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The regioselective radical CH trifluoromethylation of aromatic compounds have been shown to proceed in good yield and high regioselectivity when cyclodextrin (CD) is present. Yet, the reaction mechanism and the role of CD during the reaction have remained obscure. To this end, here we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations to the conformations obtained by semiempirical quantum mechanical molecular dynamics calculations to reveal the reaction mechanism and the role of CD in controlling regioselectivity. The results show that metal salt increases the yield but do not affect the regioselectivity, which we further confirmed by an experiment. In contrast, multiple CD‐substrate complex conformations and reaction pathways were obtained, and CD was shown to contribute to improving the regioselectivity by stabilizing the intermediate state via encapsulation. The present study indicates that CDs can increase the regioselectivity by stabilizing the intermediate and product states while only marginally affecting the transition state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological symmetry‐retaining and symmetry‐breaking of single crystals of the γ‐cyclodextrin metal‐organic framework have been achieved via introducing lower symmetric β‐cyclodextrins and α‐cyclodextrins, respectively. β‐cyclodextrins led to a morphological evolution with retained symmetry from cubic to rhombic dodecahedra, while α‐cyclodextrins resulted in the original cubic crystal missing a vertex angle presenting symmetry‐breaking behavior. The crystal structures of rhombic dodecahedra and angle‐deficient crystals were confirmed through X‐ray crystallography, and the mechanisms underlying the morphological transformation evolution were further analyzed. Our work not only provides a rare case realizing two different paths of morphological evolution in one system, but also encourages future efforts towards the evolution of artificial crystal systems in a natural way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iron‐armored chain horse is a military strategy in ancient China to enhance the combat force of the entire army, especially when individual fighters are vulnerable to being picked off one by one. Herein, this strategy is adopted to generate highly efficient metal‐free blue room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) using the world's largest production of dicarboxylate acid. By encapsulating the commercially available chemical disodium terephthalate (DTPA) within the iron armor of α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD), and subsequently linking the iron‐armored DTPA@α‐CD horses into a crystalline array mediated by hydrogen bonds and Na+ coordination, a highly confined and segregated arrangement of DTPA is achieved, leading to heavy atom‐free deep‐blue phosphorescence with a maximum efficiency of 83.3%. Since the crystalline array of the iron‐armored chain horse DTPA@α‐CD can be facilely obtained through water evaporation, the current phosphorescent material allows for rapid, high‐throughput solution processing of deep‐blue afterglow display, offering an economic and environmentally benign approach for deep‐blue RTP materials and facilitating their application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work reported in air synthesis of a three-dimensional polymeric network of hydrogels by grafted copolymerization technique of Moringa gum and carboxymethyl cellulose by using acrylamide as a monomer, N, N-methylenebisacrylamide and ammonium persulphate as a cross-linker-initiator system. Different reaction parameters were used to optimize the synthesized hydrogel such as backbone ratio, pH of the reaction, temperature, volume of solvent, concentration of initiator, monomer and cross-linker with respect to the percentage swelling. The maximum percentage swelling 1244% was found at volume of solvent (17 mL), backbone ratio (2:1), cross-linker concentration (0.000032 molL−1) and temperature (60 °C) and concentration of monomer (0.000042 molL−1), and pH of 7. Mechanical strength and antibacterial properties of synthesized polymer networks are also evaluated. The confirmation of the synthesized hydrogel has been accomplished by using FTIR, FESEM, EDX, XRD, TGA and DSC characterization techniques. The synthesized hydrogels were evaluated as drug delivery carriers for in vitro release of antibiotic drug amoxicillin at pH of 2, 7 and 7.4. The drug release was compared between polymer matrices loaded with drug only and the polymer matrices loaded with Inclusion complex of β-Cyclodextrin and Amoxicillin. The controlled drug release has been found that is 99.25 ppm in 24 h in inclusion complex loaded polymer matrices, while the 75.472 ppm drug is released in just 8 h in the polymer matrices loaded directly with the drug. The Peppas-Sahlin equation holds good for release of amoxicillin at pH of 2 and 7, which further confirmed the diffusion and relaxation of polymer matrix are accountable the release of amoxicillin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a cultural carrier of historical inheritance, paper has high cultural, historical and scientific research value. But with the passage of time and the change of the environment, many paper are aging and damaged. In order to protect the paper, CMC-β-CD composite material for paper protection was synthesized by carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate, epichlorohydrin (ECH) as crosslinking agent, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst and solvent, and water as medium, β-cyclodextrin as grafter. Through single factor experiment, the synthetic condition was obtained. The structure of the synthesized materials was characterized by infrared spectroscopy; CMC-β-CD was applied to paper reinforcement. The effects of solution concentration on the tensile strength, tearing degree, folding times, whiteness and gloss of paper were tested, and the suitable conditions for coating paper were found. The results show that the mass concentration of 2 % CMC-β-CD is coated on paper, its mechanical properties are greatly improved, the gloss is slightly increased, and the whiteness is basically unchanged, which is in line with the principle of "repairing the old as the old". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) catalyzes intermolecular transglycosylation through either disproportionation or cyclization‐coupling pathway. Kinetics analysis reveals that the hesperidin glycosylation process catalyzed by a CGTase variant (M1) is primarily accomplished through the disproportionation pathway. The cyclization‐coupling pathway exhibits a lower reaction rate and competitively consumes glycosyl donor and yield byproducts that impair disproportionation. Under the guidance of reaction kinetics, mutagenesis was targeted at residues in the −3, +1, and +2 subsites, known to control the selectivity between disproportionation and cyclization. A quadruple variant was identified with 2.9 times hesperidin glycosylation activity compared to M1, and 20.3 times compared to the wild‐type. Kinetic analysis reveals a fourfold improvement of kcat/KmA for disproportionation and an 85.5% reduction in kcat/Km for cyclization after mutagenesis. Binding free energy analysis further confirms that the mutagenesis favors the binding of hesperidin, and destabilizes the binding of cyclodextrin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an efficient means of material carrying, multilayer capsules are widely used in medicine, agriculture, food safety and other fields. Here, we report a kind of temperature‐triggered multilayer capsule with chitosan‐sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (CS‐SDBS) as the shell and gelatin bead containing α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD@gelatin) as the core. The α‐CD@gelatin/CS‐SDBS multilayer capsules can simultaneously encapsulate various substances, such as drugs, fluorescent materials, and nanoparticles. The encapsulated substances do not interfere with each other because they are located in different layers. Both the