geel] (IRMM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Czech Metrology Institute, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay
Subjects: Nuclear engineering, General Engineering, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], 010403 inorganic & nuclear chemistry, 01 natural sciences, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 0104 chemical sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, metrology, standardizaion, 129I, Mathematics education, long-lived gamma-ray emitter, Equivalence (measure theory), Mathematics
Abstract: International audience; An international comparison of the long-lived gamma-ray emitter 129I has been recently completed. A total of 5 laboratories measured a solution prepared by Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT). Aliquots of the master solution were standardized in terms of activity per mass unit by participant laboratories using 4 different techniques. The results of the comparison can be used as the basis for establishing the equivalence among the laboratories.
Published: 2015
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25. Metrological Issues in Molecular Radiotherapy

Author: Maurice G Cox, Jaroslav Šolc, L. Joulaeizadeh, Christophe Bobin, Marco Capogni, Hans Rabus, Lena Johansson, Vere Smyth, Marco D’Arienzo, Istituto Nazionale di Metrologia delle Radiazioni Ionizzanti (ENEA-INMRI), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Czech Metrology Institute, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), VSL, Dutch Metrology Institute, European Project: 217257,EC:FP7:GA,FP7-2007-ERANET-4.2.2.2,IMERA-PLUS(2007), European Project: 912/2009/EC,MetroMRT, Capogni, M., D'Arienzo, M., Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, QC1-999, education, Normal tissue, [SDV.CAN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cancer, [SDV.IB.MN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering/Nuclear medicine, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], patients, radiation therapy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Ionizing radiation, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Biological variation, medicine, radiation absorbed dose, Medical physics, absorbed dose, business.industry, tumour, Physics, molecular radiotherapy, calibration, 3. Good health, Metrology, Radiation therapy, metrology, clinical dosimetry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Absorbed dose, Clinical dosimetry, business
Abstract: Conference of 16th International Congress of Metrology ; Conference Date: 7 October 2013 Through 10 October 2013; International audience; The therapeutic effect from molecular radiation therapy (MRT), on both tumour and normal tissue, is determined by the radiation absorbed dose. Recent research indicates that as a consequence of biological variation across patients the absorbed dose can vary, for the same administered activity, by as much as two orders of magnitude. The international collaborative EURAMET-EMRP project "Metrology for molecular radiotherapy (MetroMRT)" is addressing this problem. The overall aim of the project is to develop methods of calibrating and verifying clinical dosimetry in MRT. In the present paper an overview of the metrological issues in molecular radiotherapy is provided.
Published: 2014
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26. J. Man, P. Klapetek, O. Man, A. Weidner, K. Obrtlík and J. Polák: Extrusions and intrusions in fatigued metals. Part 2. AFM and EBSD study of the early growth of extrusions and intrusions in 316L steel fatigued at room temperature

Author: Man, Jiri, Klapetek, Petr, Man, Ondrej, Weidner, Anja, Obrtlik, Karel, Polak, Jaroslav, Institute of Physics of Materials, ASCR, Czech Metrology Institute, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Brno University of Technology [Brno] (BUT), Institute of Structural Physics [Dresden], and Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden)
Subjects: Physical Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Early stages of surface relief evolution of persistent slip markings (PSMs), formed in areas where persistent slip bands (PSBs) intersect the free surface, in polycrystalline 316L stainless steel cycled with constant plastic strain amplitude were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD). Focused ion beam (FIB) technique was employed for obtaining additional, more detailed information on the shape of PSMs. In order to reveal true qualitative and quantitative information about the simultaneous growth of intrusions and extrusions within individual PSMs, identical areas both on the specimen surface and on its inverse copy obtained via plastic replica were studied using AFM. Intrusions are preceded by extrusions regardless of orientation of individual grains of the polycrystal. The first intrusions appear largely around 1% of fatigue life at the moment when “static” extrusions are developed. They appear predominantly but not exclusively at the side of extrusions where the emerging active slip plane is inclined to the surface at an acute angle. They grow faster in comparison with the stage of stable extrusion growth. Typical morphology of mature PSMs developed at 15% of fatigue life consists of ribbon-like extrusions accompanied by two thin parallel intrusions along both PSB/matrix interfaces. Experimental data on the morphology and the growth of extrusions and intrusions are discussed in relation with the theoretical models and computer simulations of surface relief evolution leading to fatigue crack initiation.
Published: 2009
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27. Results of the EURAMET.RI(II)- S7.Sm-151 supplementary comparison (EURAMET Project 1292)

