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Introduction Fallowing, which is one of the common practices in Iran's cropping systems, brings negative consequences such as soil erosion and reduction of its fertility, leaching of nutrients and, as a result, groundwater pollution. In addition, this practice increases weed infestation in an environment free of competition. Planting cover crops is one of the alternative methods to increase the quality and health of the soil and produce a healthy crop with minimal use of chemical inputs. Through competition and production and release of allelopathic substances in the soil environment, these crops are also considered as a suitable tool in suppressing weeds. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of planting several species of cover crops as pure and mixed green manures on some soil characteristics and weed control. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah. Experimental treatments included cover crops of barley, common vetch and Persian clover in pure and mixed form at 10 levels: control (without cover crop), pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley +50 vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley, and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. In order to cultivate cover crops, the land was first prepared by plowing and disk harrowing. Then, the seeds of cover crops were planted in plots of 7 × 6 m dimensions, using a furrower. The amount of seed used in the pure cultivation treatments of vetch, clover and barley was 60, 20 and 150 kg ha-1, respectively, and in the mixed treatments, different amounts of the seeds of each cover crop were planted based on the above-mentioned ratios. On the 30th of May (one month before planting potato) and at the stage when none of the cover crops had entered seed production stage, they were incorporated into the soil as green manures in two stages (one week apart) and at a depth of 10 to 15 cm. Results and Discussion The results showed that the cultivation of cover crops caused a decrease in pH and an increase in soil organic carbon compared to the control treatment, so that the lowest pH (7.32) and the highest soil organic carbon content (1.76%) were obtained from the pure barley treatment. Also, treatments of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley and 50% vetch + 50% clover caused a 38% and 36% increase in soil nitrogen, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The use of cover crops increased the content of phosphorus and potassium macronutrients in the soil both before and after potato harvest, compared to the control. The use of cover crops reduced the density of weeds in 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation, and the pure barley treatment reduced the density of weeds by 53 and 54%, respectively, compared to the control. The highest potato tuber yield was achieved under the treatments of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley and 50% vetch + 50% clover. The mentioned treatments increased the tuber yield by 71.09 and 59.79% compared to the control, respectively. The decrease in soil pH may be due to the accumulation of organic matter from crop residues and the acidification process during the mineralization of these residues, the increase in the amount of electrolytes, as well as the increase of microbial respiration and thereby the release of CO2 (5, 18). The increase in soil nitrogen availability following the application of green manures may have stemmed from the increase in root nodulation, release of a larger amount of nitrogen compounds by root nodules in the early stages of crop growth and their subsequent decomposition in later stages. Also, the increased nitrogen is at least partly due to the increase of organic matter through the return of biomass of cover crops in the cropping system (21). Covering the soil surface by cover crops and hence shading reduces weed seed germination and their subsequent growth due to competition of cover crops. In addition, during the decomposition of cover crop residues, allelopathic compounds are released in the soil environment, which affects the germination of weed seeds and establishment of their seedlings (15). Green manures obtained from cover crops increases moisture storage and improves soil fertility, enhancing the growth and yield of the main crop (16). Conclusions The results showed that the cultivation of cover crops instead of fallow increased the amount of organic carbon and macronutrients, despite decreasing the soil pH, leading to improvement in the access of the main crop to the soil nutrients. Weed control was another advantage of planting these crops. In the present study, the planting of leguminous cover crops with non-leguminous plants had the satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cellulose was synthesized from the residue obtained after germinating tiger nuts for 0, 48, 72 or 96 h. The influence of the synthesized cellulose (0%, 2%, or 5%) on the quality of clove extract laden-cookies was evaluated. The optimum structure, morphology, and thermal properties of cellulose were obtained after geminating tiger nuts for 72 h. Adding cellulose to the dough stabilized the total phenolic, flavonoid, and protein contents and radical scavenging activity during the baking operation. The addition of 2% cellulose generally enhanced the hydration, pasting, and viscoelastic properties of the dough. However, 5% cellulose negatively affected the highlighted properties, culminating in poorer textural and sensory properties of the cookies produced therefrom. Germination could be effective in modifying the properties of cellulose from tiger nuts; thus, enhancing its application in the production of a functional cookie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the differences in germination and seedling growth of Cyperus esculentus under different soaking agent treatments in saline alkali soil, selected suitable soaking agents, so as to provide practical theoretical basis for the cultivation and planting of Cyperus esculentus in saline alkali soil. Under salt stress conditions in the field, six different soaking agents of calcium chloride, salicylic acid, S-inducer, indole-3-acetic acid, sodium nitrate and brassinolide were used to treat the tubers of Cyperus esculentus. Through statistical analysis of field emergence and investigation of agronomic traits during the seedling stage, the differences in germination and seedling growth of Cyperus esculentus in saline alkali soil after different soaking agents treatment were analyzed, and a comprehensive evaluation was conducted. Results showed that the treatment with brassinolide had the highest emergence rate, which was 69. 33%, followed with salicylic acid treatment, which was 64. 67%, they were 70. 47% and 59. 01% higher than CK (clean water treatment), respectively. The emergence rate of each treatment has increased compared to CK. Multiple comparison results showed that the four indicators of seedling height, number of leaves, SPAD value and dry weight of leaves treated with salicylic acid were the highest and were significantly higher than those of CK. We calculated the membership function values and average membership function values of different indicators for different treatments, and ranked them in a descending order of salicylic acid, brassinolide, calcium chloride, S-inducer, indole-3-acetic acid, sodium nitrite and water. Soaking seeds with pesticides could alleviate salt damage to varying degrees and promote the emergence and growth of Cyperus esculentus in saline alkali soil. Among them, soaking seeds with 0. 5 mmol/ L salicylic acid had the best effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Dof transcription factor family in Cyperus esculentus genome was identified and analyzed using bioinformatics. The analysis results revealed that C.esculentus genome contains 29 Dof genes (CesDof), all of which are located in the nucleus according to subcellular localization prediction. CesDof proteinrs have a range of 124 to 512 amino acids, with most being basic proteins. Their secondary structure was mainly irregular curl. The promoter sequence of CesDof genes contains cis-acting elements that respond to light, drought, hormones, low temperature, and circadian rhythm. Codon preference analysis showed that CesDof genes' codon preference ends in T/A. Collinearity analysis revealed that C.esculentus had three pairs of collinear CesDof genes. Additionally, there were 15 pairs of collinear genes between C.esculentus and Arabidopsis thaliana. The genetic relationship between C.esculentus and Rhynchospora pubera was found to be the closest. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that 29 CesDof genes of C.esculentus can be classified into 4 subgroups. Additionally, 144 miRNAs were predicted to target these CesDof genes. Furthermore, protein interaction analysis indicated that 15 Dof proteins in C.esculentus had interactions. The qRT-PCR verification results of drought stress and salt stress treatment experiments showed that most CesDof genes were involved in drought stress and salt stress responses, and the gene expression trends under drought stress and salt stress conditions were consistent. These results lay a theoretical foundation for further studying the molecular functions of Dof gene family in C.esculentus and its molecular mechanisms in regulating the life activities of C.esculentus.

