17 results on '"Czarnecki-Maulden GL"'
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2. Effect of dietary modulation of intestinal microbiota on reproduction and early growth.
- Author
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Czarnecki-Maulden GL
- Subjects
- Animal Feed, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Animals, Dietary Supplements, Animals, Domestic, Diet veterinary, Intestines microbiology, Probiotics pharmacology, Reproduction drug effects
- Abstract
An optimal balance of intestinal microbiota is necessary for digestive and immune health. Poor performance, susceptibility to infections, and decreased growth rate can be signs of an imbalanced microbiome. Dietary strategies to establish and maintain an optimal balance of microbiota include prebiotics (food for indigenous microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract) and probiotics (beneficial microbiota consumed by the animal). Recent research regarding use of probiotics and prebiotics in reproducing and growing livestock and companion animals is summarized. Documented benefits include prevention of diarrhea, decreased mortality, establishment of a healthy microbiota balance, and improved immune function.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Estimation of the proportion of bacterial nitrogen in canine feces using diaminopimelic acid as an internal bacterial marker.
- Author
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Karr-Lilienthal LK, Grieshop CM, Spears JK, Patil AR, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Merchen NR, and Fahey GC Jr
- Subjects
- Animal Feed, Animals, Biomarkers analysis, Biomarkers metabolism, Digestion, Dogs metabolism, Female, Random Allocation, Bacteria metabolism, Diaminopimelic Acid analysis, Dogs microbiology, Feces chemistry, Nitrogen analysis
- Abstract
A bacterial marker can be used to determine the portion of fecal N that is of bacterial origin, as well as the effect of dietary factors on the bacterial N in feces of the dog. Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of diaminopimelic acid (DAPA) and purines as bacterial markers in dogs. In Exp. 1, five adult female dogs were fed the same commercial diet. In Exp. 2, 50 dogs were fed one of four test diets (as-fed basis): a prebiotic-free control or diets containing either 1% chicory, 1% mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), or 1% chicory plus 1% MOS. Fresh feces were collected in both experiments and used to isolate a bacteria-rich sample (BRS) by differential centrifugation. In Exp. 1, the BRS had a N:purine ratio of 0.66 and N:DAPA ratio of 18.9. The CV for the N:purine ratio (20.7%) was much higher than that for the N:DAPA ratio (6.1%), indicating that DAPA resulted in a less variable estimate of fecal bacterial N. Using either marker, approximately 50% of the fecal N was estimated to be of bacterial origin. In Exp. 2, the N:DAPA ratio of the BRS did not differ (P = 0.14) among treatments. The BRS from dogs fed prebiotic-containing diets had treatment averages for N:DAPA ratios ranging from 16.9 to 18.5, whereas BRS from dogs fed the control diet had a ratio of 15.9. Averaged across all dogs, approximately 46% of fecal N was of bacterial origin. When calculating fecal bacterial concentrations using the average N:DAPA ratio for all dogs, little difference existed in the estimation compared with using individual values. The value resulting from use of the average ratio was approximately 13% higher than when using the individual ratios for dogs fed the control diet, which was due to the lower N:DAPA ratio for dogs fed the control diet compared with dogs fed the other treatments. Based on the consistency of the N:DAPA ratio of the BRS, DAPA seems to be a suitable marker for estimation of bacterial N in the feces of dogs.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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4. Supplementation of food with Enterococcus faecium (SF68) stimulates immune functions in young dogs.