Author: Philippe Cassette, Pavel Auerbach, Andrej Rožkov, V. Lourenço, Marie-Martine Bé, Jarmila Omet́kov́, Matej Krivošík, G. Stadelmann, Rainer Dersch, Hélène Isnard, Tomasz Dziel, Karsten Kossert, C Frechou, Laurine Brondeau, Timotheos Altzitzoglou, Jana Sochorová, Ole Nähle, Stefaan Pommé, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, JRC Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements [Geel] (IRMM), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Geel] (JRC), Czech Metrology Institute, National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope, Centre POLATOM, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Laboratoire de développement Analytique Nucléaire Isotopique et Elémentaire (LANIE), Service d'études analytiques et de réactivité des surfaces (SEARS), Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département de Physico-Chimie (DPC), Slovenský Metrologický Ústav, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: standardization, Rare earth nuclei, medicine.medical_specialty, Computer science, 151Sm, General Engineering, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], computer.software_genre, Joint research, metrology, Activity measurements, medicine, long-lived gamma-ray emitter, Medical physics, Data mining, Mutual recognition, computer
Abstract: An international comparison of the activity standardisation of the relatively long-lived gamma-ray emitter 151Sm has been recently completed. A total of six laboratories measured a solution prepared by CEA/LNHB and CEA/LANIE. Aliquots of the master solution were standardized in terms of activity per mass unit by participant laboratories using 2 different techniques. The results of the comparison can be used as the basis for establishing equivalence among the laboratories. The activity measurements of this comparison are part of the joint research project 'Metrology for Radioactive Waste Management' of the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP). One aim of this project is a new determination of the 151Sm half-life. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Published: 2015
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28. Traceability to absorbed-dose-to-water primary standards in dosimetry of brachytherapy sources used for radiotherapy

Author: Bovi, M., Toni, M. P., Aubineau-Lanièce, I., Bordy, J. -M, Cardoso, J., Chauvenet, B., Gabris, F., Grindborg, J. -E, Guerra, A. S., Kosunen, A., Oliveira, C., Maria Pimpinella, Sander, T., Selbach, H. -J, Sochor, V., Šolc, J., Pooter, J., Dijk, E., Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove Tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile = Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNHB), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département d'instrumentation Numérique (DIN (CEA-LIST)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Instituto Tecnológico e Nuclear, Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen [Wien] (BEV), Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority [Helsinki] (STUK), National Physical Laboratory [Teddington] (NPL), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Czech Metrology Institute, VSL, Dutch Metrology Institute, International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO), and European Project: 217257,EC:FP7:GA,FP7-2007-ERANET-4.2.2.2,IMERA-PLUS(2007)
Subjects: metrology, dosimetry, radioactivity, brachytherapy, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], ionizing radiation, dose distribution, radiotherapy
Abstract: International audience; In the current brachytherapy practice, the procedures to determine the absorbed dose imparted to the patient are affected by an uncertainty higher than in radiotherapy with external beams. That could reduce the success of brachytherapy treatments. Most of the uncertainty is due to a lacking metrology: no absorbed-dose primary standards are so far available to assure direct traceability in dosimetry of brachytherapy sources. This paper outlines the project “Increasing cancer treatment efficacy using 3D brachytherapy”, co-funded in the framework of the project iMERA-Plus according to the Grant Agreement No. 217257 between the European Commission and the European Association of National Metrology Institutes. The aim of the project is to develop methods for the direct measurement of the absorbed dose to water and to extend the use of this reference quantity to brachytherapy dosimetry with an uncertainty on the dose delivered to the target volume less than 5% (k=1) at clinical level. The present project will potentially increase the accuracy and safety of brachytherapy to a level comparable to that typical of radiotherapy with external accelerator beams.

29. The thermodynamics of self-assembled monolayer formation: a computational and experimental study of thiols on a flat gold surface.

Author: Zoccante A, Cara E, Ferrarese Lupi F, Hönicke P, Kayser Y, Beckhoff B, Klapetek P, Marchi D, and Cossi M
Abstract: A methodology based on molecular dynamics simulations is presented to determine the chemical potential of thiol self-assembled monolayers on a gold surface. The thiol de-solvation and then the monolayer formation are described by thermodynamic integration with a gradual decoupling of one molecule from the environment, with the necessary corrections to account for standard state changes. The procedure is applied both to physisorbed undissociated thiol molecules and to chemisorbed dissociated thiyl radicals, considering in the latter case the possible chemical potential of the produced hydrogen. We considered monolayers formed by either 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin (MMC) or 3-mercapto-propanoic acid (MPA) on a flat gold surface: the free energy profiles with respect to the monolayer density are consistent with a transition from a very stable lying-down phase at low densities to a standing-up phase at higher densities, as expected. The maximum densities of thermodynamically stable monolayers are compared to experimental measures performed with reference-free grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence (RF-GIXRF) on the same systems, finding a better agreement in the case of chemisorbed thiyl radicals.
Published: 2024
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30. Progress report on the single transducer ultrasonic thermometer using electrostatic actuator.