The threshing mixture of Cyperus esculentus (Tiger nut) planted in sandy areas is complex during harvesting, and there are problems of high impurity rate and high cleaning loss rate of the seeds. In this paper, the threshing mixture of Cyperus esculentus is taken as the research object, and the suspension speed of each component is measured to design an “airflow + vibration” sieving device. Use the vector polygon method to explore the law of motion of the vibrating sieve, establish the force model of the seeds on the sieve surface, and analyze the conditions for the seeds to penetrate the sieve. According to the principle of seeds penetrating the sieve and long stalks not penetrating the sieve, the geometric model of sieve blades opening degree adjustment mechanism is constructed. Study of the conditions under which long stalks can be thrown out of the machine. The experiment bench of the cleaning device was built, and the evaluation indexes were the rate of seed impurity and the rate of cleaning loss of the device, and the crank speed, sieve blades opening degree and fan speed were used as the experiment factors to study the influence law of each influencing factor on the evaluation index through single-factor experiment. Using response surface methodology to find the optimal combination of working parameters of the cleaning device. To verify the device’s application on the combine harvester to improve the effectiveness of the cleaning operation of the Cyperus esculentus combine harvester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dof transcription factor family in Cyperus esculentus genome was identified and analyzed using bioinformatics. The analysis results revealed that C.esculentus genome contains 29 Dof genes (CesDof), all of which are located in the nucleus according to subcellular localization prediction. CesDof proteinrs have a range of 124 to 512 amino acids, with most being basic proteins. Their secondary structure was mainly irregular curl. The promoter sequence of CesDof genes contains cis-acting elements that respond to light, drought, hormones, low temperature, and circadian rhythm. Codon preference analysis showed that CesDof genes' codon preference ends in T/A. Collinearity analysis revealed that C.esculentus had three pairs of collinear CesDof genes. Additionally, there were 15 pairs of collinear genes between C.esculentus and Arabidopsis thaliana. The genetic relationship between C.esculentus and Rhynchospora pubera was found to be the closest. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that 29 CesDof genes of C.esculentus can be classified into 4 subgroups. Additionally, 144 miRNAs were predicted to target these CesDof genes. Furthermore, protein interaction analysis indicated that 15 Dof proteins in C.esculentus had interactions. The qRT-PCR verification results of drought stress and salt stress treatment experiments showed that most CesDof genes were involved in drought stress and salt stress responses, and the gene expression trends under drought stress and salt stress conditions were consistent. These results lay a theoretical foundation for further studying the molecular functions of Dof gene family in C.esculentus and its molecular mechanisms in regulating the life activities of C.esculentus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Developing health‐oriented novel products (e.g. no sugar added for diabetes and lactose‐free for lactose intolerance) supports diverse consumer needs, promotes healthier eating habits and fosters inclusivity in the food sector. This study aimed to develop a Tigernut milk pudding (TNP), an alternative to dairy‐based pudding and assess its physicochemical and sensory attributes. TNP was formulated by incorporating hydrocolloids κ‐carrageenan (KC), konjac powder (KP) and corn starch (CS), then compared with a commercial milk pudding (CMP) and traditionally prepared raw cow milk pudding (RMP). The crude protein, fat, ash and moisture levels ranged from 5.62% to 8.04%, 5.25% to 7.03%, 2.81% to 3.98% and 68.71% to 74.76% respectively. Lightness (L*) ranged from 69.87 to 77.89, while a* ranged from 0.36 to 0.86 and b* ranged from 8.13 to 9.97. Syneresis ranged from 4.98% to 8.00%, slightly higher than RMP (4.98%) and CMP (4.87%), while pH levels ranged from 6.31 to 6.89, nearly acidic to neutral pH range. Total soluble solids ranged from 2.90 °Brix to 3.67 °Brix. The bacterial count was in the marginal range below 105 CFU g−1, with no presence of Salmonella spp. or E. coli. Total antioxidant properties showed total flavonoid and phenolics, ranging from 306.24 mg QE/100 g to 358.58 mg QE/100 g and 39.06 mg GAE/100 g to 54.81 mg GAE/100 g respectively. An overall organoleptic rate of 3.50 was attained with 0.25% KC, 0.50% KP and 2.50% CS, achieving a desired texture comparable to CMP. The novel study on using Tigernut milk in pudding explores its plant‐based, vegan‐friendly, lactose‐free attributes as a healthy dairy milk alternative. With desirable physicochemical properties, promising improved nutrition, potential health benefits and possible contribution to food security and enhanced resource efficiency, TNP could be considered for commercialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] It is of strategic significance for Minqin’s industrial development to screen out the high-yield and high-oil cyperus rotundus suitable for planting in Minqin’ s desert areas. [Method] Ten different germplasm resources of Cyperus esculentus were introduced, their emergence rate, yield and oil content were observed, and the yield and oleic acid content of C. esculentus germplasm resources from different provenances were analyzed by SPSS Software, as well as the linoleic acid and linolenic acid contents, which could not be synthesized by the human body but must be supplemented from the diet. [Result] The yields of C. esculentus from different provenances were different. Their contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid were significantly different. For the 10 C. esculentus germplasm resources introduced from different provenances, their germination rates were all beyond 90% and the yields were all more than 6 000. 0 kg / hm² . Among the 10 germplasm resources, the oleic acid contents of 4 resources were within the range of optimal edible oil fatty acids. Their contents of linoleic acid and linolenic acid were in the order of Henan species>Spain species> Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 6 > Wuhan No. 1. [Conclusion] Therefore, Henan species, Spain species, Chinese Academy of Sciences No. 6 and Wuhan No. 1 were the optimal C. esculentus germplasm resources adaptable to Minqin desert area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Condiment is the property of China Condiment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this study was to use ultrasound-based extraction to prepare starch from the tubers of Cyperus esculentus. Ultrasonic treatment of Cyperus esculentus powder with a medium of alkaline-treated water can effectively improve the starch extraction efficiency. Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the extraction process, and the results showed that the optimal parameters were ultrasound time of 30 minutes, pH value of 9.0, ultrasound temperature of 40 °C, and solid-liquid ratio of 10:1. The extraction percentage under these conditions was 90.1%. The physicochemical properties of C. esculentus starch were compared with those of cassava, potato, and corn starch. The particle size of C. esculentus starch was approximately 2 to 15 μm. The gelatinization temperature was 70.5 °C, and the peak viscosity was similar to cassava but with better thermal stability. Like other tuber starches, C. esculentus starch had higher swelling power and solubility at 85 °C.

The tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a usable tuber and edible oil plant. The size of the tubers is a key trait that determines the yield and the mechanical harvesting of tiger nut tubers. However, little is known about the anatomical and molecular mechanisms of tuber expansion in tiger nut plants. This study conducted anatomical and comprehensive transcriptomics analyses of tiger nut tubers at the following days after sowing: 40 d (S1); 50 d (S2); 60 d (S3); 70 d (S4); 90 d (S5); and 110 d (S6). The results showed that, at the initiation stage of a tiger nut tuber (S1), the primary thickening meristem (PTM) surrounded the periphery of the stele and was initially responsible for the proliferation of parenchyma cells of the cortex (before S1) and then the stele (S2–S3). The increase in cell size of the parenchyma cells occurred mainly from S1 to S3 in the cortex and from S3 to S4 in the stele. A total of 12,472 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed to a greater extent in the S1–S3 phase than in S4–S6 phase. DEGs related to tuber expansion were involved in cell wall modification, vesicle transport, cell membrane components, cell division, the regulation of plant hormone levels, signal transduction, and metabolism. DEGs involved in the biosynthesis and the signaling of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were expressed highly in S1–S3. The endogenous changes in IAA and JAs during tuber development showed that the highest concentrations were found at S1 and S1–S3, respectively. In addition, several DEGs were related to brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and the G-protein, MAPK, and ubiquitin–proteasome pathways, suggesting that these signaling pathways have roles in the tuber expansion of tiger nut. Finally, we come to the conclusion that the cortex development preceding stele development in tiger nut tubers. The auxin signaling pathway promotes the division of cortical cells, while the jasmonic acid pathway, brassinosteroid signaling, G-protein pathway, MAPK pathway, and ubiquitin protein pathway regulate cell division and the expansion of the tuber cortex and stele. This finding will facilitate searches for genes that influence tuber expansion and the regulatory networks in developing tubers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of using mushroom mycelium to ferment tigernut and cassava pulp on the growth performance, haematology and immunology of rabbits. Seventy-five New Zealand Bulk grower rabbits were randomly distributed to four treatment groups and a control group in a completely randomized approach. The treatment groups were fed with formulated experimental diets containing one of fermented tigernut drink by-product (FT), fermented cassava sievate (FC), unfermented tigernut drink by-product (UT), or unfermented cassava sievate (UC). The control group was fed a basal diet with no additives. The proximate composition of the fermented feed was analyzed. The weight gain of the animals was, 834.5, 633, 790, 510, and 706 g for control, FT, FC, UT, and UC respectively. The packed cell volume (PCV) for animals in the control group, FT, and FC are 34.33, 37.26, and 32.29% respectively. The red blood cell (RBC) of the FT was favourably improved (5.53 × 1012/L) compared to those of UT (2.28 × 1012/L), while there was a reduction in the red blood cell count of FC group (1.02 × 1012/L). Conclusively, the inclusion of fermented tiger nut drink by-product in rabbit feed improved the PCV and RBC of the rabbits’ understudy but did not affect their growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Limited information is available on the diversity of tiger nuts in Ghana for improvement. Therefore, evaluating the genetic diversity via the use of morphological descriptors and molecular markers (SSR) should generate substantial evidence to reveal the variability among and within the crop. Research Method: Forty-two (42) accessions of Cyperus esculentus Lativum were collected from major tiger nut cultivation areas (phytogeographic zones) in Ghana and evaluated using 11 morphodescriptors and 9 SSR markers to assess variability among and within the tiger nut accessions and underlined causes. Findings: Significant differences were observed among the accessions in terms of percentage inflorescence (p≤0.01), distance of the last tiller from the main plant (p≤0.05) and the number of tubers per stand (p≤0.05). Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis grouped the accessions into seven clusters including one large heterogenous cluster at 0.94 Euclidean distance, and genetic distance ranged from 0.8 to 1.00. The SSR profiling revealed 141 alleles across 41 of the accessions used for the molecular study with a mean PIC value of 0.78 ± 0.15 and mean observed heterozygosity of 0.12 ± 0.16 coupled with four heterotic UPGMA cluster groupings including one large heterogenous cluster at a similarity coefficient of 0.88. The high variability among the accessions for some of the traits, and the low genetic variability within the accessions in cluster groupings for both morphological and SSR evaluations suggested some level of admixture of genes over years of cultivation. Originality/ Value: The current study has identified some accessions for improvement. Also, it has contributed to knowing some SSR markers that would amplify tiger nuts for future molecular study for breeding enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University is the property of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, there has been an increasing demand for medicinal plants to control diseases for good health and well-being, as primary health facilities are inadequate in certain populations to cure infections. Since synthetic medicines are toxic to humans and other animals, the present research is thus focused on using traditional medicine for treating various ailments as they are harmless. Based on the above facts, the current study was conducted to assay the antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-cholinesterase, anti-oxidant, anti-quorum sensing, and anti-antibiotic resistance modifying effect of extracts of Cyperus esculentus. This study found 37 and 30 chemicals in butanol and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts using a gas chromatograph mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS). Most active compounds identified were benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-, 1,2,3-benzenetriol, 3-bornanone, oxime and oleic acid by extracts of butanol whereas dichloromethane extracted three major active compounds (2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-, 4H-pyran-4-one 3-deoxy-d-mannoic lactone and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural). Both dichloromethane and butanol extracts showed the highest antimicrobial activity. Compared to aqueous extracts, dichloromethane, and butanol showed excellent anti-diabetic anti-cholinesterase activities and inhibited virulence factors regulated by quorum sensing (QS). Anti-oxidants increased in solvent extracts (DCM and butanol) compared to aqueous extracts. Results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transmission Infrared (FTIR) indicated damage to the cell membrane of S. aureus by the formation of pits and breakage in functional groups exposed to the extracts of butanol and dichloromethane compared to aqueous extracts. The above results confirmed that C. esculentus can be an alternative medicine for treating diseases.

Objective: Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) is an environmentally toxic pollutant that can cause reprotoxicity. Cyperus esculentus and Euterpe oleracea are potent antioxidant plants currently used to counteract the action of harmful pollutants. The present experiment was intended to evaluate and comp are the role of C. esculentus hydroethanolic extract (CHE) and E. oleracea in treating the reprotoxicity induced by CdCl2 in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male rats (160–210 gm) were allocated into five groups equally. Control group: received 5 ml of normal saline (NS); the other treatment groups were injected with CdCl2 as a single dose for two weeks to induce testicular toxicity. After 14 days, the four groups were treated orally daily for two months as follows: The cadmium group (Cd) received NS, the third group (TC) was administered 800 mg/kg BW of CHE, the fourth group (TO) received 500 mg/kg BW of E. oleracea, and the fifth group (TCO) received CHE with E. oleracea. Results: The live sperm and motility, serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were significantly increased in the TCO, TC, and TO groups compared with the Cd group. Testicular nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were elevated significantly in the Cd group compared to the TC, TO, TCO, and control groups. The fold changes of Fshβ, Lhβ, and Gnrh genes were upregulated in the TCO group compared to the Cd and control groups. Conclusion: The combination of CHE with E. oleracea showed improvements in rat testicles affected by cadmium toxicity via upregulated reproductive gene expression and its antioxidant effects. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(4.000): 685-695]

