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Background: In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a new biological therapy has recently been approved. Vedolizumab is a humanised IgG1 monoclonal antibody to α4β7 integrin that modulates gut lymphocyte trafficking. Although an exclusively local effect of vedolizumab could be expected based on the restricted presence of the α4β7-mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 complex in the gut, past combined success with anti-tumour necrosis factor, and previous demonstration of α4β7 integrin in the joint, led to the expectation of a therapeutic efficacy in spondyloarthritis. Nonetheless, the effect of vedolizumab on extraintestinal manifestations-and especially the joint-has not been reported so far.Case Report: A series of five patients with IBD who were treated with vedolizumab and promptly developed new onset or exacerbation of sacroiliitis or arthritis are reported.Conclusions: Vedolizumab therapy does not seem to show any efficacy in and might even induce arthritis and/or sacroiliitis. However, larger cohort studies are needed to provide information on the prevalence, the evolution and underlying mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microscopic bowel inflammation is present in up to 50% of patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) and is associated with more severe disease. Currently no reliable biomarkers exist to identify patients at risk. Calprotectin is a sensitive marker of neutrophilic inflammation, measurable in serum and stool.Objectives: To assess whether serum and faecal calprotectin in addition to C-reactive protein (CRP) can be used to identify patients with SpA at risk of microscopic bowel inflammation.Methods: Serum calprotectin and CRP were measured in 125 patients with SpA. In 44 of these patients, faecal samples were available for calprotectin measurement. All 125 patients underwent an ileocolonoscopy to assess the presence of microscopic bowel inflammation.Results: Microscopic bowel inflammation was present in 53 (42.4%) patients with SpA. Elevated serum calprotectin and CRP were independently associated with microscopic bowel inflammation. Faecal calprotectin was also significantly higher in patients with microscopic bowel inflammation. Patients with CRP and serum calprotectin elevated had a frequency of bowel inflammation of 64% vs 25% in patients with low levels of both. When either CRP or serum calprotectin was elevated, the risk was intermediate (40%) and measuring faecal calprotectin provided further differentiation. Hence we suggest a screening approach where initially serum calprotectin and CRP are assessed and, if necessary, faecal calprotectin. The model using this scenario provided an area under the ROC curve of 74.4% for detection of bowel inflammation.Conclusions: Calprotectin measurements in stool and serum, in addition to CRP, may provide a promising strategy to identify patients with SpA at risk of bowel inflammation and could play a role in overall patient stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic auto-immune disease, typically affecting the joints, which can also present with lung involvement (pleuritis, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary nodules, etc.). Lung ultrasound (LUS) is an upcoming tool in the detection of these pulmonary manifestations., Methods: We performed a 72-window LUS in 75 patients presenting to the outpatient rheumatology clinic and describe the abnormalities (presence of B-lines (vertical comet-tail artefacts), pleural abnormalities, pleural effusions, and subpleural nodules) on lung ultrasound. We created a topological mapping of the number of B-lines per intercostal zone., Results: We observed pleural effusions, pleural abnormalities, and pleural nodules in, respectively, 1.3%, 45.3%, and 14% of patients. There were 35 (46.7%) patients who had less than 5 B-lines, 15 (20%) patients who had between 5 and 10 B-lines, 11 (14.6%) between 10 and 20, 10 (13.3%) between 20 and 50, 1 (1.3%) between 50 and 100, and 3 (4%) of patients who had more than 100 B-lines., Conclusions: LUS in patients with RA shows an array of abnormalities ranging from interstitial syndromes to pleural abnormalities, subpleural nodules, and pleural effusions. Hotspots for the presence of B-lines are situated bilaterally in the posterior subscapular regions, as well as the anterior right mid-clavicular region.