temperature‐sensitive property of gelatin and the host‐guest interaction between α‐CD and SDBS are utilized to achieve temperature‐controlled release of substances in the multilayer capsules. The release rate can be adjusted by the α‐CD amount in the gelatin beads. The controlled drug release and chemical detection of the multilayer capsules are studied with sodium salicylate, iodine, and purple cabbage pigment as the carriers. The results show that the α‐CD@gelatin/CS‐SDBS multilayer capsules have excellent capabilities of encapsulation and controlled release, which are beneficial for their application in the fields of substance encapsulation, drug‐controlled release, and chemical detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor characterized by poor solubility. This limitation can be overcome by using a drug carrier capable of delivering the drug to the target site. Cyclodextrins are essential as drug carriers because of their outstanding complexation abilities and their capacity to improve drug bioavailability. This study comprises two stages: The first involves verifying different cyclodextrins and their complexation abilities towards cilostazol. This was accomplished using molecular docking simulations (MDS) and density functional theory (DFT). Both techniques indicate that the largest Sulfobutyl Ether-β-Cyclodextrin forms the most stable complex with cilostazol. Additionally, other important parameters of the complex are described, including binding sites, dominant interactions, and thermodynamic parameters such as complexation enthalpy, Gibbs free energy, and Gibbs free energy of solvation. The second stage involves a binding study between cilostazol and Phosphodiesterse3 (PDE3). This study was conducted using molecular docking simulations, and the most important energetic parameters are detailed. This is the first such report, and we believe that the results of our predictions will pave the way for future drug development efforts using cyclodextrin–cilostazol complexes as potential therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Affinity-mediated drug delivery utilizes electrostatic, hydrophobic, or other noncovalent interactions between molecules and a polymer to extend the timeframe of drug release. Cyclodextrin polymers exhibit affinity interaction, however, experimentally testing drug candidates for affinity is time-consuming, making computational predictions more effective. One option, docking programs, provide predictions of affinity, but lack reliability, as their accuracy with cyclodextrin remains unverified experimentally. Alternatively, quantitative structure-activity relationship models (QSARs), which analyze statistical relationships between molecular properties, appear more promising. Previously constructed QSARs for cyclodextrin are not publicly available, necessitating an openly accessible model. Around 600 experimental affinities between cyclodextrin and guest molecules were cleaned and imported from published research. The software PaDEL-Descriptor calculated over 1,000 chemical descriptors for each molecule, which were then analyzed with R to create several QSARs with different statistical methods. These QSARs proved highly time efficient, calculating in minutes what docking programs could accomplish in hours. Additionally, on test sets, QSARs reached R2 values of around 0.7--0.8. The speed, accuracy, and accessibility of these QSARs improve evaluation of individual drugs and facilitate screening of large datasets for potential candidates in cyclodextrin affinity-based delivery systems. An app was built to rapidly access model predictions for end users using the Shiny library. To demonstrate the usability for drug release planning, the QSAR predictions were coupled with a mechanistic model of diffusion within the app. Integrating new modules should provide an accessible approach to use other cheminformatic tools in the field of drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining the potency of non-covalent halogen bonding (XB) with metal ion coordination, the synthesis and characterisation of a series of hydrophilic XB tripodal Cu(II) metallo-receptors, strategically designed for tetrahedral anion guest binding and sensing in aqueous media is described. The reported metallo-hosts contain a tripodal C3-symmetric tris-iodotriazole XB donor anion recognition motif terminally functionalised with tri(ethylene glycol) and permethylated β-cyclodextrin functionalities to impart aqueous solubility. Optical UV-vis anion binding studies in combination with unprecedented quantitative EPR anion titration investigations reveal the XB Cu(II) metallo-receptors exhibit strong and selective phosphate recognition over a range of other monocharged anionic species in competitive aqueous solution containing 40% water, notably outperforming a hydrogen bonding (HB) Cu(II) metallo-receptor counterpart. Electrochemical studies demonstrate further the capability of the metallo-receptors to sense anions via significant cathodic perturbations of the respective Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ceramide 2 is the main lipid of stratum corneum and a popular component in skin healthcare products. But developing ceramide 2 based corneal protecting product is troublesome due to its insoluble feature in water. In this work, a novel type of inclusion nanoparticle was developed to solubilize and enhance the corneal repair effect of ceramide 2 by the anti-solvent method. It was revealed that the types of solvents and cyclodextrins influenced the precipitation rate as well as the stability of intermediate clusters of ceramide 2, where DMSO with moderate supersaturation promoted the formation of inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrins. The ceramide-cyclodextrin inclusion complex had an amphiphilic structure, which could self-assemble into nanoparticles in water, as evidenced by disappeared endothermic peaks of ceramide (78°C) and cyclodextrin (120°C), as well as appearance of two endothermic peaks corresponding to nanoparticle transition (45°C) and dissociation of cyclodextrin inclusion complex (102°C). Upon treating rat damaged skins with ceramide 2 inclusion nanoparticles, the cumulative permeation of indomethacin (IND, a model drug for skin permeability) were found to be 330.80 ± 54.86 μg/cm2, which was significantly lower than the control group (472.47 ± 154.83 μg/cm2). In comparison, water suspensions of ceramide 2 showed no corneal repair effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of cyclodextrins and their derivatives is increasing with continuous research. In addition to monomolecular cyclodextrins with different branched chains, cyclodextrin-based polymers have emerged. The aim of this review is to summarize these innovations, with a special focus on the study of applications of cyclodextrins and their derivatives in nano-delivery systems. The areas covered include nanospheres, nano-sponges, nanogels, cyclodextrin metal–organic frameworks, liposomes, and emulsions, providing a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the design and development of nano-delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edaravone is one of two main drugs for treating motor neurone disease (MND). This review proposes a specific quality target product profile (QTPP) for edaravone following an appraisal of the issues accounting for the poor clinical uptake of the approved IV and oral liquid edaravone formulations. This is followed by a review of the alternative oral formulations of edaravone described in the published patent and journal literature against the QTPP. A total of 14 texts published by six research groups on 18 novel oral formulations of edaravone for the treatment of MND have been reviewed. The alternative oral formulations included liquid and solid formulations developed with cyclodextrins, lipids, surfactants, co-surfactants, alkalising agents, tablet excipients, and co-solvents. Most were intended to deliver edaravone for drug absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT); however, there were also four formulations targeting the oral mucosal absorption