- Author
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Benyacoub J, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Cavadini C, Sauthier T, Anderson RE, Schiffrin EJ, and von der Weid T
- Subjects
- Animals, Cell Separation, Female, Flow Cytometry, Male, Animal Feed microbiology, Antibody Formation, Dogs immunology, Enterococcus faecium, Immunity, Cellular
- Abstract
The gut microflora play a crucial role in several physiologic functions of the host, including maturation of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues during the first months of life. Oral administration of probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) modulates the immune system of humans and some laboratory animals. This effect has never been examined in dogs; therefore, our aim was to study the capacity of a probiotic LAB to stimulate immune functions in young dogs. Puppies were allotted to two groups receiving either a control diet or a diet supplemented with 5 x 10(8) colony forming units (cfu)/d of probiotic Enterococcus faecium (SF68) from weaning to 1 y of age. Fecal and blood samples were collected from the dogs at different time points for the measurement of fecal immunoglobulin (Ig)A, circulating IgG and IgA, and the proportions of lymphoid cell subsets. Fecal IgA and canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine-specific circulating IgG and IgA were higher in the group receiving the probiotic than in controls. There were no differences in the percentages of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells between the groups, but the proportion of mature B cells [CD21(+)/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II(+)] was greater in those fed the probiotic. These data show for the first time that a dietary probiotic LAB enhance specific immune functions in young dogs, thus offering new opportunities for the utilization of probiotics in canine nutrition.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Mineral and trace element absorption from dry dog food by dogs, determined using stable isotopes.
- Author
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Kastenmayer P, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, and King W
- Subjects
- Absorption, Animals, Calcium metabolism, Copper metabolism, Digestion, Dogs physiology, Iron metabolism, Isotopes, Zinc metabolism, Animal Feed, Dogs metabolism, Minerals pharmacokinetics, Trace Elements pharmacokinetics
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Dietary crude protein concentration does not affect the leucine requirement of growing dogs.
- Author
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Delaney SJ, Hill AS, Backus RC, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, and Rogers QR
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Albumins analysis, Animals, Dietary Proteins metabolism, Dogs growth & development, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Energy Intake drug effects, Energy Intake physiology, Male, Nitrogen metabolism, Nutritional Requirements, Weight Gain drug effects, Weight Gain physiology, Amino Acids blood, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Dogs physiology, Leucine metabolism
- Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine the interaction between graded levels of leucine and dietary crude protein. Dose-response curves were generated using four 3 x 3 Latin squares (two dogs/square). Each square represented one of two concentrations of crude protein (140 or 280 g/kg diet) and one of two combinations of three concentrations of leucine (5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 g/kg diet or 9.0, 11 and 13 g/kg diet). An additional experiment was performed by feeding crude protein at 210 g/kg diet with either 7.0 or 11 g leucine/kg diet. Weight gain, food intake, nitrogen retention, plasma albumin and plasma amino acids were measured. The requirement was determined to be the minimum leucine concentration required to maximize weight gain and nitrogen retention. For 8-14-week-old male Beagle dogs, 140 g crude protein/kg diet in a diet containing 18 kJ metabolizable energy/g does not appear to support maximal growth. The leucine requirement was not affected by doubling the dietary crude protein level from 140 to 280 g/kg diet. From these results, the leucine requirement of 8-14-week-old Beagle dogs appears to be 11 g leucine/kg diet independent of the level of dietary crude protein, whereas dogs over 14 weeks require only 7 g leucine/kg diet for maximal nitrogen retention.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Iron bioavailability from diets containing isolated or intact sources of lignin.
- Author
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Fly AD, Fahey GC Jr, and Czarnecki-Maulden GL
- Subjects
- Animals, Biological Availability, Chickens, Male, Diet, Iron pharmacokinetics, Lignin administration & dosage
- Abstract
Experiments were conducted to determine effects of isolated lignin and intact lignin in foods on bioavailability of intrinsic iron in lignin-containing foods and of supplemental iron (FeSO4.H20). Standard curve and slope ratio methodology were employed to determine iron bioavailability to chicks. In one experiment, lignin content of foods ranged from 2 to 25% and iron bioavailability ranged from -20 to 140%, but no association between lignin content and bioavailability existed. In other experiments, increasing dietary lignin concentration from some natural sources reduced total iron availability, whereas increasing isolated lignin concentration had no effect. These results suggest that lignin structure or other unidentified factors determine intrinsic iron availability. No lignin source significantly decreased supplemental iron bioavailability.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
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8. Effect of increasing dietary vitamin A on bone density in adult dogs.
