Search

The anatomy of the internal male reproductive systems of 12 species of Melolonthinae (Phyllophaga, Chlaenobia, Macrodactylus, Isonychus), six species of Dynastinae (Cyclocephala), and three species of Rutelinae (Paranomala) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea) of Mexico are described. A total of 350 male specimens representing 21 species were collected. From each species, the reproductive systems were obtained by micro-dissection, placed in a liquid fixative, stained, and drawn to scale. The internal genitalia of each species was described and compared among the species examined. The reproductive system of the Melolonthinae species is comprised of two testicles, each with six follicles, two deferent ducts, two accessory glands, two glandular ducts, an ejaculatory duct, and the aedeagus (not described for any of the species examined). The number of testicular follicles per testicle is as reported in different species of other Scarabaeoidea subfamilies. The length of the accessory glands and the ejaculatory duct varies in the species studied. The ejaculatory bulb is present in all of the species of Dynastinae and Rutelinae examined but in only three species of Melolonthinae.

In this work, we provide morphological illustration and descriptions of the immature stages of the ectoparasitoid robber fly Mallophora ruficauda. Additionally, we studied the ecological aspects of its life cycle through the correlation between the morphology and function performed in each phase of the consumption of their host, the white grub Cyclocephala signaticollis. For the morphological description and quantification of length and width of the egg and larval instars I–II, images were used through optical and scanning electron microscopy. Individuals from larval instars III–V were weighed and measured with digital calibre directly. Finally, images were taken of the cephalic structures of the larval instars and through the use of image processing software we measured in each instar the size of cephalic structures. In addition, the changes in the width of cephalic capsule and the relative size of the maxillary palps and labrum with respect to the width of cephalic capsule were studied for each larval instar through GLMs, to relate the morphology of the cephalic structures with the function they perform. We found that the cephalic structures of the larva undergo changes when moulting to the next instar, according to their relationship with the host, matching with the stage of development where the processes of orientation to the host and attachment to its cuticle take place. These observations reveal, for the first time in a parasitoid asilid larva, the correlation between cephalic morphology and ecological function during the parasitism process and host use.

We report on the reproductive biology, pollinators, and thermogenesis of the widely distributed Araceae species, Xanthosoma striatipes. We analyzed the floral scent in one population and compared it to a previous study. Xanthosoma striatipes was studied at three sites in Brazil, São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Maranhão. The results showed constancy of the reproductive biology and main pollinator species across sites. The pollinators at all three sites sites were two species of cyclocephaline scarabs, Cyclocephala atricapilla and C. ohausiana. The scent composition of the strongly scented inflorescences of plants of a site in São Paulo differed from plants recently studied in Central Brazil. Of the 39 and 23 compounds detected, in the present and the previous study, respectively, only seven compounds, were in common. We discuss that the two main constituents identified in samples at both sites, the aromatic compound methyl salicylate and the terpenoid (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, alone seem to be sufficient for the attraction of the beetles. However, it is also possible that different compounds are involved in attracting the same beetle species to plants of the different populations.

The scarab beetle Cyclocephala panthera Dechambre, 1979, previously known from Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, is recorded from Colombia for the first time and redescribed. The redescription is provided with illustrations of the diagnostic characters and a map of the known distribution of the species.

The genus Cyclocephala Dejean (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) contains approximately 350 species and is found mainly in the Neotropical region. These species function in the cycling of organic matter, act as bioindicators of environmental quality, and some species are considered agricultural pests. This study attempted to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution and diversity of Cyclocephala species across five Brazilian biomes, and to understand the factors that influence their distribution. Climatic variables (temperature, humidity, and precipitation), spatial variables (latitude, longitude, and elevation), and the landscape composition around the sampling areas were evaluated. Insects were collected using light traps in areas of native vegetation in the Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Rainforest, Pampa, and Caatinga biomes. Sampling was carried out monthly from June 2015 to May 2016. A total of 5695 individuals across 38 species of Cyclocephala were collected, including five species recorded for the first time in Brazil. The Amazon biome contains the greatest species richness and abundance of Cyclocephala species among all studied biomes, with 73.68% of collected species being endemic to this biome. The richness and abundance of species in this genus were influenced by climatic factors, such as temperature (and its interactions with precipitation and relative humidity) and the interaction between precipitation and relative humidity, and by spatial factors, such as longitude, but not by the percentage of vegetation remaining in the landscape. Cyclocephala species showed seasonal abundances and aggregated distribution, which varied according to the climatic characteristics of each biome.