of edaravone to avoid first-pass metabolism. All the novel formulations improved the aqueous solubility, stability, and oral bioavailability (BA) of edaravone compared to an aqueous suspension of edaravone. A common limitation of the published formulations is the lack of MND-patient-centred data. Except for TW001, no other formulations have been trialled in MND patients. To meet the QTPP of an oral edaravone formulation for MND patients, it is recommended that a tablet of appropriate size and with acceptable taste and stability be designed for the effective sublingual or buccal absorption of edaravone. This tablet should be designed with input from the MND community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrins, commonly used as excipients in antifungal formulations to improve the physicochemical properties and availability of the host molecules, have not been systematically studied for their effects and bioactivity without a complex active substance. This paper evaluates the effects of various cyclodextrins on the physiology of the test organism Candida boidinii. The research examines their impact on yeast growth, viability, biofilm formation and morphological changes. Native ACD, BCD, randomly methylated α- and β-CD and quaternary ammonium α-CD and β-CD were investigated in the 0.5–12.5 mM concentration range in both static and dynamic systems. The study revealed that certain cyclodextrins exhibited notable antifungal effects (up to ~69%) in dynamic systems; however, the biofilm formation was enhanced in static systems. The magnitude of these effects was influenced by several variables, including the size of the internal cavity, the concentration and structure of the cyclodextrins, and the contact time. Furthermore, the study found that CDs exhibited distinct effects in both static and dynamic systems, potentially related to their tendency to form aggregates. The findings suggest that cyclodextrins may have the potential to act as antifungal agents or growth promoters, depending on their structure and surrounding environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a critical cause of human dysfunctionality, hepatic failure leads to approximately two million deaths per year and is on the rise. Considering multiple inflammatory, oxidative, and apoptotic mechanisms behind hepatotoxicity, it urges the need for finding novel multi-targeting agents. Curcumin is a phenolic compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic roles. Curcumin possesses auspicious health benefits and protects against several diseases with exceptional safety and tolerability. This review focused on the hepatoprotective mechanisms of curcumin. The need to develop novel delivery systems of curcumin (e.g., nanoparticles, self-micro emulsifying, lipid-based colloids, solid lipid nanoparticles, cyclodextrin inclusion, phospholipid complexes, and nanoemulsions) is also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a disposable electrochemical sensor was constructed from a gold DVD (GDVD) mini-chip modified with pores, β-cyclodextrin capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@β-CD), and nanodiamond (ND). For this purpose, the LSV method was employed to deposit a silver film on the surface of the mini-chip. Then, the silver was replaced with gold using galvanic replacement, after which etching of silver by nitric acid and ammonia was accomplished to obtain a porous GDVD mini-chip (PGDVD). Next, AuNPs@β-CD and thereafter, an aqueous ND dispersion were successively drop-cast on the PGDVD. Finally, the as-prepared mini-chip was exposed to air to obtain the PGDVD@AuNps@β-CD@ND mini-chip. The electrochemical oxidation behaviour of BPA showed an irreversible oxidative wave with decreased oxidation overpotential and increased current response for BPA. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 5 × 10−5 M to 1 × 10−3 M of BPA. According to the 3sb/m and 10sb/m criteria, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of the method were obtained to be 1 × 10−5 M and 5 × 10−5 M, respectively. Also, the reproducibility of the method (RSD%) was obtained to be 4%. The proposed sensor was employed for the analysis of spiked tap water and apple juice samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials have been widely used in the fields of bioimaging, optoelectronic devices, and optical communications. The supramolecular interaction, involving harnessing non-covalent interactions between host and guest molecules to control their arrangements and assemblies, represents an advanced approach for facilitating the development of CPL materials and finely constructing and tuning the desired CPL properties. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic natural polysaccharides, which have also been ubiquitous in various fields such as molecular recognition, drug encapsulation, and catalyst separation. By adjusting the interactions between CDs and guest molecules precisely, composite materials with CPL properties can be facilely generated. This review aims to outline the design strategies and performance of CD-based CPL materials comprehensively and provides a detailed illustration of the interactions between host and guest molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common eye disorders. Different drugs are used for its treatment. Hesperidin is an active substance isolated from Citrus sinensis L. (Rutaceae) fruit peels, with known anti‐inflammatory activity but low solubility. It was complexed with cyclodextrin and encapsulated in situ gel to extend its duration in the eye. RESULTS: The optimized formulation comprised 1% hesperidin, 1.5% hydroxyethyl cellulose, and 16% poloxamer 407. The viscosity at 25 °C was 492 ± 82 cP, and at 35 °C it was 8875 ± 248 cP, the pH was 7.01 ± 0.03, gelation temperature was 34 ± 1.3 °C, and gelation time was 33 ± 1.2 s. There was a 66% in vitro release in the initial 2 h, with a burst effect. A lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test determined that hesperidin was active at high doses on leukotyrens seen in the body in allergic diseases. In cell‐culture studies, the hesperidin cyclodextrin complex loaded in situ gel, BRN9‐CD (poloxamer 16%, hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HEC) 1.5%), enhanced cell viability in comparison with the hesperidin solution. It was determined that BRN9‐CD did not cause any irritation in the ocular tissues in the Draize test. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of the in situ gel formulation of hesperidin in terms of ease of application and residence time on the ocular surface. Due to its notable LOX inhibition activity and positive outcomes in the in vivo Draize test, it appears promising for incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoponcirin causes anxiolytic-like effects in mice when administered intraperitoneally but not orally. Neoponcirin is non-water-soluble and insoluble in solvents, and in medium acid, it isomerizes, reducing its bioavailability. To improve the pharmacological properties of neoponcirin, we formed a neoponcirin complex with beta-cyclodextrin (NEO/βCD), which was characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, and NMR, and their solubility profile. We evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of NEO/βCD acutely administered to mice orally in the behavioral paradigms, the tail suspension (TST) and the forced swimming (FST) tests. We also analyzed the benefits of repeated oral doses of NEO/βCD on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced in mice by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), using the FST, hole board, and open field tests. We determined the stressed mice's expression of stress-related inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) and corticosterone. Results showed that a single or chronic oral administration of NEO/βCD caused a robust antidepressant-like effect without affecting the ambulatory activity. In mice under CUMS, NEO/βCD also produced anxiolytic-like effects and avoided increased corticosterone and IL-1β levels. The effects of the NEO/βCD complex were robust in both the acute and the stress chronic models, improving brain neurochemistry and recovering immune responses previously affected by prolonged stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-derived antioxidants (PD-AOs) are important for food preservation, as well as for human health and nutrition. However, the poor chemical stability and water solubility of many PD-AOs currently limit their application as functional ingredients in foods and pharmaceuticals. Moreover, it is often difficult to isolate and detect specific antioxidants in multi-component systems, which again limits their potential in the food and medical industries. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the use of cyclodextrins (CDs) to overcome these limitations by forming simple, modified and competitive host–guest interactions with PD-AO. The host–guest properties of CDs can be used to enhance the separation efficiency of PD-AOs, as well as to improve their dispersion and stability in food systems. Moreover, the competitive complexation properties of CDs with target molecules can be used to selectively isolate PD-AOs from multi-component systems and develop detection technologies for PD-AOs. Overall, CD-antioxidant interactions have great potential for addressing isolation, detection, and food quality issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a drug-delivery system based on electrospun nanofiber was developed. Polyamide (PA) as a fibers matrix was employed for the delivery of the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). The nanofiber (NFs) was initially modified by incorporating β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to generate an inclusion complex of β-CD and drug. The modified nanofiber was subsequently fabricated via an electrospinning approach of DOX/β-CD-incorporated PA. For understanding the role of β-CD in the inclusion of DOX, a DOX-incorporated nanofiber (i.e., PA/β-CD) was fabricated for comparison. β-CD enhanced the loading of DOX into PA NFs, resulting in an increased loading efficiency of 56% (PA/β-CD/DOX), compared to 47% for PA/DOX. In addition, the release profile of DOX and the effect of β-CD on the release behavior were investigated. The results demonstrated a substantial release of the drug (total release = ~ 92%) from PA/β-CD/DOX NFs, with a slower release rate (within 4 days) compared to PA/DOX without β-CD (total release = ~ 77%). Consequently, β-CD played a significant role in the sustained release of the drug. The viability of prostate cancer and LNCap cells in response to the drug was assessed for the NFs. The decreased cell viability observed in PA/β-CD/DOX indicates a sustained and controlled release behavior for this drug carrier system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional separation membranes used for dye removal often suffer from a trade-off between separation efficiency and water permeability. Herein, we propose a facile approach to prepare cyclodextrin-based high-flux nanofiber membranes by electrospinning and vapor-driven crosslinking processes. The application of glutaraldehyde vapor for crosslinking hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/laponite electrospun membranes can build interconnected structures and lead to the formation of a porous hierarchical layer. In addition, the incorporation of inorganic salt, laponite, can alter the crosslinking process, resulting in membranes with improved hydrophilicity and highly maintained electrospun nanofibrous morphology, which contributes to an ultrafast water flux of 1.0 × 105 Lh−1m−2bar−1. Due to the synergetic effect of strong host–guest interaction and electrostatic interaction, the membranes exhibit suitable rejection toward anionic dyes with a high removal efficiency of >99% within a short time and achieve accurate separation for cationic against anionic dyes, accompanied by suitable recyclability with >97% separation efficiency after at least four separation–regenerations. The prepared membranes with remarkable separation efficiency and ultrafast permeation properties might be a promising candidate for high-performance membranes in water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the optimization of submerged culture conditions for the production of extracellular cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) enzyme by Bacillus macerans ATCC 8244, employing Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) experimental design methodology. Five critical factors - starch, peptone, temperature, pH, and agitation speed - were examined at two levels using an OA layout of L8 for the experimental design. Analysis revealed a significant enhancement in CGTase yield, with the modified culture conditions resulting in a 21.2% increase from 513.416 U/ml to 622.5 U/ml. The successful application of Taguchi's design methodology underscores its efficacy in optimizing enzyme production processes. This study highlights Taguchi's design potential as a valuable tool for improving CGTase production efficiency while minimizing resource consumption. Additionally, the utilization of a packed bed bioreactor (PBR) facilitated continuous production of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), demonstrating stability over 10 days with only a slight decrease in productivity. The K m,app value was determined to be 23.4 mg starch/ml, indicating a slight increase. [Display omitted] • Taguchi design optimizes enzyme production and Enhanced CGTase yield by 21.2%. • PBR enables continuous β-CD production and Thermal stability observed over 10 days. • The K m,app value was determined to be 23.4 mg starch/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The designed supramolecular colloidal carrier system can efficiently complex and stabilize indocyanine green (ICG). • ICG in carrier showed stable absorption and fluorescence in NIR range. • ICG in carrier specifically targeted tumor cells observed under NIR endoscopic imaging. • ICG in carrier enhanced permeation and accumulation in 3D tumor spheroids. Indocyanine green (ICG) is an FDA-approved medical diagnostic agent that is widely used as a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging molecular probe. However, ICG tends to aggregate to form dimers or H-aggregates in water and lacks physical and optical stability, which greatly decreases its absorbance and fluorescence intensity in various applications. Additionally, ICG has no tissue- or tumor-targeting properties, and its structure is not easy to modify, which has further limited its application in cancer diagnosis. In this study, we addressed these challenges by developing a supramolecular colloidal carrier system that targets tumor cells. To this end, we synthesized a water-soluble β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) polymer conjugated with folate (FA), denoted PCD-FA, which is capable of forming inclusion complexes with ICG in water through host–guest interactions between the β-CD moieties and ICG molecules. The inclusion complexes formed by PCD-FA and ICG, called ICG@PCD-FA, dispersed stably in solution as colloidal nanoparticles, greatly improving the physical and optical properties of ICG by preventing ICG dimer formation, where ICG appeared as monomers and even J-aggregates. This resulted in stronger and more stable absorption at a longer wavelength of 900 nm, which may allow for deeper tissue penetration and imaging with reduced interference from biological tissues' autofluorescence. Moreover, ICG@PCD-FA showed a targeting effect on folate receptor-positive (FR+) tumor cells, which specifically highlighted FR+ cells via NIR endoscopic imaging. Notably, ICG@PCD-FA further improved permeation and accumulation in FR+ 3D tumor spheroids. Therefore, this ICG@PCD-FA supramolecular colloidal system may have a great potential for use in tumor NIR imaging and diagnostic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the overall sensory evaluation of regular coffee, a mixture of β-CD/flavour CD powder was prepared by a freeze-drying method. Cyclodextrin inclusion complexes consist of eight compounds that are naturally present in coffee, specifically: 