Objectives: To delineate the impact of peripheral musculoskeletal manifestations on stratification of disease phenotype and outcome in new-onset spondyloarthritis (SpA), using a prospective observational nationwide inception cohort, the BelGian Inflammatory Arthritis and spoNdylitis cohorT (Be-Giant)., Methods: Newly diagnosed adult SpA patients, fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society (ASAS) criteria for axial or peripheral SpA, were included in Be-Giant and prospectively followed every six months. Peripheral involvement (defined as arthritis, enthesitis and/or dactylitis) was determined in relation to clinically similar patient subsets at baseline and disease activity patterns during two-year follow-up, identified through K-means cluster analysis and latent class growth analysis., Results: From November 2010 to March 2020, 367 patients were enrolled in Be-Giant, of whom 162 (44%) had peripheral manifestations. Two patient clusters [A, axial predominant (n = 248) and B, peripheral predominant (n = 119)] were identified at diagnosis. Longitudinal analysis (n = 115) revealed two trajectories of disease activity in each cluster: one with persistently high disease activity over time ('High'), the other rapidly evolving to low disease activity ('Low'). In cluster A patients, peripheral manifestations predisposed to the 'High' trajectory [odds ratio (OR) = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3, 3.1, P = 0.001], despite more rapid initiation of biologics compared with patients without peripheral manifestations (hazard ratio (HR)  = 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.4, P = 0.04 - Cox proportional-hazards model)., Conclusion: Peripheral musculoskeletal manifestations are major determinants of phenotypical diversity in new-onset SpA. Intriguingly, stratification of axial SpA according to concomitant peripheral involvement identified an endotype with an unfavorable outcome despite more prompt therapeutic intensification with biologics. These observations justify an endotype-tailored approach beyond current ASAS/EULAR management recommendations., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Rheumatology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Dysregulated IL-23/IL-17 responses have been linked to psoriatic arthritis and other forms of spondyloarthritides (SpA). RORγt, the key Thelper17 (Th17) cell transcriptional regulator, is also expressed by subsets of innate-like T cells, including invariant natural killer T (iNKT) and γδ-T cells, but their contribution to SpA is still unclear. Here we describe the presence of particular RORγt + T-bet lo PLZF - iNKT and γδ-hi T cell subsets in healthy peripheral blood. RORγt + iNKT and γδ-hi T cells show IL-23 mediated Th17-like immune responses and were clearly enriched within inflamed joints of SpA patients where they act as major IL-17 secretors. SpA derived iNKT and γδ-T cells showed unique and Th17-skewed phenotype and gene expression profiles. Strikingly, RORγt inhibition blocked γδ17 and iNKT17 cell function while selectively sparing IL-22 + subsets. Overall, our findings highlight a unique diversity of human RORγt + T cells and underscore the potential of RORγt antagonism to modulate aberrant type 17 responses.

Objective: To determine the link between extraarticular manifestations (EAMs) and baseline characteristics in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA), and to define their potentially differential prognostic value in 2 large, independent Belgian axial SpA cohorts with distinct recruitment periods., Methods: Information on demographic and clinical characteristics and extraarticular manifestations (EAMs) was obtained from patients with axial SpA originating from the (Be)Giant (Belgian Inflammatory Arthritis and Spondylitis) cohort, which includes consecutive axial SpA patients whose data have been collected since 2010, and from the ASPECT (Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients Epidemiological Cross-sectional Trial) cohort, a Belgian registry of cross-sectional data collected between February 2004 and February 2005 from consecutive patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) or probable AS., Results: Among the 1,250 Belgian patients studied, disease duration was associated with risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with an increase in risk by 20% per 10 years of disease duration (relative risk [RR] 1.2, P = 0.026), and associated with risk of developing acute anterior uveitis, with an increase in risk by 30% per 10 years of disease duration (RR 1.3, P < 0.001). In the subgroup of 171 newly diagnosed patients with prospective follow-up data, higher mean C-reactive protein levels over time were demonstrated in those with acute anterior uveitis or IBD compared to those without EAMs or those with psoriasis alone (each P = 0.01)., Conclusion: The risk of developing acute anterior uveitis or IBD, but not psoriasis, in patients with axial SpA seems to increase with disease duration and appears to be linked to a higher cumulative exposure to inflammation, thus providing a possible explanation for the differential structural progression observed in those with axial SpA., (© 2018, American College of Rheumatology.)