This study includes an assessment of the VIR (Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) chufa collection, grown in various ecological and geographical conditions of the Russian Federation: "Yekaterininskaya experimental station VIR" in the Tambov region and "Kuban experimental station VIR" in the Krasnodar Region during the years 2020–2021. The main indicators of the economic value of chufa accessions were studied: yield structure and nutritional value (oil, protein, starch, and fatty acid profile). The accessions were grown in regions with different climatic conditions. As a result of the study, the variability of the biochemical and yield characteristics and the correlation between the studied indicators and the factor structure of its variability were established. Of the 20 accessions used in the study, the accessions with the highest protein, starch, oil and unsaturated fatty acid contents were selected, which are the most promising for their use as a raw material to expand the range of regional functional food products, as well as for future breeding efforts in the development of new, promising regional chufa varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arid Zone Research / Ganhanqu Yanjiu is the property of Arid Zone Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Cadmium chloride (CdCl2) is an environmentally toxic pollutant that can cause reprotoxicity. Cyperus esculentus and Euterpe oleracea are potent antioxidant plants currently used to counteract the action of harmful pollutants. The present experiment was intended to evaluate and comp are the role of C. esculentus hydroethanolic extract (CHE) and E. oleracea in treating the reprotoxicity induced by CdCl2 in rats. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male rats (160-210 gm) were allocated into five groups equally. Control group: received 5 ml of normal saline (NS); the other treatment groups were injected with CdCl2 as a single dose for two weeks to induce testicular toxicity. After 14 days, the four groups were treated orally daily for two months as follows: The cadmium group (Cd) received NS, the third group (TC) was administered 800 mg/kg BW of CHE, the fourth group (TO) received 500 mg/kg BW of E. oleracea, and the fifth group (TCO) received CHE with E. oleracea. Results: The live sperm and motility, serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3ß-HSD) were significantly increased in the TCO, TC, and TO groups compared with the Cd group. Testicular nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were elevated significantly in the Cd group compared to the TC, TO, TCO, and control groups. The fold changes of Fshß, Lhß, and Gnrh genes were upregulated in the TCO group compared to the Cd and control groups. Conclusion: The combination of CHE with E. oleracea showed improvements in rat testicles affected by cadmium toxicity via upregulated reproductive gene expression and its antioxidant effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences is the property of Editorial Board of Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

为从油料组分层面探究同为高油酸油料制取的油脂风味差异,以油莎豆和高油酸花生仁为原料制备浓香油莎豆油和浓香花生油，对原料的氨基酸组成和糖类组成进行测定，分析两种油料烘烤前后氨基酸和还原糖含量变化，考察其对两种浓香型油脂风味的影响。采用同时蒸馏萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用技术（SDE-GC-MS）对浓香油莎豆油和浓香花生油进行挥发性成分测定，结合气味活度值（OAV）、气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱（GC-O-MS）和感官评价对两种浓香型油脂的特征香味进行比较。结果表明：油莎豆中的氨基酸总含量（4.27 g/100 g）显著低于高油酸花生仁（38.34 g/100 g）， 但葡萄糖含量和果糖含量（分别为1.80、1.24 g/100 g）均显著高于高油酸花生仁（分别为0.52、0.46 g/100 g）；烘烤后，油莎豆中赖氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、谷氨酸含量降低，高油酸花生仁中谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸含量明显降低。浓香油莎豆油和浓香花生油中分别检测到14类122种挥发性成分和12类89种挥发性成分，挥发性成分总量分别为25.69 mg/kg和21.94 mg/kg。浓香油莎豆油中挥发性成分含量由高到低依次是醛类、吡嗪类、酚类、烷烃类、呋喃类、酯类、酮类等，浓香花生油中依次是吡嗪类、醛类、烷烃类、酮类、呋喃类等。浓香油莎豆油的关键风味成分有20种，其中醛类的风味贡献度最大，其次是吡嗪类，浓香花生油的关键风味成分有14种，其中吡嗪类的风味贡献度最大，其次是醛类。通过GC-O-MS结合感官评价分析，共鉴定出8种气味活性物质，浓香油莎豆油中甜香味、坚果味的风味特征较明显，浓香花生油中烤花生味、烤杏仁味等风味特征较明显。氨基酸及糖类为参与美拉德反应的重要前体物质，其含量的差异可能是两种浓香型油脂特征风味产生差异的原因。研究结果为同为高油酸油料所制取油脂的风味形成机制提供支持。In order to explore the flavor differences of oils with the same high oleic acid at the level of oilseed composition,fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil and fragrant peanut oil were prepared from Cyperus esculentus and high oleic acid peanut kernels, and the amino acid compositions and sugar compositions of the raw materials were determined, and the change of amino acid and reducing sugar contents before and after roasting of the two oilseeds were analyzed to investigate their effects on the flavor of the two fragrant oils. Simultaneous distillation extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SDE-GC-MS) was used to determine the volatile components of fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil and fragrant peanut oil, and the characteristic aromas of the two fragrant oils were compared by combining aroma activity value (OAV), GC-O-MS and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the total amino acid content of Cyperus esculentus (4.27 g/100 g) was significantly lower than that of high oleic acid peanut kernels (38.34 g/100 g), but the glucose content and fructose content (1.80, 1.24 g/100 g) were significantly higher than that of peanut kernels (0.52, 0.46 g/100 g); after roasting, the contents of lysine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, and glutamic acid in Cyperus esculentus were reduced, and the contents of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, tyrosine and phenylalanine in high oleic acid peanut kernels were significantly lower.14 types of 122 volatile components and 12 types of 89 volatile components were detected in fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil and fragrant peanut oil, and their total volatile components content were 25.69 mg/kg and 21.94 mg/kg, respectively. The descending order of volatile components in fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil was aldehydes, pyrazines, phenols, alkanes, furans, esters, ketones, etc. , and that in fragrant peanut oil was pyrazines, aldehydes, alkanes, ketones, furans, etc. Fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil had 20 key flavor components and flavor contribution of aldehydes was the highest,followed by pyrazines, while fragrant peanut oil was the opposite, with 14 key flavor components. A total of 8 odor active components were identified by GC-O-MS combined with sensory evaluation analysis. The flavor characteristics of sweet aroma and nut aroma were more obvious in fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil, and the flavor characteristics of roasted peanut aroma and roasted almond aroma were more obvious in fragrant peanut oil.Amino acids and sugars are important precursors involved in the Maillard reaction and their content differences have an effect on the difference in the characteristic flavors of the two oils. The results provide support for the flavor formation mechanism of oil made from the same high oleic acid oilseeds.

In this study, in vitro colonic fermentation and 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing were used to explore the effects of the Cyperus esculentus dietary fiber on the production of short-chain fat acids (SCFAs) by the human gut microbiota and its structure. Soybean dietary fiber served as the control. The results showed that C. esculentus dietary fiber significantly promoted the production of SCFAs, but its effect was less pronounced than that of soybean dietary fiber. This study also found that high concentrations of dietary fiber significantly changed the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota, and the effects of the two dietary fibers were significantly different. C. esculentus dietary fiber significantly promoted the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, but inhibited the growth of Bacteroidota. Its effect was slightly different from that of soybean dietary fiber. Moreover, compared with soybean dietary fiber, C. esculentus dietary fiber significantly had a stronger capacity to promote the growth and reproduction of Subdoligranulum, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Faecalibacterium, and significantly suppressed the growth of Prevotella and Bacteroides. This study highlights the potential of C. esculentus dietary fiber as a novel prebiotic.