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, benzaldehyde, citral, linalool, limonene, phenethyl acetate, furfural, and ethyl acetate. These eight compounds naturally occur in coffee, making them safer than using other compounds. Moreover, these eight compounds are the primary active ingredients in coffee, significantly influencing its flavour profile. Therefore, choosing to complex these eight compounds with cyclodextrins can effectively enhance the taste of the coffee. XRD, FT-IR, and SDE-GC-FID were presented to study the formation of inclusion CD powder, the storage stability, chemical composition changes, and safety. Results show that by the cyclodextrin method of freeze-drying, the CD powder showed a stable encapsulated structure and increased stability of flavour compounds. Based on the coffee aroma analysis results, prepared CD powder can enhance the coffee's aroma score by 3.0–4.0 points and increase the flavour score by 2.1–3.5 points, and it can achieve preservation for a minimum of 181 days at 25 °C. Furthermore, under the requirements of the China national standard for additives, the mixture of β-CD/flavour CD powder was used for the cup testing with four regular coffees to obtain improved coffees. With the full score is 10, improved coffees could score extra 3.0–4.0 points on aroma and 2.1–3.5 on flavour compared to regular coffee. In addition, the CD powder also improves the quality of the coffee in terms of aftertaste, body, and sweetness. Overall, β-CD/flavour CD powders provide several advantages over the currently popular coffee bean processing methods, including improved reproducibility, enhanced controllability, and increased flexibility, while prioritizing safety. And it should be explored further with appropriate compounds given its potential for coffee aroma modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid expansion of the scale of nuclear energy, the proper treatment of radioactive waste generated by the nuclear industry has become one of the most important issues for the further development of nuclear energy. Cyclodextrin, as a kind of cyclic oligosaccharide composed of several glucopyranose units, has a good prospect of application in the field of radioactive ions adsorption and separation, because of its special molecular structure of internal hydrophobicity and external hydrophilicity. However, due to the presence of a large number of hydroxyl groups in the cyclodextrin molecules, they are easily soluble in water. Generally, the solidification of cyclodextrins to insoluble solids is always needed before being used as adsorption materials. Depending on the different methods of " solidification", cyclodextrin based adsorbent materials can be divided into three types: loaded cyclodextrin materials, cyclodextrin polymer materials, and cyclodextrin inclusion complex materials. The synthesis and application research advances of the three types of cyclodextrin adsorbent materials in radioactive ion adsorption and separation are summarized, the related adsorption mechanisms are discussed. Besides, the perspectives of the cyclodextrin based adsorbents in the field of radioactive ion adsorption are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multifunctional photoinitiator is presented, offering precise control over light‐induced polymerization initiation at 450 nm and material degradation at 365 nm. This is accomplished by covalently linking photoactive bis(acyl)phosphane oxide and photocleavable o‐nitrobenzyl ether moieties onto the surface of γ‐cyclodextrin. Upon degradation, the resulting linear polymers can be easily re‐dissolved in their corresponding monomer and re‐cured, exhibiting superior mechanical properties compared to the pristine material. Moreover, this photoinitiator enables the successful 3D printing of intricate and precise structures, representing a promising general strategy for developing recyclable photoresins for 3D printing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the synthesis and characterization of a hydroxylated aza-adamantyl nitroxide radical Z-3, with the solubility in water of 170 mM at room temperature. We find that hydroxylation has no significant effect on the electronic structure and stability of aza-adamantyl nitroxides. We prepare a series of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) derivatives which can form stoichiometric 1 : 1 inclusion complexes with Z-3, to investigate their effects on water solubility and stability of the radical upon complexation. The results indicate that water solubility of Z-3 increases by 1.4–3 times, while the radical stability somewhat decreases, depending on different β-CD substituents. Overall, sodium disulfobutylether-β-CD shows the best result in complexation with Z-3, providing water solubility >0.35 mol L−1, while maintaining the stability of the nitroxide radical with a half-life of 13.5 days at room temperature in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a synthetic approach is reported for generating hepta-branched β-cyclodextrins (CDs) bearing heterogeneous carbohydrate residues at their primary side via a one-pot process with a simultaneous click chemistry reaction. The reactions were performed by reacting two or three different species of 2-propynylated glycosides with a hepta-azide functional β-CD at various reaction molar ratios. 2-Propynylated glycosides acted as heterogeneous carbohydrate sources embedded into a hepta-azide functional β-CD. The simultaneous click chemistry reactions generated several desired β-CD derivatives with varying densities of the heterogeneous carbohydrates in a one-pot process. The article describes the effects of the combination of 2-propynylated glycosides and the reaction molar ratios in the click chemistry reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curcuminoids originating from turmeric roots are renowned for their diverse pharmacological applications, particularly as a natural anticancer agent. Unfortunately, harnessing the full potential of curcumin derivatives in cancer therapy has been impeded by its inherent limitations, specifically instabilities owing to poor solubility, leading to low systemic bioavailability under normal physiological circumstances. To circumvent this, a novel organic-based drug delivery system employing physically adsorbed β-cyclodextrin (βCD) as an excipient was developed in this study. This resulted in improved aqueous dispersion coupled with anticancer enhancements of tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) at a molar ratio of 2:1. Encapsulation of this agent was confirmed by physicochemical characterisation using UV–vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Through the presence of an inclusion complex, a higher aqueous dispersion (65-fold) resulting in a higher drug content and an elevated release profile was achieved. Athymic nude (Nu/Nu) mice exposed to this treatment displayed improvements in tumour regression compared to stand-alone agents, consistent with in vitro cytotoxicity assays with an SI value > 10. The inclusion complex further enhanced apoptosis, as well as anti-migration and anti-invasion rates. Mechanistically, this formulation was consistent in terms of caspase 3 activation. Furthermore, the inclusion complex exhibited reduced systemic toxicity, including reduced inflammation in vital organs as examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. This study also revealed a notable sequential reduction in serum levels of tumour markers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and mouse Cytochrome P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), correlating with a significant decrease in tumour bulk volume upon treatment commencement. These compelling findings highlight the potential of this formulation to empower insoluble or poorly soluble hydrophobic agents, thus offering promising prospects for their effective utilisation in colorectal cancer (CRC) chemotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The oral administration of drugs for treating ulcerative colitis (UC) is hindered by several factors, including inadequate