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of golimumab to induce clinical remission in patients with very early, active peripheral spondyloarthritis (pSpA)., Methods: Clinical REmission in peripheral SPondyloArthritis is a monocentric study of golimumab treatment in patients with pSpA. All patients fulfilled the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society classification criteria for pSpA, with a symptom duration ≤12 weeks. Patients were randomised 2:1 to receive golimumab 50 mg every 4 weeks or matching placebo for 24 weeks. The primary end point was the percentage of patients achieving clinical remission at week 24, defined as absence of arthritis, enthesitis and dactylitis. Secondary end points included joint and enthesis counts, patient-reported outcomes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein. From week 12, non-responders were allowed to receive rescue medication with golimumab. Adverse events were recorded., Results: 60 patients were randomised with similar baseline characteristics. At week 24, a significantly higher percentage of patients receiving golimumab achieved clinical remission compared with placebo (75% (30/40) vs 20% (4/20); p<0.001). At week 12, similar results were observed (70% (28/40) vs 15% (3/20); p<0.001). All secondary end points were met at week 24. Rescue medication was necessary in 50% in the placebo group opposed to only 10% in the golimumab arm. Rates of adverse events were low and similar in both groups., Conclusions: Markedly high remission induction rates were noted with golimumab in very early pSpA. Of interest, in placebo-treated patients, very low spontaneous remission rates were observed., Trial Registration Number: NCT01426815; Results., Competing Interests: Ackowledgements: We thank all referring rheumatologist for the help in recruiting patients. Competing interests: None declared., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.)

Background: Dysbiosis has been recently demonstrated in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) but its implications in the modulation of intestinal immune responses have never been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ileal bacteria in modulating local and systemic immune responses in AS., Methods: Ileal biopsies were obtained from 50 HLA-B27 + patients with AS and 20 normal subjects. Silver stain was used to visualise bacteria. Ileal expression of tight and adherens junction proteins was investigated by TaqMan real-time (RT)-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Serum levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS-binding protein (LPS-BP), intestinal fatty acid-BP (iFABP) and zonulin were assayed by ELISA. Monocyte immunological functions were studied in in vitro experiments. In addition the effects of antibiotics on tight junctions in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 transgenic (TG) rats were assessed., Results: Adherent and invasive bacteria were observed in the gut of patients with AS with the bacterial scores significantly correlated with gut inflammation. Impairment of the gut vascular barrier (GVB) was also present in AS, accompanied by significant upregulation of zonulin, and associated with high serum levels of LPS, LPS-BP, iFABP and zonulin. In in vitro studies zonulin altered endothelial tight junctions while its epithelial release was modulated by isolated AS ileal bacteria. AS circulating monocytes displayed an anergic phenotype partially restored by ex vivo stimulation with LPS+sCD14 and their stimulation with recombinant zonulin induced a clear M2 phenotype. Antibiotics restored tight junction function in HLA-B27 TG rats., Conclusions: Bacterial ileitis, increased zonulin expression and damaged intestinal mucosal barrier and GVB, characterises the gut of patients with AS and are associated with increased blood levels of zonulin, and bacterial products. Bacterial products and zonulin influence monocyte behaviour., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.)