Cyclocephala ukuku Paz & Ratcliffe, new species (Figs. 1���6, 20���21) Type material: Holotype male labeled: ��� PERU, CU, RC / Machiguenga, Campto / Mapi, 35.5 Km O de Nuevo / Mundo, 741 m. 73�� / 28'30,46"/ 11��31'30,24", 13- / 18.i.2010 J. Grados ��� and with our red holotype label. Allotype female labeled: ��� PERU, CU. Zona de / amortiguamiento / Megantoni 12��34'18.6"S / 73��5'13.18"W 1708 m. / 27.ix.2010 M. Alvarado y / J. Peralta ��� and with our red allotype label. Two paratype males with same data as allotype. Holotype, allotype, and 1 paratype deposited in MUSM, and 1 paratype in BCRC. Description. Holotype, male. (Fig. 1). Length 18.5 mm; width 9.1 mm. Color dark reddish brown, shiny, except for black tarsomeres and black on posterior half of frons. Head: Frons and clypeus with punctures moderate in size and density, setigerous; setae minute, tawny. Clypeal apex broadly subtruncate, slightly reflexed. Interocular width equals 3.1 transverse eye diameters. Antenna with 10 antennomeres, club subequal in length to antennomeres 2���7. Pronotum: Surface similar to that of frons; setae short, tawny. Base lacking marginal bead. Elytra: Surface weakly punctate-striate, transversely wrinkled, punctures slightly larger and denser than those of pronotum, setigerous; setae short, tawny. Pygidium: Surface with large, dense, setigerous punctures; setae long, tawny. In lateral view, surface weakly convex. Legs: Protibia slender, tridentate, basal tooth reduced to a rounded prominence. Protarsomere 5 enlarged, slightly bent, venter concave; medial claw large, strongly bent, apex split (Fig. 5). Metatarsus slightly shorter than metatibia. Venter: Prosternal process long, columnar, apex obliquely flattened into transversely oval disc with transverse, elevated ���button��� on anterior half. Parameres: In caudal view, form elongate, subparallel, apices rounded (Fig. 3). In lateral view, basal piece subequal in length to parameres (Fig. 4). Allotype, female (Fig. 2). Length 19.3 mm; width across humeri 9.0 mm. As holotype except in the following respects: Elytra: Epipleuron (ventral view) gradually tapering beginning at level of abdominal sternite 2 (Fig. 6). In dorsal view, lateral margin simple, evenly rounded. Pygidium: In lateral view, surface weakly convex. Legs: Protibia distinctly tridentate. Protarsus simple, not enlarged. Variation. Males (2 paratypes). Length 18.0��� 19.5 mm; width 8.5���9.0 mm. The paratypes do not differ from the holotype except in size. Etymology. Cyclocephala ukuku is from Peruvian mythology and refers to a being from the mountains that is half bear and half human. The creature is known for being a dancer and guardian of the snowy mountains. This name should be treated as a noun in apposition. Distribution. 4 specimens examined (Fig. 20). PERU (4): CUSCO (4): Reserva Comunal Machiguenga, Campamento Mapi, 35.5 km W Nuevo Mundo (1); Zona de Amortiguamiento Megantoni (3). Temporal distribution. January (1), September (3). Diagnosis. Cyclocephala ukuku is characterized by a distinctive, shiny, dark reddish-brown color (Figs. 1���2); presence of small, abundant setae on the head, pronotum, and elytra; broadly subtruncate clypeus with a weakly emarginate apex; basal bead of the pronotum lacking; tridentate protibia; male large protarsal claw split at its apex (Fig. 5); and uniquely shaped parameres (Figs. 3���4). The female epipleuron is simple and gradually tapering (Fig. 6). Natural history. Specimens were collected at elevations of 741 m and 1708 m in pristine forest (Fig. 21), but nothing else is known of their life history., Published as part of Paz, Fernando, Ratcliffe, Brett C. & Figueroa, Luis, 2022, Three new species of Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from Amazonian Peru and a checklist of Cyclocephala species in Peru, pp. 427-440 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on pages 428-430, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5826858