Author: Voldán M, Husník L, and Mahovský D
Abstract: This article presents improvements to the practical acoustic thermometer of the Czech Metrology Institute that enable measurements with argon gas. Through a careful comparison with standard platinum resistance thermometers, the device shows its potential as a reference instrument for the calibration of industrial thermometers with traceability to the thermodynamic temperature scale. The extended temperature range, now from -80 to 80 °C, is characterized by the measurement uncertainty of well below 0.15 °C. Challenges arise above 100 °C, where the microphone approaches its maximum permissible temperature, which leads to discrepancies in the time of flight ( τ ) measurement results. The lower temperature limit is constrained by temperature-controlled enclosures, suggesting possible redesigns for future improvements. Modifications to the waveguide cover could enable isothermal measurements at higher pressures, which would allow calculation of the speed of sound ( u 0 ). In addition, the upper temperature limit could be extended by lengthening the waveguide or installing a special high-temperature microphone. These results underline the versatility of PAT and provide insights for further improving its effectiveness over a wider temperature range., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Michal Voldan reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/501100004578Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic. Michal Voldan reports a relationship with Czech Metrology Institute that includes: employment. This work was funded by Institutional Subsidy for the Long-Term Conceptual Development of a Research Organization granted to the Czech Metrology Institute by the 10.13039/501100004578Ministry of Industry and Trade., (© 2024 The Authors.)
Published: 2024
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31. Rigorous pH measurement in non-aqueous solution: measurement method and reference values in ethanol.

Author: Bastkowski F, Heering A, Uysal E, Liv L, Leito I, Quendera R, Ribeiro L, Deleebeeck L, Snedden A, Nagy D, Szilágyi ZN, Camões F, Anes B, Roziková M, and Stoica D
Abstract: The recently introduced unified pH ([Formula: see text]) concept enables rigorous pH measurements in non-aqueous and mixed media while at the same time maintaining comparability to the conventional aqueous pH scale. However, its practical application is hindered by a shortage of reference [Formula: see text] values. In order to improve this situation, the European Metrology Research Project (EMPIR) UnipHied ("Realisation of a UnipHied pH scale") launched an interlaboratory comparison among highly experienced electrochemistry expert laboratories to assign the first such reference [Formula: see text] values by adopting an extensive statistical treatment of the reported measurement data: to phosphate buffer in water-ethanol mixture (50 wt% of ethanol) and ammonium formate buffer in pure ethanol. Two different measurement setups - one capable of being easily adopted in industrial applications - have been used to demonstrate the robustness of [Formula: see text] measurement. This is an important step towards wider adoption of the [Formula: see text] concept in practice, like liquid chromatography, biofuels analysis and electrocatalysis., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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32. On the use of solid 133 Ba sources as surrogate for liquid 131 I in SPECT/CT calibration: a European multi-centre evaluation.