Objective: Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota has been widely established in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). There is significant clinical and genetic overlap between spondyloarthritis (SpA) and IBD, and up to 50% of all patients with SpA exhibit microscopic signs of bowel inflammation, often bearing particular resemblance to early Crohn's disease, a subtype of IBD. This study was undertaken to assess the relationship between intestinal microbial composition, gut histology, and disease activity markers in SpA., Methods: Gene analysis by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing was used to compare the microbial composition in ileal and colonic biopsy specimens from 27 patients with SpA (14 with microscopic bowel inflammation, 13 without) and 15 healthy control subjects (ileal samples from all 15 subjects and colonic samples from 6). Spearman's rank correlation tests were used to assess correlations of the microbial composition with disease activity measures., Results: The intestinal inflammation status (histologically normal versus acute or chronic inflammation) was strongly associated with the mucosal microbiota profile of patients with SpA. In inflamed biopsy tissue, the detected bacterial community composition clustered separately from that in noninflamed biopsy tissue (P < 0.05 by permutational multivariate analysis of variance, using hierarchical clustering on Bray-Curtis distances). Interestingly, abundance of the genus Dialister was found to be positively correlated with the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (Spearman's rho = 0.62, false discovery rate-corrected q < 0.01). This finding was further supported by the low frequency of Dialister observed in noninflamed ileal and colonic biopsy tissue from patients with SpA and healthy controls., Conclusion: These findings demonstrate a significant difference in the intestinal microbial composition in patients with SpA who have microscopic gut inflammation compared to those without microscopic gut inflammation. Moreover, Dialister may represent a potential microbial marker of disease activity in SpA., (© 2016, American College of Rheumatology.)

Purpose of Review: Thirty years ago, the concept of microscopic gut inflammation in spondyloarthritis (SpA) was established. Over the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in the earlier diagnosis of SpA. In addition, it has been suggested that, because of improved hygiene over the past years, exposure to microorganisms has changed, leading to a shift in diseases, for example, a decreased incidence of reactive arthritis. It is therefore necessary to re-establish the role of gut inflammation in SpA., Recent Findings: The prevalence of microscopic gut inflammation could be confirmed in c. 50% of patients with early axial and/or peripheral SpA. More importantly, a predictive model could be developed linking gut inflammation with clinical factors, that is, higher disease activity, extensive sacroiliac bone marrow edema, and progressive disease. In addition, there is increasing evidence indicating that the presence or absence of gut inflammation in SpA may influence therapeutic decision-making in the future. A clear demonstration of this is the different efficacy of IL-17 blockade in Crohn's disease versus SpA., Summary: Microscopic gut inflammation is present in almost 50% of SpA patients and appears relevant for prognosis and therapeutic decision-making. SpA patients with the chronic type of gut inflammation seem to have a less favorable disease course. It is therefore conceivable that assessment of gut inflammation should be included in future models for risk stratification of SpA.

Introduction: Bone marrow oedema (BMO) of the sacroiliac joints (SIJs) is a hallmark of axial spondyloarthritis (SpA). However, the relationship between the extent of BMO and disease phenotype is poorly understood., Objective: To assess the link between BMO of the SIJs and gut inflammation. We have also evaluated the correlation between BMO and established disease activity parameters., Methods: Sixty-eight patients with axial SpA from the Gent Inflammatory Arthritis and spoNdylitis cohorT underwent ileocolonoscopy and MRI of the SIJs. Histopathological analysis and SPondyloArthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) scores were performed., Results: A significant higher SPARCC score (median (range)) was observed in axial SpA patients showing chronic gut inflammation (16.9 (3.8-68.3)) compared with axial SpA patients showing normal gut histology (9.8 (0.0-45.0); p<0.05). In a multiple linear regression model, we identified, besides chronic gut inflammation (effect size of 11.3, 95% CI (2.1 to 20.4)), male sex (effect size of 10.5, 95% CI (3.3 to 17.8)) to be independently associated to the extent of BMO. There was a low to moderate correlation between the degree of BMO and C-reactive protein(r=0.39, p=0.002) and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (r=0.35, p=0.007)., Conclusions: Higher degrees of BMO were observed in patients showing chronic gut inflammation. These data solidify a link between mucosal inflammation and progressive disease in axial SpA.