Physiologically important qualities and nutritional benefits prove the value of tiger nut. Phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, fat, fatty acids and etcetera that are abundant throughout the plant aid in a number of metabolic processes as well as elicit therapeutic and biological effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-cardiovascular disease, aphrodisiac, anti-diabetic effects thus improving general wellbeing and health conditions. More to that, in various other industries than the medical (Pharmaceutical, agricultural, food and e.t.c), tiger nuts are utilizable in making starch, animal feed, beverages, biofuel to mention but a few. Considering all these enormous benefits and applications of tiger nut, it is the intention of this review, to add to the scope of available information regarding them stating with specificity their bioactive compounds, biological activities, nutritional and health benefits as well as their industrial applications.

Cyperus esculentus is a kind of emerging crop with wide use and high comprehensive utilization value. Cyperus esculentus can not only be developed into food, feed, medicine and other products, but also play an important role in improving soil fertility, windproof and sand fixation, improving ecological environment and so on. Cyperus esculentus has high ecological and economic value. At present, the exploitation and utilization of Cyperus esculentus is still in the primary stage, and Cyperus esculentus industry has great development potential. This paper gave a brief overview of the origin and distribution, ecological characteristics, nutritional composition and utilization value of Cyperus esculentus, as well as the status of industrial development, to provide theoretical reference for the healthy development of Cyperus esculentus industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abiotic stress is an important factor that affects the growth and development of forage. Therefore, it has a great significance to explore the characteristics, indicators, and evaluation methods of forage stress resistance for improving and stabilizing forage production. However, at present, there aren't many researches on the response and adaptive mechanism of Cyperus esculentus to stress, which directly restricts the progress of stress resistance breeding in Cyperus esculentus. In this paper, the physiological and biochemical functions and molecular regulation mechanism of common abiotic stress (drought, low-temperature and salinity, etc.) of Cyperus esculentus were briefly summarized, and the prospect of stress resistance breeding of Cyperus esculentus was put forward, in order to provide theoretical references for the study of stress resistance of Cyperus esculentus in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low temperature is one of the important environmental factors affecting the cultivation of Cyperus esculentus in the agro-pastoral region of northern China. In order to clarify the main identification indexes and screen out the germplasm resources of Cyperus esculentus with strong low temperature tolerance, 18 Cyperus esculentus germplasms from different ecological regions were used to identify and evaluate their low temperature tolerance. The effect of low temperature stress on seedling emergence was studied in 3 consecutive years of late spring chilling. 3, 5, 7 and 9 °C were set to simulate the minimum temperature of late spring chilling, and seed germination related indexes and seedling stress resistance physiological indexes were measured to study the cold resistance. The results showed that with the decrease of temperature, germination index, seed vigor index and chlorophyll content in leaves decreased generally, relative membrane permeability increased, the contents of malonaldehyde, soluble sugar and free proline were gradually accumulated, and the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase increased in the mass. Based on field test, laboratory germination test and physiological and biochemical indexes of seedlings, 18 germplasms were classified into 5 categories: strong cold resistance (HLJ105, RY126, BY156 and HLJ106), cold resistance (RY102 and BY141), moderate cold resistance (RY114, NM103, XJ101, JL154, LN181 and SX100), weak cold resistance (HB122 and HN162), and no cold resistance (QY186, GD187, XY109 and ZYS01) . The results provided basic resources and theoretical basis for the germplasms innovation and cultivars breeding of low temperature resistant Cyperus esculentus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The allelopathic effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves applied as organic manure in tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) production on associated weeds was investigated in the guinea savanna of South West Nigeria, during the 2014 (September - November) and 2015 (June - August) wet seasons. Methods Five Moringa leaves rates (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t/ha) and three tuber sizes (0.28 g, 0.49 g and 0.88 g dry weight) were laid out in the main plot and sub-plot, respectively in a split-plot arrangement fitted into randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Results Parameters measured, which include, weed cover score (WCS), weed density (WD) and weed dry matter production (WDMP) were significantly (p

The tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a usable tuber and edible oil plant. The size of the tubers is a key trait that determines the yield and the mechanical harvesting of tiger nut tubers. However, little is known about the anatomical and molecular mechanisms of tuber expansion in tiger nut plants. This study conducted anatomical and comprehensive transcriptomics analyses of tiger nut tubers at the following days after sowing: 40 d (S1); 50 d (S2); 60 d (S3); 70 d (S4); 90 d (S5); and 110 d (S6). The results showed that, at the initiation stage of a tiger nut tuber (S1), the primary thickening meristem (PTM) surrounded the periphery of the stele and was initially responsible for the proliferation of parenchyma cells of the cortex (before S1) and then the stele (S2–S3). The increase in cell size of the parenchyma cells occurred mainly from S1 to S3 in the cortex and from S3 to S4 in the stele. A total of 12,472 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were expressed to a greater extent in the S1–S3 phase than in S4–S6 phase. DEGs related to tuber expansion were involved in cell wall modification, vesicle transport, cell membrane components, cell division, the regulation of plant hormone levels, signal transduction, and metabolism. DEGs involved in the biosynthesis and the signaling of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and jasmonic acid (JA) were expressed highly in S1–S3. The endogenous changes in IAA and JAs during tuber development showed that the highest concentrations were found at S1 and S1–S3, respectively. In addition, several DEGs were related to brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and the G-protein, MAPK, and ubiquitin–proteasome pathways, suggesting that these signaling pathways have roles in the tuber expansion of tiger nut. Finally, we come to the conclusion that the cortex development preceding stele development in tiger nut tubers. The auxin signaling pathway promotes the division of cortical cells, while the jasmonic acid pathway, brassinosteroid signaling, G-protein pathway, MAPK pathway, and ubiquitin protein pathway regulate cell division and the expansion of the tuber cortex and stele. This finding will facilitate searches for genes that influence tuber expansion and the regulatory networks in developing tubers.

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cyperus esculentus is a new industrial crop with the high comprehensive utilization value, which is a strongly resistant to stresses and has a great potential to grow in saline soil. In order to clarify its salt tolerance, five NaCl concentrations (0, 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2%) were set in this study to analyze the effects of NaCl stress on morphological and physiological indexes during germination and seedling growth. The results showed that the germination percentage, root length, and seedling height were less affected under 0.3% and 0.6% NaCl stresses. Meanwhile, the contents of indicator of membrane damage degree, malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidative stress substance, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), did not increase significantly. However, the contents of osmoregulation substances [glycine betaine (GB), and proline (Pro)] and the activities of antioxidant enzymes [super oxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)] were significantly increased, and the damage of salt stress was less on the whole. However, under 0.9% and 1.2% NaCl stresses, the salt stress injury was very obvious and the germination and seedling growth of Cyperus esculentus were severely inhibited. In order to further identify the genes related to salt tolerance, RNA-seq technology was used to detect the gene expression in roots under 0, 0.3%, and 0.6% NaCl stresses. 24 GO terms mainly related to oxidoreduction, transmembrane transport, chitin hydrolysis was significantly enriched, among which 15 significantly up-regulated genes were involved, through gene differential expression analysis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), and GO enrichment analysis. Among them, DN23985_c0_g1, DN2960_c0_g1, and DN8384_c1_g1 encoded zeaxanthin epoxidase, L-ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase, respectively, which had antioxidant effects and participated in antioxidant regulation. Both DN21785_c1_g1 and DN6596_c0_g1 encoded amino acid transporters, which may enhance osmoregulation by accumulating small amino acid molecules such as Pro. DN14393_c0_g1 encoded chitinase, which hydrolyzed chitin and promoted plant response to stress. In this study, it was confirmed that Cyperus esculentus had a good salt tolerance under 0.6% or less NaCl stress, and the salt-tolerance related genes were further screened out, which provided an important reference for the cultivation in saline soil and the breeding of salt-tolerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