- Author
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Cline JL, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Losonsky JM, Sipe CR, and Easter RA
- Subjects
- Alkaline Phosphatase blood, Animals, Bone Density physiology, Calcium blood, Dogs blood, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Phosphorus blood, Random Allocation, Tibia diagnostic imaging, Tibia pathology, Time Factors, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Vitamin A administration & dosage, Bone Density drug effects, Diet veterinary, Dogs physiology, Vitamin A pharmacology
- Abstract
There has been an increase in vitamin A fortification of livestock feeds resulting in increased residual vitamin A in organ meats, which are often used in canned dog foods. The effect on bone density of feeding various concentrations of vitamin A in a canned dog food product was investigated. Thirty-two random-source dogs were assigned to four treatments in a randomized complete block design. The diets contained 15,000, 50,000, 116,000, or 225,000 IU vitamin A/1,000 kcal ME. Diets were fed up to 1 yr. Computed tomography was used to determine bone density of the right tibia at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 mo. Computed tomography is a more sensitive technique for determining bone density in vivo than conventional x-rays. There were no differences (P > .10) in tibia bone or marrow density in any of the dogs fed the various concentrations of vitamin A. There was no interaction of time x diet on bone density (P > .05) or bone marrow density (P > .05). In addition, there were no changes in serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, or phosphorus. These results indicate that concentrations of vitamin A three times the recommended maximum safe amount (71,429 IU/1,000 kcal ME) are not detrimental to normal bone health in dogs. Therefore, these data support the hypothesis that canines are less sensitive to excess vitamin A in the diet than some other mammals.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
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9. Hemicellulose does not affect iron bioavailability in chicks.
- Author
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Fly AD, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Fahey GC Jr, and Titgemeyer EC
- Subjects
- Aging physiology, Animal Feed standards, Animals, Biological Availability, Chickens physiology, Cholesterol blood, Dietary Fiber analysis, Eating physiology, Male, Poaceae chemistry, Psyllium analysis, Psyllium pharmacology, Glycine max chemistry, Glycine max standards, Zea mays chemistry, Zea mays standards, Aging metabolism, Chickens metabolism, Dietary Fiber pharmacology, Iron pharmacokinetics, Polysaccharides pharmacology
- Abstract
Two iron repletion experiments using hemoglobin as a response criterion were conducted to assess effects of hemicelluloses on iron bioavailability to chicks. In Experiment 1, iron bioavailability from intact fiber sources was determined by adding tomato pomace (14.6% hemicelluloses), soybean hulls (20.6% hemicelluloses), beet pulp (21.5% hemicelluloses), orchard grass (24.1% hemicelluloses) and corn fiber (55.2% hemicelluloses) to a casein dextrose basal diet providing 0.4-4.1% hemicelluloses to the diet. Test foods were analyzed for iron, total dietary fiber, neutral detergent residue, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, pectins and uronic acids. Hemicelluloses were determined by the difference of neutral detergent residue minus acid detergent fiber. Iron bioavailability was determined by the standard curve method to be (percent relative to ferrous sulfate using hemoglobin as the response criterion) as follows: tomato pomace, 82.0; soybean hulls, 94.0; beet pulp, 26.5; orchard grass, 68.9; corn fiber, 69.4. Iron bioavailability was not related to hemicellulose content of test foods or diets. In Experiment 2, the effect of psyllium husk (a fiber source that contains predominantly hemicelluloses) on iron bioavailability from ferrous sulfate was assessed. Bioavailability was determined by the slope ratio method where treatments consisted of graded levels of ferrous sulfate in the presence and absence of 5% dietary psyllium. Although iron intrinsic to psyllium was unavailable, bioavailability of ferrous sulfate iron was not affected (P > 0.05) by the presence of psyllium. Thus, there was no clear effect of hemicelluloses on iron bioavailability. However, some feeds that contained high levels of hemicelluloses had low intrinsic iron bioavailabilities, suggesting that other dietary factors are primarily responsible for determining iron bioavailability from these feed components.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Effects of animal and soy fats and proteins in the diet on fatty acid concentrations in the serum and skin of dogs.