gastrointestinal stability, insufficient accumulation in colonic lesions, and uncontrolled drug release. Methods: A multiple sensitive nano-delivery system comprising β-cyclodextrin (CD) and 4-(hydroxymethyl)phenylboronic acid (PAPE) with enzyme/reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitivity was developed to load celastrol (Cel) as a comprehensive treatment for UC. Results: Owing to the positive charge in the site of inflamed colonic mucosa, the negatively charged nanomedicine (Cel/NPs) could efficiently accumulate. Expectedly, Cel/NPs showed excellent localization ability to colon in vitro and in vivo tests. The elevated concentration of ROS and intestinal enzymes in the colon microenvironment quickly break the CD, resulting in Cel release partially to rebalance microbiota and recover the intestinal barrier. The accompanying cellular internalization of residual Cel/NPs, along with the high concentration of cellular ROS to trigger Cel burst release, could decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inhibit colonic cell apoptosis, promote the macrophage polarization, scavenge ROS, and regulate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which certified that Cel/NPs possessed a notably anti-UC therapy outcome. Conclusions: We provide a promising strategy for addressing UC symptoms via an enzyme/ROS-sensitive oral platform capable of releasing drugs on demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boswellia carterii (BC) resins plants have a long historical background as a treatment for inflammation, as indicated by information originating from multiple countries. Twenty-seven diterpenoids have been identified in ethyl acetate and total methanol BC, comprising seventeen boscartins of the cembrane-type diterpenoids and ten boscartols of the prenylaromadendrane-type diterpenoids. Moreover, twenty-one known triterpenoids have also been found, encompassing nine tirucallane-type, six ursane-type, four oleanane-type, and two lupane-type. The cembrane-type diterpenoids hold a significant position in pharmaceutical chemistry and related industries due to their captivating biological characteristics and promising pharmacological potentials. Extraction of BC, creation and assessment of nano sponges loaded with either B. carterii plant extract or DEX, are the subjects of our current investigation. With the use of ultrasound-assisted synthesis, nano sponges were produced. The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of medications in nano sponges was examined using spectrophotometry. Nano sponges were characterized using a number of methods. Within nano sponges, the EE% of medicines varied between 98.52 ± 0.07 and 99.64 ± 1.40%. The nano sponges' particle sizes varied from 105.9 ± 15.9 to 166.8 ± 26.3 nm. Drugs released from nano sponges using the Korsmeyer-Peppas concept. In respiratory distressed rats, the effects of BC plant extract, DEX salt and their nano formulations (D1, D5, P1 and P1), were tested. Treatment significantly reduced ICAM-1, LTB4, and ILβ 4 levels and improved histopathologic profiles, when compared to the positive control group. Boswellia extract and its nano sponge formulation P1 showed promising therapeutic effects. The effect of P1 may be due to synergism between both the extract and the formulation. This effect was achieved by blocking both ICAM-1 and LTB4 pathways, therefore counteracting the effects of talc powder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of polyurethane‐type poly[3]rotaxanes is achieved by polyaddition between a cyclodextrin (CD)‐based [3]rotaxane diol and various diisocyanate species, which provide a more defined structure compared to conventional polyrotaxane syntheses. In this study, hydroxyl groups on CDs of [3]rotaxane diol are initially acetylated, and deprotected after the polyaddition to introduce polyurethane backbone structure into polyrotaxane framework. Despite a relatively complicated chemical structure, [3]rotaxane diol monomer is successfully synthesized in a high yield (overall 67%) without any taxing purification process, which is beneficial for practical applications. The polymerization itself proceeds well under a standard polyaddition reaction condition to afford corresponding polyurethanes around 80% yield with Mn > 30 kDa. The poly[3]rotaxanes show different aggregation behavior or optical properties, whether or not acetyl groups are present, and are analyzed by XRD, SEM, and fluorescence measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAcute sun exposure could lead to erythema and inflammation. This Investigation aims to determine the efficacy of the complexation of peppermint oil (PO) with cyclodextrin in enhancing its physicochemical properties. Nano-organogels were prepared by direct hot melting method. Cyclodextrin (CD) PO was prepared by co-lyophilized method and included in F6. The particle size values were all below 150 nm. F6 polymeric showed high antioxidant activity, in vitro SPF, and stability. CD nano-organogel showed the least release and the highest skin deposition values. This high skin deposition is assured by confocal microscopy. Histology revealed its anti-inflammatory effect against acute UV irradiation. PO CD nano-organogel demonstrates a promising modality for anti-inflammatory therapy against UV irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel polymer synthesized by grafting three cyclodextrins onto chitosan was characterized and evaluated for its potential to adsorb two pharmaceutical residues: ibuprofen and progesterone. The influence of various operational parameters, including contact time, initial molecule concentration, pH, ionic strength, and temperature, was investigated. The synthesized polymer exhibits an amorphous and porous structure with a remarkable swelling capacity of 9.5 mmol/g. It demonstrates remarkable adsorption capacities for progesterone and ibuprofen, reaching 90% and 75%, respectively. Kinetic studies reveal that the adsorption of both molecules follows a pseudo-second-order model. A DSC analysis elucidated the adsorption mechanism, which is governed by the formation of inclusion complexes and electrostatic interactions within the polymer network. The polymer's regeneration after 23 cycles demonstrates its sustainable adsorption efficiency. The combination of chitosan with three cyclodextrins opens up promising new avenues for water treatment and the removal of specific pollutants. This approach significantly improves the material's selectivity towards target pollutants, offering a significant advantage in pollution remediation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to obtain drinking yogurts enriched with ACTICOA cocoa powder (ACTICOA), its extract (EACTICOA) and pure phenolics, as well as their inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins and alginate–chitosan (A-Ch) capsules, and to evaluate the effects of these additives on the viability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and antioxidant properties of fresh yogurts and yogurts stored for 14 days at 4 °C. The application of cocoa phenolic compounds in free form and in the form of EACTICOA to yogurts resulted in the greatest increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds and a significant improvement in the antioxidant properties of the fortified products. The highest TPC was found in yogurts enriched with free quercetin (107.98 mg CE/g). Yogurt fortified with free gallic acid showed the highest ability to neutralize free radicals (EC50 = 2.74 mg/mg DPPH, EC50 = 5.40 mg/mg ABTS) and reduce ferric ions (183.48 µM Trolox/g). The enrichment of yogurts with the tested phenolic compounds preparations, especially in the form of encapsulates, did not affect the viability of LAB during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tyramine (TRM) is a biogenic catecholamine neurotransmitter, which can trigger migraines and hypertension. TRM accumulated in foods is reduced and detected using additive cyclodextrins (CDs) while their association characteristics remain unclear. Here, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and density