Author: Tran-Gia J, Denis-Bacelar AM, Ferreira KM, Robinson AP, Bobin C, Bonney LM, Calvert N, Collins SM, Fenwick AJ, Finocchiaro D, Fioroni F, Giannopoulou K, Grassi E, Heetun W, Jewitt SJ, Kotzasarlidou M, Ljungberg M, Lourenço V, McGowan DR, Mewburn-Crook J, Sabot B, Scuffham J, Sjögreen Gleisner K, Solc J, Thiam C, Tipping J, Wevrett J, and Lassmann M
Abstract: Introduction: Commissioning, calibration, and quality control procedures for nuclear medicine imaging systems are typically performed using hollow containers filled with radionuclide solutions. This leads to multiple sources of uncertainty, many of which can be overcome by using traceable, sealed, long-lived surrogate sources containing a radionuclide of comparable energies and emission probabilities. This study presents the results of a quantitative SPECT/CT imaging comparison exercise performed within the MRTDosimetry consortium to assess the feasibility of using 133 Ba as a surrogate for 131 I imaging., Materials and Methods: Two sets of four traceable 133 Ba sources were produced at two National Metrology Institutes and encapsulated in 3D-printed cylinders (volume range 1.68-107.4 mL). Corresponding hollow cylinders to be filled with liquid 131 I and a mounting baseplate for repeatable positioning within a Jaszczak phantom were also produced. A quantitative SPECT/CT imaging comparison exercise was conducted between seven members of the consortium (eight SPECT/CT systems from two major vendors) based on a standardised protocol. Each site had to perform three measurements with the two sets of 133 Ba sources and liquid 131 I., Results: As anticipated, the 131 I pseudo-image calibration factors (cps/MBq) were higher than those for 133 Ba for all reconstructions and systems. A site-specific cross-calibration reduced the performance differences between both radionuclides with respect to a cross-calibration based on the ratio of emission probabilities from a median of 12-1.5%. The site-specific cross-calibration method also showed agreement between 133 Ba and 131 I for all cylinder volumes, which highlights the potential use of 133 Ba sources to calculate recovery coefficients for partial volume correction., Conclusion: This comparison exercise demonstrated that traceable solid 133 Ba sources can be used as surrogate for liquid 131 I imaging. The use of solid surrogate sources could solve the radiation protection problem inherent in the preparation of phantoms with 131 I liquid activity solutions as well as reduce the measurement uncertainties in the activity. This is particularly relevant for stability measurements, which have to be carried out at regular intervals., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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33. Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of Single Cu x O Nanowires.

Author: De Carlo I, Baudino L, Klapetek P, Serrapede M, Michieletti F, De Leo N, Pirri F, Boarino L, Lamberti A, and Milano G
Abstract: Copper oxide nanowires (NWs) are promising elements for the realization of a wide range of devices for low-power electronics, gas sensors, and energy storage applications, due to their high aspect ratio, low environmental impact, and cost-effective manufacturing. Here, we report on the electrical and thermal properties of copper oxide NWs synthetized through thermal growth directly on copper foil. Structural characterization revealed that the growth process resulted in the formation of vertically aligned NWs on the Cu growth substrate, while the investigation of chemical composition revealed that the NWs were composed of CuO rather than Cu 2 O. The electrical characterization of single-NW-based devices, in which single NWs were contacted by Cu electrodes, revealed that the NWs were characterized by a conductivity of 7.6 × 10 -2 S∙cm -1 . The effect of the metal-insulator interface at the NW-electrode contact was analyzed by comparing characterizations in two-terminal and four-terminal configurations. The effective thermal conductivity of single CuO NWs placed on a substrate was measured using Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM), providing a value of 2.6 W∙m -1 ∙K -1 , and using a simple Finite Difference model, an estimate for the thermal conductivity of the nanowire itself was obtained as 3.1 W∙m -1 ∙K -1 . By shedding new light on the electrical and thermal properties of single CuO NWs, these results can be exploited for the rational design of a wide range of optoelectronic devices based on NWs.
Published: 2023
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34. Thermal neutron detection and track recognition method in reference and out-of-field radiotherapy FLASH electron fields using Timepix3 detectors.

Author: Oancea C, Solc J, Bourgouin A, Granja C, Jakubek J, Pivec J, Riemer F, Vykydal Z, Worm S, and Marek L
Subjects: Calibration, Gamma Rays, Neutrons, Electrons, Algorithms
Abstract: Objective. This work presents a method for enhanced detection, imaging, and measurement of the thermal neutron flux. Approach . Measurements were performed in a water tank, while the detector is positioned out-of-field of a 20 MeV ultra-high pulse dose rate electron beam. A semiconductor pixel detector Timepix3 with a silicon sensor partially covered by a 6 LiF neutron converter was used to measure the flux, spatial, and time characteristics of the neutron field. To provide absolute measurements of thermal neutron flux, the detection efficiency calibration of the detectors was performed in a reference thermal neutron field. Neutron signals are recognized and discriminated against other particles such as gamma rays and x-rays. This is achieved by the resolving power of the pixel detector using machine learning algorithms and high-resolution pattern recognition analysis of the high-energy tracks created by thermal neutron interactions in the converter. Main results . The resulting thermal neutrons equivalent dose was obtained using conversion factor (2.13(10) pSv·cm 2 ) from thermal neutron fluence to thermal neutron equivalent dose obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. The calibrated detectors were used to characterize scattered radiation created by electron beams. The results at 12.0 cm depth in the beam axis inside of the water for a delivered dose per pulse of 1.85 Gy (pulse length of 2.4 μ s) at the reference depth, showed a contribution of flux of 4.07(8) × 10 3 particles·cm -2 ·s -1 and equivalent dose of 1.73(3) nSv per pulse, which is lower by ∼9 orders of magnitude than the delivered dose. Significance . The presented methodology for in-water measurements and identification of characteristic thermal neutrons tracks serves for the selective quantification of equivalent dose made by thermal neutrons in out-of-field particle therapy., (© 2023 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine.)
Published: 2023
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35. Erratum: "Sub-kelvin temperature management in ion traps for optical clocks" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 91, 111301 (2020)].