- Author
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Campbell KL, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, and Schaeffer DJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Cholesterol blood, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified blood, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated blood, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated metabolism, Female, Male, Glycine max, Time Factors, Animal Feed, Dietary Fats, Dogs physiology, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified metabolism, Skin metabolism
- Abstract
Growing dogs were fed diets containing soy oil or poultry fat as the main fat source and soybean meal or meat meal as the main protein source to examine the effects of types of dietary fat and protein on fatty acid concentrations in serum and skin and on serum cholesterol concentrations. Dogs fed diets containing soy oil had higher serum linoleic acid concentrations and lower serum oleic acid, arachidonic acid, and cholesterol concentrations than dogs fed diets containing poultry fat. The type of dietary protein had marginal effects on fatty acid concentrations and did not affect serum cholesterol. Similar differences were found in cutaneous fatty acid concentrations, with soy oil-fed dogs having significantly (P < 0.05) higher linoleic acid and lower oleic acid concentrations in their skin than had poultry fat-fed dogs. This study suggested that dietary fat source influences serum and cutaneous fatty acid concentrations and serum cholesterol concentrations in dogs, irrespective of dietary protein source.
- Published
- 1995
11. Urinary excretion of taurine as a function of taurine intake: potential for estimating taurine bioavailability in the adult cat.
- Author
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Odle J, Glass EN, Czarnecki-Maulden GL, and Baker DH
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Physiological physiology, Animals, Biological Availability, Kidney metabolism, Nutritional Requirements, Taurine urine, Cats urine, Eating physiology, Taurine pharmacokinetics
- Abstract
Urinary taurine excretion increases markedly when excess taurine is consumed. Experiments were designed to characterize this response in an attempt to develop an assay system for taurine bioavailability in common cat foods using an adult cat model. Initial studies investigated the time course of changes in urinary taurine excretion in response to alterations in taurine intake. The rate of urinary taurine excretion decreased rapidly when cats were switched from a casein diet supplemented with 0.2% crystalline taurine to a diet containing no supplemental taurine, reaching steady-state in 2 d. In contrast, urinary taurine excretion by cats switched from low to high taurine did not plateau until 6 to 7 d. Subsequently, cats (n = 18) were fed a casein diet containing graded levels of crystalline taurine (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 or 0.20%). After a 7-d adjustment period, urinary taurine excretion was quantified over a 5-d collection period and also by cystocentesis, and blood taurine levels were measured on d 6. Plasma taurine increased linearly (r = 0.88) as taurine intake increased, while whole-blood taurine increased asymptotically, reaching 95% of maximum concentration at a taurine intake of 93 mu mole/(kg body weight.d). The rate of urinary taurine excretion increased only slightly as taurine intakes increased to 96 mu mol/(kg body weight.d), but increased markedly (15-fold) thereafter. The same pattern was observed whether urinary taurine excretion was expressed as mu mole/(kg body weight.d) from total urine collection or as mu mole/g creatinine from cystocentesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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12. Effect of various acidifying agents on urine pH and acid-base balance in adult cats.
- Author
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Izquierdo JV and Czarnecki-Maulden GL
- Subjects
- Ammonium Chloride pharmacology, Animals, Calcium Chloride pharmacology, Glutamates pharmacology, Glutamic Acid, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration drug effects, Phosphoric Acids pharmacology, Acid-Base Equilibrium drug effects, Cats urine
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Nutrition research from respiration and vitamins to cholesterol and atherosclerosis.
- Author
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Stare FJ and Czarnecki-Maulden GL
- Subjects
- Animals, Arteriosclerosis history, Cholesterol, Dietetics history, History, 20th Century, Humans, Oxygen Consumption, Research, United States, Vitamins, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Protein requirements of growing pups fed practical dry-type diets containing mixed-protein sources.
- Author
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Case LP and Czarnecki-Maulden GL
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Animals, Dogs metabolism, Nutritional Requirements, Random Allocation, Animal Feed analysis, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Dogs growth & development, Weight Gain
- Abstract
The protein requirement of Pointer pups fed practical diets was assessed in 3 experiments. Eight-week-old pups required 25.2% protein when fed a combination of corn gluten meal, soybean meal, and meat and bone meal for 2 weeks. However, when a poor-quality poultry by-product meal was substituted for some of the corn gluten meal and meat and bone meal, the requirement increased to 27.5%. This increased requirement was explained by decreased digestibility of the poultry by-product meal diet. Pups fed each of the diets required 18% digestible protein to maximize growth rate. Sixteen-week-old pups were more efficient at utilizing the experimental diets, requiring only 23% crude protein (17.2% digestible protein) to maximize growth rate.