functional theory (DFT) calculation have been performed, demonstrating the elusive pseudopolymorphs in β-CD inclusion complexes with TRM base/HCl, β-CD·0.5TRM·7.6H2O (1) and β-CD·TRM HCl·4H2O (2) and the rare α-CD·0.5(TRM HCl)·10H2O (3) exclusion complex. Both 1 and 2 share the common inclusion mode with similar TRM structures in the round and elliptical β-CD cavities, belong to the monoclinic space group P21, and have similar herringbone packing structures. Furthermore, 3 differs from 2, as the smaller twofold symmetry-related, round α-CD prefers an exclusion complex with the twofold disordered TRM–H+ sites. In the orthorhombic P21212 lattice, α-CDs are packed in a channel-type structure, where the column-like cavity is occupied by disordered water sites. DFT results indicate that β-CD remains elliptical to suitably accommodate TRM, yielding an energetically favorable inclusion complex, which is significantly contributed by the β-CD deformation, and the inclusion complex of α-CD with the TRM aminoethyl side chain is also energetically favorable compared to the exclusion mode. This study suggests the CD implications for food safety and drug/bioactive formulation and delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need to develop safer and more effective modalities for the treatment of numerous pathologies due to the increasing rates of drug resistance, undesired side effects, poor clinical outcomes, etc. Over the past decades, cyclodextrins (CDs) have gathered great attention as potential drug carriers due to their ability to enhance their bioactivities and properties. Likewise, selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) have been extensively studied during the last decades due to their possible therapeutical applications. Although there is limited research on the relationship between Se and Te and CDs, herein, we highlight different representative examples of the advances related to this topic as well as give our view on the future directions of this emerging area of research. This review encompasses three different aspects of this relationship: (1) modification of the structure of the different CDs; (2) formation of host–guest interaction complexes of naïve CDs with Se and Te derivatives in order to overcome specific limitations of the latter; and (3) the use of CDs as catalysts to achieve novel Se and Te compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ibuprofen is a well-known and broadly used, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and painkiller medicine. Ibuprofen is a chiral compound, and its two isomers have different biological effects, therefore, their chiral separation is necessary. Ibuprofen and its derivatives were used as model compounds to establish transportable structure chiral selectivity relationships. Chiral selectors were permethylated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins containing gas chromatographic stationary phases. The chiral selectivity of ibuprofen as a free acid and its various alkyl esters (methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and isoamyl esters) derivatives were tested at different temperatures. Every tested stationary phase was capable of the chiral separations of ibuprofen in its free acid form. The less strong included S optical isomers eluted before R optical isomers in every separate case. The results offer to draw transportable guidelines for the chiral selectivity vs. analyte structures. It was recognized that the S isomers of free ibuprofen acid showed an overloading phenomenon, but the R isomer did not. The results were supported by molecular modeling studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is known to be a human pathogen and is often resistant to antibiotics, so there is a demand for new treatment alternatives that have the ability to reverse such resistance. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial action and reversal of the efflux pump activity of the compounds Isopulegol (ISO) and its β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (ISO/β-CD) in S. aureus strains carrying an efflux pump. (MsrA, TetK, NorA and MepA). The complex was obtained using the paste complexation method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ISO and ISO/β-CD was determined for the evaluation of antibacterial activity against multiresistant strains of S. aureus (RN4220, IS-58, 1199, 1199B and K2068) and the compounds showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≥ 1024 μg/mL. Modulation assays were performed using ISO and ISO/β-CD, which associated with antibiotics and Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) showed synergism and MIC reduction in some of the tested bacteria. Therefore, it can be concluded that the isolated compounds ISO and ISO/β-CD are effective in inhibiting the efflux pump mechanism against some of the tested strains; with modulation, only strains IS-58, SA 1199 and K2068 showed a MIC decrease effect, while all strains showed a reduction in MIC with ethidium bromide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Curcumin is a compound that occurs in the rhizomes of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa) and has shown potential for the treatment of illnesses including certain neurodegenerative diseases. The bioavailability of curcumin is hindered by its extremely poor aqueous solubility. Results: This study aimed to apply formulation strategies such as inclusion complex formation with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), as well as amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formation with poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVP VA64) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) to increase curcumin's solubility and thereby its nasal epithelial membrane permeation. The curcumin formulations were evaluated by means of DSC, TGA, FT-IR, XRPD, microscopic imaging, aqueous solubility and membrane permeation across nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelial membranes. The solubility of curcumin was substantially increased by the formulations from 8.4 µg/ml for the curcumin raw material to 79.0 µg/ml for the HPβCD inclusion complex, 256.4 µg/ml for the HPMC ASD and 314.9 µg/ml for the PVP VA64 ASD. The HPMC ASD only slightly changed the membrane permeation of curcumin, while the PVP VA64 ASD decreased the membrane permeation of curcumin. The HPβCD inclusion complex enhanced the nasal epithelial membrane permeation of curcumin statistically significantly across the olfactory epithelial tissue and extensively across the respiratory epithelial tissue. Conclusion: Complexation of curcumin with HPβCD enhanced the solubility of curcumin and thereby also increased its permeation across excised nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelial tissue. This indicated high potential of the curcumin-HPβCD complex for nose-to-brain delivery of curcumin for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases by means of intranasal administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that has found application in the trace detection of a wide range of contaminants. In this paper, we report on the fabrication of 2D silver nanodendrites, on silicon chips, synthesized by electrochemical reduction of AgNO3 at microelectrodes. The formation of nanodendrites is tentatively explained in terms of electromigration and diffusion of silver ions. Electrochemical characterization suggests that the nanodendrites do not stay electrically connected to the microelectrode. The substrates show SERS activity with an enhancement factor on the order of 106. Density functional theory simulations were carried out to investigate the suitability of the fabricated substrate for pesticide monitoring. These substrates can be functionalized with cyclodextrin macro molecules to help with the detection of molecules with low affinity with silver surfaces. A proof of concept is demonstrated with the detection of the herbicide 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A zinc phosphate/hydroxyapatite composite (ZP/HAP) with a core–shell nano-rod morphology and its functionalized