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Cymbidium is one of the most important genera of flowering plants in the Orchidaceae family, and comprises a wide variety of beautiful and colorful species. Among these, only a few species possess floral scents and flavors. In order to increase the availability of a new Cymbidum hybrid, &ldquo, Sunny Bell&rdquo, this study investigated the volatile floral scents. Volatiles of the floral organs of the new Cymbidium hybrid, &ldquo, at the full-flowering stage were characterized with headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) analysis. A divinylbenzene-carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (DVB-CAR-PDMS) fiber gave the best extraction for volatile components. Twenty-three components were identified as the main volatiles for the floral organs of the new Cymbidium hybrid, &ldquo, at the full-flowering stage, twelve compounds in the column, sixteen compounds in the labellum, eleven compounds in the sepals, and nine compounds in the petals were identified. Terpenes are the major source of floral scents in this plant. As a result of GC-MS analysis, the most abundant compound was linalool (69&ndash, 80%) followed by &alpha, pinene (3&ndash, 27%), 4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (5&ndash, 18%), eucalyptol (6&ndash, 16%), and 2,6-dimethylnonane (2&ndash, 16%). The main components were identified as monoterpenes in the petals and sepals, and as monoterpenes and aliphatics in the column and labellum. The results of this study provide a basis for breeding Cymbidium cultivars which exhibit desirable floral scents.

Authors investigated the effects of N‐acetylglucosamine (NAG) under different LED lights (red, green, and blue) on organogenesis in protocorm‐like bodies (PLBs) of a Cymbium hybrid cultured in vitro. Under lighting of green LED, addition of NAG at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/l had an potent effect of enhancing PLB numbers. Under red LED treatment, PLB cultures with NAG at concentrations of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/l also showed a higher number and higher rate of PLB formation. Shoot formation in PLB in fortified cultures was promoted under green and red LED light in presence of NAG. Blue LED light had a little effect on the shoot formation in PLB cultures. Fresh weight of cultures was the highest (250 mg) under green LED light in the medium containing 0.01 mg/l NAG. The results suggest that LED light source could be used as an energy efficient light source for control of organogenesis of Cymbidium in vitro and that the presence of NAG in red and green LED plays an important role in the proliferation of PLB and shoot formation. Cymbidium species have been hybridized for over a century to produce plants with flowers of rich texture, color and size that have formed the basis of worldwide flower market. Thus, many attempts have been made to develop better methodologies for Cymbidium micropropagation. These hybrids are gaining in popularity in many countries, especially in Japan. Bartel et al. (2014) proposed a model in which the NAG oligosaccharides modify the architecture of the cell wall. To increase the efficiency of in vitro techniques, culturing conditions such as

The experiment was conducted to study the influence of different graded levels of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) on Cymbidium hybrid ‘Mint Ice Glacier’ during the year 2008 to 2012. Application of Ca and Mg alone or in combination significantly influenced the different growth parameters like plant height, vegetative shoot clump-1 and number of leaves clump-1 as well as flowering parameters like spike length, rachis length, number of floret spike-1 and number of spikes clump-1. The different growth parameters recorded significant value at higher doses of Ca (300 and 500 mg kg-1). However, there was no significant difference in growth character between Mg at 100 and 300 mg kg-1. The highest plant height, vegetative shoot clump-1 and number of leaves clump-1 were 75.1, 12.6 and 45.3 cm, respectively in the treatment Ca500Mg300. Application of Ca at lower doses (100 and 300 mg kg-1) had significant influence on flowering parameter compared to Ca at 500 mg kg-1. The number of standard spikes (70 to 100 cm) gradually increased with increasing doses of Ca (0 to 500 mg kg-1) and Mg (0 to 300 mg kg-1). However, the number of intermediate spikes (60 to 70 cm) increased with increasing doses of Ca and decreased with increasing doses of Mg. The highest spike length, rachis length, number of floret spike-1 and number of spikes clump-1 were 90.5, 62.1, 18.5 and 7.9 cm, respectively in the treatment Ca500Mg300. The nutrient content of growing media as well as in Cymbidium leaf gradually increased with increasing doses of Ca and Mg. The correlations studies indicated that all the growth and flowering parameter were better correlated with Mg than Ca. Key words: Cymbidium, calcium, flowering, growth, magnesium.

The effects of three fertiliser solutions (20:20:20, 15:5:25 and 12:30:10 NPK) with electrical conductivity (EC) of 1, 1.5 or 2 mS cm−1 on growth and flowering of Cymbidium ‘Sleeping Nymph’ were investigated over three years. One-year-old tissue-cultured propagules of ‘Sleeping Nymph’ were planted singly in plastic pots in a polyhouse. Plant height, leaf length, pseudobulb length and girth, and number of pseudobulbs per clump were highest in treatment T5 (20:20:20 NPK at 1.5 mS cm−1). The EC of the fertiliser solution had a significant influence on the number of spikes per plant, number of florets per spike, spike length and rachis length. The number of florets per spike and spike length were highest with fertiliser solution with an EC of 1.0 mS cm−1. The number of spikes per plant, florets per spike, spike length and rachis length (1.75, 11.25, 46.3 cm and 22 cm, respectively) were highest in treatment T4 (12:30:10 NPK at 1 mS cm−1). Plant nutrient content was highest with fertiliser solution with an EC ...