Author: Nordmann T, Didier A, Doležal M, Balling P, Burgermeister T, and Mehlstäubler TE
Published: 2023
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36. Scanning Probe Microscopy controller with advanced sampling support.

Author: Valtr M, Klapetek P, Martinek J, Novotný O, Jelínek Z, Hortvík V, and Nečas D
Abstract: A low-cost Digital Signal Processor (DSP) unit for advanced Scanning Probe Microscopy measurements is presented. It is based on Red Pitaya board and custom built electronic boards with additional high bit depth AD and DA converters. By providing all the necessary information (position and time) with each data point collected it can be used for any scan path, using either existing libraries for scan path generation or creating adaptive scan paths using Lua scripting interface. The DSP is also capable of performing statistical calculations, that can be used for decision making during scan or for the scan path optimisation on the DSP level., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Author(s).)
Published: 2023
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37. Homogeneity evaluation of liquid reference material developed for nuclear decommissioning.

Author: Mazánová M and Kačur M
Abstract: Homogeneity assessment is explicitly required by ISO Guide 35. In connection with the INSIDER project, relevant reference material was chosen to be developed. For this purpose liquid material characterised for radionuclide content with accuracy better than 10% at the 95% confidence level and based on liquid effluent tank waste from JRC Ispra was produced by CMI and homogeneity of the selected radionuclides was evaluated., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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38. Downsizing the Channel Length of Vertical Organic Electrochemical Transistors.

Author: Brodský J, Gablech I, Migliaccio L, Havlíček M, Donahue MJ, and Głowacki ED
Abstract: Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are promising building blocks for bioelectronic devices such as sensors and neural interfaces. While the majority of OECTs use simple planar geometry, there is interest in exploring how these devices operate with much shorter channels on the submicron scale. Here, we show a practical route toward the minimization of the channel length of the transistor using traditional photolithography, enabling large-scale utilization. We describe the fabrication of such transistors using two types of conducting polymers. First, commercial solution-processed poly(dioxyethylenethiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS. Next, we also exploit the short channel length to support easy in situ electropolymerization of poly(dioxyethylenethiophene):tetrabutyl ammonium hexafluorophosphate, PEDOT:PF 6 . Both variants show different promising features, leading the way in terms of transconductance ( g m ), with the measured peak g m up to 68 mS for relatively thin (280 nm) channel layers on devices with the channel length of 350 nm and with widths of 50, 100, and 200 μm. This result suggests that the use of electropolymerized semiconductors, which can be easily customized, is viable with vertical geometry, as uniform and thin layers can be created. Spin-coated PEDOT:PSS lags behind with the lower values of g m ; however, it excels in terms of the speed of the device and also has a comparably lower off current (300 nA), leading to unusually high on/off ratio, with values up to 8.6 × 10 4 . Our approach to vertical gap devices is simple, scalable, and can be extended to other applications where small electrochemical channels are desired.
Published: 2023
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39. Bichromatic UV detection system for atomically-resolved imaging of ions.

Author: Nordmann T, Wickenhagen S, Doležal M, and Mehlstäubler TE
Abstract: We present a compact bichromatic imaging system, located outside of the vacuum chamber of a trapped ion apparatus that collects the fluorescence of 230.6 and 369.5 nm photons simultaneously on a shared electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) camera. The system contains two lens doublets, consisting of a sphere and an asphere. They provide a numerical aperture of 0.45 and 0.40 at 230.6 and 369.5 nm, respectively, and enable spatially resolved state detection with a large field of view of 300 μm for long 115In+/172Yb+ Coulomb crystals. Instead of diffraction-limited imaging for one wavelength, the focus in this system is on simultaneous single-ion resolved imaging of both species over a large field, with special attention to the deep UV wavelength (230.6 nm) and the low scattering rate of In+ ions. The introduced concept is applicable to other dual-species applications., (© 2023 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)
Published: 2023
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40. Emergency unmanned airborne spectrometric (HPGe) monitoring system.