derivative with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were evaluated as potential carriers of the drug cisplatin (CPN). The developed CD@ZP/HAP displayed remarkably enhanced CPN loading properties (375.8 mg g−1) compared to ZP/HAP (259.8 mg g−1). The CPN loading behavior of CD@ZP/HAP followed Langmuir isotherm properties (R2 > 0.99) and the kinetic activities of the pseudo-first-order model (R2 > 0.97). The steric assessment validated the notable increase in existing loading receptors after the functionalization of ZP/HAP with β-CD from 57.7 mg g−1 (ZP/HAP) to 72.3 mg g−1. Functionalization also affected the capacity of each receptor, ensuring that there were six CPN molecules (CD@ZP/HAP) instead of five (ZP/HAP), as well as the loading energies (<40 kJ mol−1), the loading of CPN by physical multi-molecular processes, and the vertical orientation. The CPN release patterns of CD@ZP/HAP exhibited slow and controlled properties (94.5% after 200 h at pH 7.4, and 100% after 160 h at pH 5.5), which were faster than those of ZP/HAP. The kinetic modeling of the release activities and diffusion exponent (>0.45) reflected the release of CPN according to both erosion and diffusion mechanisms. The loading of CPN into both ZP/HAP and CD@ZP/HAP also resulted in a marked enhancement in the anticancer activity of CPN against human cervical epithelial malignancies (HeLa) (cell viability = 5.6% (CPN), 3.7% (CPN loaded ZP/HA), and 1.8% (CPN loaded CD@ZP/HAP)). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eugenol–β‐cyclodextrin complex has been widely used because of the enhanced stability and conservation of the properties of eugenol. Applications in food and health sciences have been shown previously, which makes this complex an excellent model to understand and develop methodologies for the analysis and prediction of physical properties. In this work, the dynamics of eugenol incorporated into β‐cyclodextrin are presented, using NMR relaxation rates, and the predictive capabilities of molecular dynamics simulations are discussed. Results show a hindered rotation of eugenol around the principal inertial axes when located inside β‐cyclodextrin. Moreover, a translational movement of the whole complex is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the occurrence of Diels–Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene yielding dicyclopentadiene within a confined closed space provided by octa acid (OA) in water at room temperature is established. The Diels–Alder reaction within the OA capsule occurs at least 2000 times faster than in water. Catalysis of Diels–Alder reaction by hosts such as cyclodextrin, cucurbituril, and Fujita's Pd nano–host occurs in water. Despite their similarity, these three hosts provide an open environment where the reactant molecules are exposed to aqueous environment. The only fully closed host known to catalyze the Diels–Alder reaction in water is OA. Although Rebek's host is established to catalyze Diels–Alder reaction it occurs in an organic solvent. The closed environment explored in this presentation provides an opportunity to better understand the origin of non–covalent catalysis in a restricted space and in water. Because the product binds stronger than the reactant, disappointingly, the capsule can't be recycled. We recognize that this aspect needs to be addressed for the OA capsule to become synthetically useful. We are in the process of understanding the origin of catalysis and finding ways to make reaction recyclable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines (HMs) are gaining increasing popularity and recognition worldwide due to their eco‐friendliness and efficacy. With their multi‐compounds, multi‐targets, and multi‐pathways characteristics, HMs have been used in treatment of various diseases. However, the clinical applications of preparations containing HMs have been limited due to their inherent physicochemical properties, including low water solubility, poor stability, and unsatisfactory bioavailability of bioactive compounds. Supramolecular macrocyclic hosts, like cyclodextrins, calixarenes, cucurbiturils, and pillararenes, are important objects of researches in supramolecular chemistry. These hosts have been utilized to encapsulate the ingredients, improve the solubility of poorly water‐soluble components, enhance the stability of the tested compounds, increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds, and ensure the safety of HMs. Herein, we provide a brief introduction to the theories of supramolecular chemistry and summarize the extensive applications of supramolecular macrocyclic hosts in the field of HMs. These applications encompass the screening of bioactive compounds in HMs and the enhancement of druggability for HMs. We hope this review can provide a strategy for dealing with the challenges of HMs, thereby enabling their better applications and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of polyrotaxane comes from the rotaxane structure in the supramolecular field. It is a mechanically interlocked supramolecular assembly composed of linear polymer chains and cyclic molecules. Over recent decades, the synthesis and application of polyrotaxanes have seen remarkable growth. Particularly, cyclodextrin‐based polyrotaxanes have been extensively reported due to the low‐price raw materials, good biocompatibility, and ease of modification. Hence, it is also one of the most promising mechanically interlocking supramolecules for wide industrialization in the future. Polyrotaxanes are widely introduced into materials such as elastomers, hydrogels, and engineering polymers to improve their mechanical properties or impart functionality to the materials. In these materials, polyrotaxane acts as a slidable cross‐linker to dissipate energy through sliding or assist in dispersing stress concentration in the cross‐linked network, thereby enhancing the toughness of the materials. Further, the unique sliding‐ring effect of cyclodextrin‐based polyrotaxanes has pioneered advancements in stretchable electronics and energy storage materials. This includes their innovative use in stretchable conductive composite and binders for anodes, addressing critical challenges in these fields. In this mini‐review, our focus is to highlight the current progress and potential wider applications in the future, underlining their transformative impact across various domains of material science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to develop encapsulation systems to maintain the preservation of everlasting (Helichrysum plicatum) flower extract polyphenols. Spray-dried encapsulates were formulated using β-cyclodextrin (BCD) and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) as supramolecular hosts, and their macromolecule mixtures with the conventional carriers, maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein (WP). The obtained microparticles were comparatively assessed regarding technological, physicochemical, and phytochemical properties. The highest yields were achieved by combining cyclodextrins with whey protein (73.96% for WP+BCD and 75.50% for WP+HPBCD compared to 62.48% of pure extract). The extract–carrier interactions and thermal stability were evaluated by FTIR and DSC analysis, suggesting successful entrapment within the carriers. Carriers reduced the particle diameter (3.99 to 4.86 μm compared to 6.49 μm of pure extract), classifying all encapsulates as microsystems. Carrier blends made the particle size distribution uniform, while SEM analysis revealed the production of more spherical and less aggregated particles. The HPBCD provided the highest encapsulation efficiency, with the highest content of detected aglycones and slightly lower values of their glycosylated forms. An analysis of the dual macromolecule encapsulation systems revealed the highest bioactive preservation potential for SHE+MD+BCD and SHE+WP+HPBCD. Overall, macromolecule combinations of cyclodextrins and conventional biopolymers in the spray-drying process can enhance the functional properties of H. plicatum extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]