为选择适宜的油莎豆破碎设备，探究了脱皮前后油莎豆剪切力学特性变化。以油莎豆为试验原料，利用物性分析仪,在初步考察脱皮对油莎豆剪切特性影响基础上，分别探讨了水分含量、加载速率、加载方位和粒径等级对未脱皮和脱皮油莎豆破坏力、硬度和破坏能的影响。结果表明：脱皮对油莎豆的剪切特性存在影响;水分含量、加载速率、加载方位和粒径等级均对未脱皮和脱皮油莎豆的破坏力、硬度和破坏能具有显著影响。未脱皮和脱皮油莎豆的破坏力、硬度和破坏能随油莎豆水分含量增大以及粒径的减小而降低，随加载速率增加呈先增大后降低的趋势，并在加载速率为0.3 mm/s时获得较大值。在抗剪切能力上脱皮油莎豆X轴最大，Z轴次之，Y轴最小，未脱皮油莎豆Z轴最大，X轴次之，Y轴最小。此外，在相同的剪切条件下，脱皮油莎豆的破坏力、硬度和破坏能均远低于未脱皮油莎豆的。研究结果可为油莎豆加工机械改进和工艺条件制订提供必要的理论依据。 In order to select suitable crushing equipment, the changes of shearing mechanical properties of Cyperus esculentus before and after peeling were investigated. Based on the preliminary investigation of the effect of peeling on the shearing properties of Cyperus esculentus, the effects of moisture content, loading rate, loading orientation and particle size on the breaking force, hardness and breaking energy of unpeeled and peeled Cyperus esculentus were investigated by using the physical property analyzer. The results showed that there was an effect of peeling on the shearing properties of Cyperus esculentus.The moisture content, loading rate, loading orientation and particle size all had significant effects on the breaking force, hardness and breaking energy of unpeeled and peeled Cyperus esculentus. The breaking force, hardness and breaking energy of unpeeled and peeled Cyperus esculentus decreased with the increasing of moisture content and the decreasing of particle size, while tended to increase and then decrease with the increasing of loading rate, and a larger value obtained at a loading rate of 0.3 mm/s. The shear resistance was the greatest in the X-axis, followed by the Z-axis and the least in the Y-axis for peeled Cyperus esculentus, and it was the greatest in the Z-axis, followed by the X-axis and the least in the Y-axis for unpeeled Cyperus esculentus. In addition, under the same shearing conditions, the breaking force, hardness and breaking energy of peeled Cyperus esculentus were much lower than those of unpeeled Cyperus esculentus. The results of the study can provide the necessary theoretical basis for the improvement of processing machinery and the setting of process conditions for Cyperus esculentus.

Cyperus esculentus tubers are rich in starch, oil, protein, dietary fiber, and other nutrients. Ultrasonic treatment can reduce the combination of starch, protein, and dietary fiber in C. esculentus tubers during extraction of C. esculentus starch, thereby improving the extraction yield and shortening of the extraction time. In this study, the extraction yield of C. esculentus starch was 92.2% using ultrasound-assisted alkali method. The microstructure analysis showed that the granule characteristics of C. esculentus starch and other starches were similar. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that C. esculentus starch possessed an A-type crystal structure. The onset temperature of gelatinization endotherm and peak temperature of gelatinization of C. esculentus starch were only lower than those of sweet potato starch, and higher than other starches, which is 67.9 °C. The content of resistance starch (RS) (11.0%) in C. esculentus starch was the highest among the six starches. As an underutilized resource, C. esculentus is a new crop with high quality, high yield, and high comprehensive utilization value. Its aerial parts can be used as feed, green manure, and its underground parts can be edible and oily. C. esculentus starch can be a valuable source to develop into new functional food.

为探究脱皮对油莎豆压缩特性影响的内在机制，为油莎豆压榨制油工艺条件的制订和收获、运输、加工机械的改进提供数据支持，考察了油莎豆皮和仁在主要成分和微观结构上的异同，以及脱皮和未脱皮油莎豆在不同水分含量、压缩速率、压缩方位和颗粒大小下的压缩特性参数（位移、压缩力、破坏能和硬度）。结果表明：油莎豆仁和皮在主要成分和微观结构上存在很大差异，油莎豆仁的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和淀粉含量分别为油莎豆皮的1.8、3.3倍和17.9倍；油莎豆仁的细胞呈蜂窝状，而油莎豆皮则呈片状；物性分析发现，与脱皮油莎豆相比，未脱皮油莎豆除具有破裂点还具有明显的屈服点；脱皮和未脱皮油莎豆压缩力范围分别为93.94~197.62 N 和103.45~245.14 N，硬度范围分别为23.45~43.70 N/mm 和24.27~53.02 N/mm；水分含量、压缩速率、压缩方位和颗粒大小等因素均对油莎豆的压缩特性参数具有显著影响，油莎豆压缩速率和颗粒大小与其压缩力和破坏能之间呈正向关系。脱皮后的油莎豆更容易发生压缩损伤，水分含量为15%的大颗粒未脱皮油莎豆不容易破裂，沿y轴方向低速率压缩更容易导致油莎豆受压损伤。 In order to explore the internal mechanism of the influence of peeling on the compression characteristics of Cyperus esculentus, and provide data support for the formulation of oil production process conditions and the improvement of harvesting, transportation and processing machinery, the compression characteristics (breaking force, distance, breaking energy and hardness) of the peeled and unpeeled Cyperus esculentus under different moisture content, loading rates, loading positions and particle sizes, as well as the similarities and differences of the skin and kernel of Cyperus esculentus in main components and microstructure were investigated. The results showed that there were great differences in main components and microstructure of the kernel and skin of Cyperus esculentus. The contents of crude protein, crude fat, and starch in kernel were 1.8, 3.3 times and 17.9 times as high as that in skin, respectively. The kernel cells were honeycomb-like, while the skin cells were lamellar. As revealed by texture analyzer, compared with peeled samples, unpeeled samples also showed conspicuous yield point in addition to the ruptured point. The ranges of breaking force and hardness of peeled and unpeeled Cyperus esculentus were 93.94-197.62 N, 103.45-245.14 N and 23.45-43.70 N/mm , 24.27-53.02 N/mm, respectively. Additionally, the compression characteristic parameters of Cyperus esculentus were significantly affected by moisture content, loading rates, loading positions and particle sizes. Moreover, there was a positive relationship between loading rates, particle sizes of Cyperus esculentus and its breaking force and breaking energy. Peeled samples are more prone to compressing damage, the unpeeled bigger Cyperus esculentus with 15% moisture content is not easy to crack, and the compression in the y-axis direction at low rate is more likely to cause the compression damage.