Author: Rusňák J, Šuráň J, Šolc J, Kovář P, Bohuslav P, and Nohýl J
Abstract: After a nuclear or radiation event, emergency responders and radiation protection authorities need quick and credible information based on reliable accident and post-accident radiological data. However, risks to people in the vicinity of the source pose serious measurement challenges. Many problems could be solved by unmanned airborne monitoring systems, but the current ones are mostly based on non-spectrometric detectors carried by drones with low bearing, short flying range and flight time. Therefore spectrometric monitoring system based on High-Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector carried by powerful unmanned helicopter has been developed. The presented unmanned aerial spectrometric system is reliable and heavy-duty and enables quick and safe identification of released radionuclides, thus provides a basis for determining the plant damage state and for planning of emergency and contamination zones. The system will support timely, effective actions that protect the public and environment against the effects of ionizing radiation. The paper describes development and performance tests of this novel system., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Inc. (ISPRS). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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41. Out-of-field measurements and simulations of a proton pencil beam in a wide range of dose rates using a Timepix3 detector: Dose rate, flux and LET.

Author: Oancea C, Granja C, Marek L, Jakubek J, Šolc J, Bodenstein E, Gantz S, Pawelke J, and Pivec J
Subjects: Protons, Silicon, Linear Energy Transfer, Water, Radiometry methods, Proton Therapy methods
Abstract: Stray radiation produced by ultra-high dose-rates (UHDR) proton pencil beams is characterized using ASIC-chip semiconductor pixel detectors. A proton pencil beam with an energy of 220 MeV was utilized to deliver dose rates (DR) ranging from conventional radiotherapy DRs up to 270 Gy/s. A MiniPIX Timepix3 detector equipped with a silicon sensor and integrated readout electronics was used. The chip-sensor assembly and chipboard on water-equivalent backing were detached and immersed in the water-phantom. The deposited energy, particle flux, DR, and the linear energy transfer (LET(Si)) spectra were measured in the silicon sensor at different positions both laterally, at different depths, and behind the Bragg peak. At low-intensity beams, the detector is operated in the event-by-event data-driven mode for high-resolution spectral tracking of individual particles. This technique provides precise energy loss response and LET(Si) spectra with radiation field composition resolving power. At higher beam intensities a rescaling of LET(Si) can be performed as the distribution of the LET(Si) spectra exhibits the same characteristics regardless of the delivered DR. The integrated deposited energy and the absorbed dose can be thus measured in a wide range. A linear response of measured absorbed dose was obtained by gradually increasing the delivered DR to reach UHDR beams. Particle tracking of scattered radiation in data-driven mode could be performed at DRs up to 0.27 Gy/s. In integrated mode, the saturation limits were not reached at the measured out-of-field locations up to the delivered DR of over 270 Gy/s. A good agreement was found between measured and simulated absorbed doses., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica e Sanitaria. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2023
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42. Local thermoelectric response from a single Néel domain wall.

Author: Puttock R, Barton C, Saugar E, Klapetek P, Fernández-Scarioni A, Freitas P, Schumacher HW, Ostler T, Chubykalo-Fesenko O, and Kazakova O
Abstract: Spatially resolved thermoelectric detection of magnetic systems provides a unique platform for the investigation of spintronic and spin caloritronic effects. Hitherto, these investigations have been resolution-limited, confining analysis of the thermoelectric response to regions where the magnetization is uniform or collinear at length scales comparable to the domain size. Here, we investigate the thermoelectric response from a single trapped domain wall using a heated scanning probe. Following this approach, we unambiguously resolve the domain wall due to its local thermoelectric response. Combining analytical and thermal micromagnetic modeling, we conclude that the measured thermoelectric signature is unique to that of a domain wall with a Néel-like character. Our approach is highly sensitive to the plane of domain wall rotation, which permits the distinct identification of Bloch or Néel walls at the nanoscale and could pave the way for the identification and characterization of a range of noncollinear spin textures through their thermoelectric signatures.
Published: 2022
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43. Measurement of internal diameters of capillaries and glass syringes using gravimetric and optical methods for microflow applications.