The low protocorm rate of the hybrid Cymbidium Lucky Gloria × Cymbidium Lovely Moon Crescent (LLC) has long been a detriment to its propagation. In this paper, we describe the thorough research about the effects of calcium ion concentration on the protocorm differentiation for Cymbidium hybrid LLC in vitro through 4 levels of Ca2+ concentration in MS medium based on the trial test including medium experiment with different calcium concentrations and the use of calcium inhibitor La3+. Our studies revealed that Ca2+ played a key role in protocorm differentiation of LLC, which was against the generally accepted idea about the function of 6-benzyl aminopurine (6-BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in hybrid cymbidium protorcorm differentiation in vitro. The Chain reaction constituted by cytokinin, calcium, and auxin is submitted to exloringly explain the function mechanism of Ca2+.

花芽発達期の11月5日から低温 (一日中8～28℃), 中温 (15～30℃) および高温 (20～32℃) に設定したハウス内のフレームで、Brassolaeliocattleya Chian-Tzy Emperor 'CT-Golden Sun'とCymbidium Sazanami ' Harunoumi'を栽培し, 温度がバルブと葉の養分含有率, 開花期および花の品質に及ぼす影響を調べた.栽培120日後, 中温区に比べ, Blc. Chian-Tzy Emperorのバルブでは低温区の乾物率が, また高温区の乾物率, 可溶性糖とデンプン含有率が低下した.葉では低温区, 特に高温区は乾物率および可溶性糖, デンプン, 灰分の含有率ともに低下し, タンパク質含有率の低下は高温区でみられた.Cym. Sazanamiではバルブ, 葉とも可溶性糖とデンプンの含有率は低温区で増加, 高温区で低下がみられたが, 乾物率, タンパク質と灰分含有率は温度による影響が少なかった.CattleyaとCymbidiumの養分含有率を比較すると, 前者のデンプン, 蛋白質, 粗灰分の含有率が高く, 栽培温度による各養分の変動が大きかった.両植物とも, 開花期が花芽発達期の温度に強く影響され, 低温区は中温区より1か月遅れ, 高温区は逆に1か月早まった.花持ち, 花径および新鮮重からみた花の品質は中温区が最も優れたが, その乾物率, 可溶性糖, タンパク質および灰分の含有率は低温区や高温区との間に有意な差が認められなかった.

Cymbidium flowers are sensitive to ethylene compared to other flowers. The senescence hormone called ethylene produced during senescence reduces the post harvest life which results in wilting and shedding of individual flowers. The experiment was undertaken to enhance the post harvest life of Cymbidium hybrid ‘Red Princess’. The treatment comprised of harvesting stages viz., 100% opened stage (S1), 75% opened stage (S2), 50% opened stage (S3) and 25% opened stage (S4), and chemical preservatives 8-HQS 150 ppm (T1), Citric acid 0.5% (T2), Sucrose 10% (T3), STS 0.1 mM (T4), STS 0.1 mM + sucrose 10% (T5), AgNO3 50 ppm (T6), 8-HQS 200 ppm + Sucrose 5% (T7) and distilled water as control (T0). It was noticed that highest fresh weight recorded on third day and in 25% and 50% opened stages as compared to 75% and 100% opened stages. Vase life was recorded highest in 75% opened stage with the duration of 27.86 days and lowest in 100% opened stage (24.36 days). The quality and concentration of different holding solution selectively influenced the post harvest parameters of cut spikes depending on the harvesting stage. Chemical preservative 8-HQS at 150 ppm recorded the highest fresh weight increase on third day (5.60 g), water uptake (32.01g), first and last flower size (35.74 & 34.26 cm) and vase life (32.32 days).

Orchid root samples collected from 4 commercial growers around Hamilton and from the Pukekohe Horticultural Research Station (PHRS), were examined for the intensity of mycorrhizal infections, The orchid roots from commercial growers' glasshouses where orchids had been cultivated for 5-20 years harboured more mycorrhizal fungi than roots collected from PHRS where orchids had been cultivated for about 15 months, The highest infection level recorded in Cymbidium was 88% and in Cattleya was 30%, Comparison of Cymbidium hybrid plants at different ages suggested that mycorrhizal infection increased with the age of the plant. Aerial roots had very low infections, The present study suggests that, once established, naturally occurring orchid mycorrhizal fungi are fairly widespread, and rapidly spread from plant to plant within a glasshouse.

The DNA of aseptically grown protocorms of a Cymbidium hybrid and in vitro developed leaves, as well as DNA of leaves and flower buds of Cymbidium ceres from the greenhouse, was analysed by analytical ultracentrifugation and thermal denaturation. Upon ultracentrifugation a satellite DNA with a buoyant density of 1.682 g/cm3 appears as a shoulder on the main band (density 1.694 g/cm3). Thermal denaturation reveals an inhomogeneous main peak with the major component melting at 84°; C and a separate peak melting at 75°; C. This is the first demonstration of a satellite DNA in a monocot, and one of the rare examples of a major A + T-rich DNA fraction in a plant.