在浓香型油脂的生产中油料烘烤温度是影响产品风味的重要因素，为了对浓香油莎豆油的产品开发和工艺条件优化提供支持，采用不同温度对油莎豆进行烘烤并压榨制取浓香油莎豆油，对油莎豆油的多个品质指标进行检测分析，明确烘烤温度对油莎豆油风味及综合品质的影响。结果表明：油莎豆经140、150、160、170、180 ℃烘烤25 min后榨取的5个油样的酸值（KOH）为1.36～2.31 mg/g，过氧化值为1.60～2.24 mmol/kg，维生素E含量为177.82～207.14 mg/kg，甾醇含量为20873～230.01 mg/100 g；烘烤温度对油莎豆油的脂肪酸组成影响不大，但随温度升高反式脂肪酸含量从未检出升高至0.029%，3,4-苯并\[a\]芘（BaP）含量从1.06 μg/kg升高至1.66 μg/kg，多环芳烃（PAH16）含量从63.67 μg/kg升高至72.50 μg/kg，3-氯丙醇酯均未检出；随烘烤温度升高，5个油样中挥发性成分的种类及含量分别为60种16.46 mg/kg、87种33.07 mg/kg、81种22.36 mg/kg、78种17.71 mg/kg、57种21.78 mg/kg；150 ℃ 烘烤时油莎豆油的挥发性成分的种类和含量最为丰富；赋予浓香油莎豆油烘焙坚果味等正面风味属性的主要为杂环类物质，包括2,5-二甲基吡嗪和2-正戊基呋喃，其中2,5-二甲基吡嗪在140 ℃时的油莎豆油中未检出，之后随烘烤温度升高，在杂环类物质中的占比从烘烤温度150 ℃时的24.16%升高至烘烤温度为180 ℃的34.06%。综合油莎豆油风味、安全品质、营养品质和质量指标，浓香油莎豆油生产中以烘烤温度不超过 160 ℃、烘烤时间不超过 25 min 为佳。 The roasting temperature of oilseeds is an important factor affecting the flavor of the product in the production of fragrant oil. In order to provide support for the product development and process optimization of fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil, the Cyperus esculentus was roasted under different temperature, and then pressed to prepare fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil. Multiple physicochemical indexes of pressed Cyperus esculentus oil were detected and analyzed to clear the effects of roasting temperature on the flavor and comprehensive quality of Cyperus esculentus oil. The results indicated that five Cyperus esculentus oil samples were extracted after roasting at 140,150,160,170,180 ℃ for 25 min had acid values of 1.36-231 mgKOH/g and peroxide values of 1.60-2.24 mmol/kg. The vitamin E and sterol contents were 177.82-20714 mg/kg and 208.73-230.01 mg/100 g, respectively. The fatty acid composition of Cyperus esculentusoil was not significantly affected by roasting temperature, but the trans-fatty acid content increased from undetectable to 0.029%, and 3,4-benzo\[a\]pyrene (BaP) content increased from 1.06 μg/kg to 1.66 μg/kg. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH16) increased from 63.67 μg/kg to 72.50 μg/kg, and 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol ester was not detected. The types and contents of volatile components in the five oil samples were 60 kinds of 16.46 mg/kg, 87 kinds of 33.07 mg/kg, 81 kinds of 22.36 mg/kg, 78 kinds of 17.71 mg/kg, and 57 kinds of 21.78 mg/kg, respectively. The most abundant volatile components were found in the oil extracted from the Cyperus esculentus roasted at 150 ℃. The positive flavor attributes of the Cyperus esculentus oil with the roasted nutty flavor were mainly attributed to heterocyclic substances, including 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2-pentylfuran. The 2,5-dimethylpyrazine were not detected in the oil roasted at 140 ℃, and then increased from 24.16% at 150 ℃ to 34.06% at 180 ℃. According to the flavor, safety quality, nutritional quality and quality indicators, it is better that the roasting temperature should not exceed 160 ℃ and the roasting time should not exceed 25 min in the production of fragrant Cyperus esculentus oil.