Author: Batista E, Álvares M, Martins RF, Ogheard F, Geršl J, and Godinho I
Subjects: Drug Delivery Systems, Syringes, Capillaries
Abstract: Objectives: Microflow measurement devices are used in several science and health applications, mainly drug delivery. In the last decade, several new methods based on optical technology were developed, namely the front tracking and interferometric method, in which the knowledge of the inner diameter of the syringe or the capillary used is critical. Only a few National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) can perform inner diameter measurements below 1 mm, which requires expensive technology. Therefore, IPQ, in cooperation with CETIAT, CMI and UNIDEMI, under the EMPIR project 18HLT08 MeDDII - Metrology for Drug Delivery, developed new measurement methods for small inner diameter tubes based on the gravimetric principle and optical methods in order to simplify the apparatus used for this type of measurements without increasing uncertainty., Methods: The gravimetric experimental setup consists of measuring the liquid volume on a specific length of the glass tube. The optical method used is based on the front track principle that uses a high-resolution camera and ImageJ software, to determine the diameter at both ends of each capillary., Results: To validate the developed methods, a comparison was performed between CETIAT, CMI and IPQ and the results obtained were all consistent., Conclusions: This work allowed the determination of inner diameter of syringes or capillaries using two different methods with relative expanded uncertainties from 0.1 to 0.5% ( k =2), that can be applied for flow measurements using optical technology., (© 2022 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.)
Published: 2022
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44. Nanometrology.

Author: Klapetek P
Abstract: Apart from being the subject of this Special Issue, what is nanometrology [...].
Published: 2022
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45. Separation and activity standardization of 226 Ra by 4πα liquid scintillation counting.

Author: Bluďovský R and Suková V
Subjects: Radon Daughters analysis, Reference Standards, Scintillation Counting methods, Radium analysis, Radon analysis, Water Pollutants, Radioactive analysis
Abstract: The 226 Ra standardization method is based on the removal of 222 Rn by intensive venting and subsequent separation of radon daughter decay products on a column packed with lead filings, 226 Ra remains in the eluate. The eluate was repeatedly measured by LSC, and the measured values were corrected for the increase in the activity of the 226 Ra daughter products since the separation was completed. The method was applied to EB type solutions from CMI production. The 226 Ra activity was determined with an uncertainty better than 0.6., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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46. Structure and stability of 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin self-assembled monolayers on gold: an experimental and computational analysis.

Author: Marchi D, Cara E, Lupi FF, Hönicke P, Kayser Y, Beckhof B, Castellino M, Klapetek P, Zoccante A, Laus M, and Cossi M
Abstract: Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of 7-mercapto-4-methylcoumarin (MMC) on a flat gold surface were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, reference-free grazing incidence X-ray fluorescence (GIXRF) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), to determine the maximum monolayer density and to investigate the nature of the molecule/surface interface. In particular, the protonation state of the sulfur atom upon adsorption was analyzed, since some recent literature presented evidence for physisorbed thiols (preserving the S-H bond), unlike the common picture of chemisorbed thiyls (losing the hydrogen). MD with a specifically tailored force field was used to simulate either thiol or thiyl monolayers with increasing number of molecules, to determine the maximum dynamically stable densities. This result was refined by computing the monolayer chemical potential as a function of the density with the bennet acceptance ratio method, based again on MD simulations. The monolayer density was also measured with GIXRF, which provided the absolute quantification of the number of sulfur atoms in a dense self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on flat gold surfaces. The sulfur core level binding energies in the same monolayers were measured by XPS, fitting the recorded spectra with the binding energies proposed in the literature for free or adsorbed thiols and thiyls, to get insight on the nature of the molecular species present in the layer. The comparison of theoretical and experimental SAM densities, and the XPS analysis strongly support the picture of a monolayer formed by chemisorbed, dissociated thiyls.
Published: 2022
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47. Monte Carlo modelling of pixel clusters in Timepix detectors using the MCNP code.

Author: Šolc J, Jakůbek J, Marek L, Oancea C, Pivec J, Šmoldasová J, Tesař J, and Vykydal Z
Abstract: The track structure of the signal measured by the semiconductor pixel detector Timepix3 was modelled in the Monte Carlo MCNP® code. A detailed model at the pixel-level (256 × 256 pixels, 55 × 55 µm 2 pixel size) was developed and used to generate and store clusters of adjacent hit pixels observed in the measured data because of particle energy deposition path, charge sharing, and drift processes. An analytical model of charge sharing effect and the detector energy resolution was applied to the simulated data. The method will help the user sort the measured clusters and distinguish radiation components of mixed fields by determining the response of Timepix3 detector to particular particle types, energies, and incidence angles that cannot be measured separately., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica e Sanitaria. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2022
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48. COMPARISON OF OSL AND TL DOSEMETERS WITH DATA COLLECTED AT THE MT25 CYCLIC ELECTRON ACCELERATOR.