- Published
- 1990
15. Estimation of the dietary iron requirement for the weanling puppy and kitten.
- Author
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Chausow DG and Czarnecki-Maulden GL
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Body Weight, Cats, Diet, Dogs, Hematocrit, Hemoglobins, Nutritional Requirements, Iron physiology
- Abstract
An estimate of the dietary requirement for iron (Fe) has never been made for the growing canine or feline. Therefore, two assays were conducted in which weanling puppies or kittens were fed a casein-based, fiber-free diet containing 5, 30, 55, 80, 105, or 130 mg/kg Fe (supplied as FeSO4 X 7H2O) for 30 d. Blood samples were obtained and body weight measured at 10-d intervals. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were determined and a one-slope broken-line model analysis of these two parameters was used to estimate the dietary Fe requirement for each species. For the puppy, 84 +/- 6.1 mg dietary Fe/kg was necessary to maximize hemoglobin concentration, whereas 81 +/- 5.0 mg dietary Fe/kg was the requirement estimate using hematocrit as the response criterion. For the kitten, requirement estimates were 77 +/- 8.1 and 80 +/- 7.2 mg dietary Fe/kg for maximizing hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, respectively. We conclude that at least 80 mg dietary Fe/kg is required by growing dogs and cats fed a purified casein-dextrose diet.
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
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16. Pharmacologic role of cysteine in ameliorating or exacerbating mineral toxicities.
- Author
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Baker DH and Czarnecki-Maulden GL
- Subjects
- Animals, Arsenic toxicity, Cobalt toxicity, Copper toxicity, Cysteine metabolism, Inactivation, Metabolic, Selenium toxicity, Cysteine pharmacology, Minerals toxicity
- Abstract
Cysteine, via chelation reactions, ameliorates biochemical lesions caused by excessive ingestion of several trace elements. Because oral cysteine per se is considerably more protective than the in vivo metabolic cysteine precursors, methionine or cystine, chelation of cysteine with trace elements likely occurs primarily in the gut, thereby decreasing absorption of both cysteine and the trace element in question. Hence, using copper as an example, orally administered cysteine markedly improves growth and reduces liver copper deposition in chicks or rats fed a high level of inorganic copper. Likewise, excessive copper ingestion impairs sulfur amino acid (SAA) utilization and increases the dietary requirement for SAA. Cobalt and selenium toxicities are also ameliorated by oral cysteine ingestion, with the responses being even more striking than those occurring with copper toxicity. While inorganic arsenic poisonings are generally ameliorated by administering cysteine or a cysteine derivative (e.g., dimercaptopropanol), organic pentavalent arsenic toxicity is exacerbated by cysteine administration. Cysteine in this instance acts as a reducing agent, facilitating conversion of organic pentavalent arsenicals such as roxarsone and arsanilic acid to the more toxic trivalent state.
- Published
- 1987
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Evaluation of practical dry dog foods suitable for all life stages.
- Author
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Czarnecki-Maulden GL, Deming JG, and Izquierdo JV
- Subjects
- Animals, Diet, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Nutritive Value, Animal Feed analysis, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Dogs physiology
- Abstract
We evaluated the nutritional adequacy of 2 dry-type commercially prepared dog diets by use of a gestation/lactation/growth protocol outlined by the Association of American Feed Control Officials. Both diets were formulated to contain minimal concentrations of nutrients, compared with canine nutrient requirements listed in the 1974 or 1985 National Research Council publications. Although there were no significant differences in the performance of dogs fed either diet, only one of the diets (diet 2) passed the complete life-stage protocol test. The nutritional profile of diet 1 was only sufficient to support a claim of complete and balanced nutrition for adult maintenance. Any commercial dry dog food meeting the nutrient levels in diet 2, and of similar nutrient bioavailability, should also pass an Association of American Feed Control Officials complete life-stage protocol test.
- Published
- 1989
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