Background: The allelopathic effect of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves applied as organic manure in tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) production on associated weeds was investigated in the guinea savanna of South West Nigeria, during the 2014 (September - November) and 2015 (June - August) wet seasons. Methods: Five Moringa leaves rates (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t/ha) and three tuber sizes (0.28 g, 0.49 g and 0.88 g dry weight) were laid out in the main plot and sub-plot, respectively in a split-plot arrangement fitted into randomized complete block design and replicated three times. Results: Parameters measured, which include, weed cover score (WCS), weed density (WD) and weed dry matter production (WDMP) were significantly (p<0.05) influenced in both years by Moringa leaf. In 2015, WCS, WD and WDMP significantly (p<0.05) reduced by 25–73%, 35–78% and 26–70% on Moringa leaves-treated plots respectively. There were significant (p<0.05) interactions between quantity of Moringa leaves incorporated and tuber size. The bigger the tuber and the higher the quantity of Moringa leaves incorporated the lower the WCS, WD and WDMP. Conclusions: Consequently, application of 10 t.ha− 1 Moringa leaves and planting of large or medium-sized tubers were recommended for optimum weed suppression in tiger nut production in South West Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the ameliorative ability of Cyperus esculentus and Phoenix dactylifera fruits on blood haematology and film of wistar rats in titanium dioxide nanoparticles ingestion episode. 25 rats randomly distributed into five (5) groups were orally administered with varying combinations of titanium dioxide and tiger nut and date palm fruits extracts for 60 days, after which blood was collected for hematological and blood film analysis following standard methods. Hematological analysis showed that titanium dioxide nanoparticles caused a decrease in white blood cell (6.52%), granulocyte (56.06%), hemoglobin (3.10%) and hematocrit (15.47%) with an increase in lymphocyte (0.52%), monocyte (48.51%), red blood cell count (7.53%), platelet count (24.21%) and plateletocrit (37.93%) of wistar rats when compared with the control. Leishman-stained blood film revealed the presence of mild to moderate dimorphic anaemia, polychromatic morphology with some macrocytic cells and aggregated thrombocytes in the blood film of rats administered TiO2NP. There was no significant ameliorative impact of C. esculentus and Phoenix dactylifera extract against TiO2NP toxicity. This may be due to the small particle size and reactive nature of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The findings of this study indicate that titanium dioxide nanoparticles negatively impacted blood hematological parameters in male wistar rats. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles should be handled and treated carefully to avoid potential health hazard in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products are reported to have a vital role in the treatment of various diseases and drug design. In recent developments, natural drug molecules of plant origin have been reported exclusively for diabetic management. Type-2 diabetes or hyperglycemia is one such disease which is particularly studied for plant-based therapy in the last few decades. Though various plant extracts and metabolites have been reported for potential hyperglycemic activities, the Cyperus species plants have acquired a unique place in the phytochemical study as they are endowed with various health-beneficial bioactive metabolites and have proven biological properties. The present report is focused on the Cyperus species plants that are studied for antidiabetic properties in vitro as well as in vivo and the potential metabolites identified for such activities. The antidiabetic studies of metabolites or crude products from plants such as Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus kyllingia, Cyperus laevigatus, Cyperus pangorei, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus scariosus and Cyperus tegetum were reviewed. The metabolites, responsible for such activities were listed from the literature survey wherever purification and identification works were reported. The review focused on the importance of natural products in managing diabetes mellitus and the pharmaceutical importance of Cyperus plants in in managing diabetes, their pharmaceutical importance, drug safety and effectiveness. The secondary metabolites listed in this review may be helpful for further molecular and clinical-level research and drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L. 1753) is an unconventional oil plant with oil-rich tubers, and a potential alternative for traditional oil crops. Here, we reported the first high-quality and chromosome-level genome assembly of the yellow nutsedge generated by combining PacBio HiFi long reads, Novaseq short reads, and Hi-C data. The final genome size is 225.6 Mb with an N50 of 4.3 Mb. More than 222.9 Mb scaffolds were anchored to 54 pseudochromosomes with a BUSCO score of 96.0%. We identified 76.5 Mb (33.9%) repetitive sequences across the genome. A total of 23,613 protein-coding genes were predicted in this genome, of which 22,847 (96.8%) were functionally annotated. A whole-genome duplication event was found after the divergence of Carex littledalei and Rhynchospora breviuscula , indicating the rich genetic resources of this species for adaptive evolution. Several significantly enriched GO terms were related to invasiveness of the yellow nutsedge, which may explain its plastic adaptability. In addition, several enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and expanded gene families were closely related with substances in tubers, partially explaining the genomic basis of characteristics of this oil-rich tuber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of silver nanoparticles obtained by the green synthesis approach in the field of nanomedicine is on the rise. Therefore, it is imperative to search for and develop simple, safe, and quick methods for mass production. Our previous study demonstrated a green synthesis approach that offers the possibility to reuse biomaterial to synthesise silver nanoparticles. Cyperus esculentus tubers were used as bio-reductant to synthesise silver nanoparticles (CpE-AgNPs) with sizes ranging from 50 to 80 nm. In the present study, the antimicrobial properties of the CpE-AgNPs were studied. The efficacy of the CpE-AgNPs was demonstrated against selected microorganisms, namely, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the CpE-AgNPs against the selected microorganisms ranged from 7.81 to 250 µg/mL, with B. subtilis being the most susceptible. The CpE-AgNPs were bacteri-/fungi-cidal against all the studied microorganisms. The efficacy of prepared CpE-AgNPs to enhance the potency of standard antibiotics was also demonstrated in combination with tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The combinatory effect ranged from synergistic to antagonistic. The CpE-AgNPs were also efficacious in inhibiting microbial biofilm formation. Biofilm inhibition up to 100% was demonstrated against MRSA, S. mutans, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. The results from the study show that the CpE-AgNPs can serve as an effective drug candidate in the fight against the growing antimicrobial-resistant menace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the drying efficiency, drying uniformity and germination rate after hot air drying of Cyperus esculentus seeds, this paper proposed a drying method that combines tempering and hot air drying. The drying curve of Cyperus esculentus was obtained by experiment. The influence of the drying method on the drying quality of Cyperus esculentus seeds and the trend of drying quality with the tempering process parameters (the tempering temperature, the moisture content of Cyperus esculentus at the beginning of tempering and the tempering duration) were analyzed by single-factor experiments. The regression models were established by star point design response surface methodology, and the relationships between the tempering process parameters and seed production quality indexes were analyzed. The results showed that the optimal combination of tempering process parameters was a tempering temperature of 24 °C, a moisture content of Cyperus esculentus at the beginning of tempering of 23%, and a tempering duration of 3 h. Under this combination, the tempering process increased the drying uniformity, germination rate and drying efficiency of Cyperus esculentus seeds by 21.122%, 4.205% and 22.832%, respectively. The error between the verification test value and the software optimization parameter value was acceptable. The study showed that the optimized tempering drying process significantly improved the drying quality of Cyperus esculentus seed production, and the results could provide a theoretical basis for production practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to simplify the difficult excavation that is caused by the root-sand complex in the process of harvesting Cyperus esculentus in the desert of Xinjiang by performing mechanical tests and analysis of the interaction between the vibrating excavation shovel and the rotary blade on the root-sand complex. The rotary blade number, rotary blade speed and digging depth were used as the test parameters, and the Cyperus esculentus breakage rate, root-grass crushing rate, and soil carrying rate were used as the test indicators. The characteristics of the influence of various factors and their interaction on the crushing and separation of the root-sand complex were explored. A parameter combination optimization model is verified by experimental data. The test results showed that the optimal combination was as follows: the number of rotary blades was 20, the rotational speed of the rotary blade was 373 r/min, and the digging depth was 12 cm. At this time, the Cyperus esculentus breakage rate, root-grass crushing rate, and soil carrying rate were 2.62%, 63.68% and 55.40%, respectively. This study can support the development of a Cyperus esculentus harvester suitable for deserts in Xinjiang.

This study includes an assessment of the VIR (Center N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources) chufa collection, grown in various ecological and geographical conditions of the Russian Federation: “Yekaterininskaya experimental station VIR” in the Tambov region and “Kuban experimental station VIR” in the Krasnodar Region during the years 2020–2021. The main indicators of the economic value of chufa accessions were studied: yield structure and nutritional value (oil, protein, starch, and fatty acid profile). The accessions were grown in regions with different climatic conditions. As a result of the study, the variability of the biochemical and yield characteristics and the correlation between the studied indicators and the factor structure of its variability were established. Of the 20 accessions used in the study, the accessions with the highest protein, starch, oil and unsaturated fatty acid contents were selected, which are the most promising for their use as a raw material to expand the range of regional functional food products, as well as for future breeding efforts in the development of new, promising regional chufa varieties.

In a seven-week feeding trial, one hundred and eighty (180) 18-week-old uniform female Japanese quails were divided in a completely randomized design into five dietary groups, with four replicates of nine birds each to evaluate the nutritional and economic suitability of tiger-nut composite meal on egg output, external and internal egg quality parameters, and sensory properties. In the diets, tiger-nut composite meal was used to substitute maize at 0.00% (control), 12.50%, 25.00%, 37.50%, and 50.00%. The tiger-nut composite meal contained 9.68% crude protein, 3.24% ether extract, 9.75% crude fibre, 8.62% ash and 2707.44 kcal/kg metabolizable energy according to proximate analysis. The feed intake and feed cost per kg were significantly influenced (p < 0.05) while other aspects of egg production were unaffected. The eggshell weight and percentage, yolk weight, height, length, colour, index, albumen percentage, yolk: albumen ratio and haugh unit were significantly different (p < 0.05). The yolk color, egg taste, texture, residue, and overall acceptability were all significantly different (p < 0.05) when sensory properties were analyzed. The use of up to 50.00% tiger-nut composite meal reduced the feed costs and did not adversely affect the profit, albumen percentage, and haugh unit but reduced the yolk weight, colour, shell weight, and overall acceptability. However, 25.00% replacement for maize is most appropriate for sensory properties.

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