Author: Cimmino A, Ambrožová I, Motta S, Versaci R, Olšovcová V, Chvátil D, Olšanský V, Truneček R, Velyhan A, Stránský V, and Šolc J
Subjects: Luminescence, Phantoms, Imaging, Electrons, Particle Accelerators
Abstract: The Microtron MT25 is a cyclic electron accelerator with a Kapitza resonator, maximum beam energy of 25 MeV, standard repetition frequency of 423 Hz, pulse length of 3.5 μs and mean current of 30 μA. Studies at conventional particle accelerators allow to understand the response of dosemeters in known and controllable radiation fields. Subsequently, it is possible to develop models and predict their behavior in complex radiation fields, such as those generated at laser and FLASH facilities. Therefore, response of thermally and optically stimulated luminescence detectors outside of the beam was studied at the Microtron MT25. The detectors were placed on a Plexiglas phantom inside a lead and iron bunker to shield-off background radiation. In addition, GAFChromic™ films and track detectors were used. Two irradiations were performed: with and without an 8-cm thick polyethylene moderator. This paper presents a comparison of the responses of the different detection systems., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
Published: 2022
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49. Toward 3D dose verification of an electronic brachytherapy source with a plastic scintillation detector.

Author: Georgi P, Kertzscher G, Nyvang L, Šolc J, Schneider T, Tanderup K, and Johansen JG
Subjects: Electronics, Monte Carlo Method, Plastics, Radiometry, Water, Brachytherapy
Abstract: Background: Electronic brachytherapy (eBT) is considered a safe treatment with good outcomes. However, eBT lacks standardized and independent dose verification, which could impede future use., Purpose: To validate the 3D dose-to-water distribution of an electronic brachytherapy (eBT) source using a small-volume plastic scintillation detector (PSD)., Methods: The relative dose distribution of a Papillon 50 (P50) (Ariane Medical Systems, UK) eBT source was measured in water with a PSD consisting of a cylindrical scintillating BCF-12 fiber (length: 0.5 mm, Ø: 1 mm) coupled to a photodetector via an optical fiber. The measurements were performed with the PSD mounted on a motorized stage in a water phantom (MP3) (PTW, Germany). This allowed the sensitive volume of the PSD to be moved to predetermined positions relative to the P50 applicator, which pointed vertically downward while just breaching the water surface. The percentage depth-dose (PDD) was measured from 0 to 50 mm source-to-detector distance (SDD) in 1-3 mm steps. Dose profiles were measured along two perpendicular axes at five different SDDs with step sizes down to 0.5 mm. Characterization of the PSD consisted of determining the energy correction through Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and by measuring the stability and dose rate linearity using a well-type ionization chamber as a reference. The measured PDD and profiles were validated with corresponding MC simulations., Results: The measured and simulated PDD curves agreed within 2% (except at 0 mm and 43 mm depth) after the PSD measurements were corrected for energy dependency. The absorbed dose decreased by a factor of 2 at 7 mm depth and by a factor of 10 at 26 mm depth. The measured dose profiles showed dose gradients at the profile edges of more than 50%/mm at 5 mm depth and 15%/mm at 50 mm depth. The measured profile widths increased 0.66 mm per 1 mm depth, while the simulated profile widths increased 0.74 mm per 1 mm depth. An azimuthal dependency of > 10% was observed in the dose at 10 mm distance from the beam center. The total uncertainty of the measured relative dose is < 2.5% with a positional uncertainty of 0.4 mm. The measurements for a full 3D dose characterization (PDD and profiles) can be carried out within 8 h, the limiting factor being cooling of the P50., Conclusion: The PSD and MP3 water phantoms provided a method to independently verify the relative 3D dose distribution in water of an eBT source., (© 2022 The Authors. Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine.)
Published: 2022
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50. Dimension-Dependent Phenomenological Model of Excitonic Electric Dipole in InGaAs Quantum Dots.

Author: Steindl P and Klenovský P
Abstract: Permanent electric dipole is a key property for effective control of semiconductor quantum-dot-based sources of quantum light. For theoretical prediction of that, complex geometry-dependent quantum simulations are necessary. Here, we use k·p simulations of exciton transition in InGaAs quantum dots to derive a simple geometry-dependent analytical model of dipole. Our model, discussed here, enables reasonably good estimation of the electric dipole, caused in quantum dot by the elastic strain, including an externally induced one. Due to its apparent simplicity, not necessitating elaborate and time-consuming simulations, it might after experimental verification serve as a preferred choice for experimentalists enabling them to make quick estimates of built-in and induced electric dipole in quantum dots.
Published: 2022
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