Cyclocephala mateoi Paz & Ratcliffe, new species (Figs. 7���12, 20) Type material: Holotype male and allotype female labeled: ��� PERU, HU. Tingo Maria, / Campus UNAS / 9��18'44.7"S / 75��59'42.9"W / 693 m. ��� and with our red holotype and allotype labels. Holotype and allotype deposited in MUSM. Description. Holotype, male. (Fig. 7). Length 14.4 mm; width 6.6 mm. Color testaceous except for black frons and apices of tibial teeth. Head: Frons and clypeus with punctures moderate in size and density, glabrous. Clypeal apex subtruncate, slightly reflexed. Interocular width equals 3.0 transverse eye diameters. Antenna with 10 antennomeres, club subequal in length to antennomeres 2���7. Pronotum: Surface with small, sparse punctures. Base lacking marginal bead. Elytra: Surface weakly punctate-striate, punctures slightly larger than those of pronotum, glabrous. Pygidium: Disc with minute, sparse punctures; lateral angles with moderately large, dense punctures and partially rugose. In lateral view, surface convex. Legs: Protibia tridentate, basal tooth small, distant from middle tooth. Protarsomere 5 enlarged, slightly bent, venter concave; medial claw large, bent, apex split (Fig 11). Metatarsus slightly longer than metatibia. Venter: Prosternal process long, columnar, apex obliquely flattened into transversely oval disc with transverse, elevated ���button��� on anterior half. Parameres: In caudal view, form elongate, base subtriangular, shaft subparallel, lateral margins of each paramere slightly flared before rounded apex (Fig. 9). In lateral view, basal piece slightly longer than parameres (Fig. 10). Allotype, female (Fig. 8). Length 16.3 mm; width across humeri 7.4 mm. As holotype except in the following respects: Elytra: Epipleuron (ventral view) expanded at level of abdominal sternites 1���2 and then abruptly constricted with a subacute tooth at level of abdominal sternite 3 (Fig. 12). In dorsal view, lateral margin slightly expanded above sternite 3. Pygidium: In lateral view, surface weakly convex. Legs: Protarsus simple, not enlarged. Etymology. This new species is dedicated to Fernando Paz���s nephew, Mateo Causo Paz. Distribution. 2 specimens examined (Fig. 20). PERU (2): HU��NUCO (2): Campus of Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Tingo Mar��a. Temporal distribution. No data. Diagnosis: Cyclocephala mateoi is similar in gestalt to C. verticalis Burmeister, 1847. However, C. mateoi has a slightly more subtruncate clypeal apex while the clypeal apex of C. verticalis is more parabolic; the protibia has a small, basal tooth that is distant from the others in C. mateoi, but the protibal teeth in C. verticalis are all equally spaced; and the parameres are subtriangular at the base, subparallel, and flared before the apices (Fig. 9) while in C. verticalis the parameres are elongate-oval with a tuft of setae on the inner margin of each apex. The female epipleuron of C. mateoi is expanded at the level of abdominal sternites 1���2 and then abruptly constricted with a subacute tooth at the level of abdominal sternite 3 (Fig. 12), while the epipleuron of C. verticalis is simple and gradually tapering. Natural history. Cyclocephala mateoi specimens were collected at an elevation of 693 m., Published as part of Paz, Fernando, Ratcliffe, Brett C. & Figueroa, Luis, 2022, Three new species of Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) from Amazonian Peru and a checklist of Cyclocephala species in Peru, pp. 427-440 in Zootaxa 5087 (3) on pages 430-431, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5826858

Cyclocephala vulcanorum is described as a new species from the Refugio Los Volcanes in Santa Cruz de la Sierra Department in Bolivia. A description, a diagnosis separating the new species from similar species, illustrations, and a distribution map are provided.

The black species of the genus Cyclocephala Dejean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) from Colombia are reviewed. I define species groups based on the morphology of adults, re-describe those species occurring in Colombia, describe two new species (Cyclocephala santandereana new species and Cyclocephala arhuacana new species), list the species reported for Colombia, provide a key to identify groups and the species within each group, and present species distribution and life history data. This review includes the Cyclocephala cribrata species group previously defined with C. boucheri Dechambre, C. carbonaria Arrow, C. cribrata Burmeister, C. dechambrei Dupuis, C. boliviana Dechambre, C. dilatata (Prell), C. ergastuli Dechambre, C. latipennis Arrow, C. marqueti Dechambre, C. proxima Dechambre, C. rogerpauli Moore, Branham, & Cave, and C. variolosa Burmeister. The Cyclocephala fasciolata species group contains C. abrelata Ratcliffe & Cave, C. brevipennis Endrödi, C. fasciolata Bates, C. melane Bates, and Cyclocephala santandereana new species. The Cyclocephala ligyrina species group has C. arhuacana new species, C. dalensi Ponchel, C. dyscinetoides Dechambre, C. endroedyyoungai Endrödi, C. kaszabi Endrödi, C. ligyrina Bates, Cyclocephala nigerrima Bates, C. rufa Endrödi, and C. scarabaeina (Gyllenhal). Cyclocephala carinatipennis Martínez & Morón is proposed as a new junior synonym of C. rufa Endrödi. A larva of the Cyclocephala cribrata species group is described for the first time. An analysis of the characters of the adults and the described larva of the species group is performed to imply phylogenetic implications. New country records of C. dalensi and C. marqueti are recorded for Colombia.

The environmental unsustainability of African oil palm crops is a growing worldwide concern, and the macauba palm in tropical Southern America surges as the most viable substitute for the production of first‐generation biodiesel as a renewable fuel. Large‐scale cultivation of the macauba palm, however, is bound to suffer a major setback due to the fast emergence of a florivorous pest threat, Cyclocephala forsteri, a scarab beetle species that can severely reduce fruit yield. Like other congenerics, female and male C. forsteri are night‐foraging and driven in large numbers to macauba palm inflorescences by specific volatile organic compounds. In the present study, we assessed the kairomonal cues involved in this plant–florivore interaction and their potential application in selective pest management strategies. Headspace samples of the floral fragrance of macauba palms at our study site in Central Brazil were largely dominated by 4‐methylanisole (>97% relative amount), which along with the minor constituents 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine and 2‐sec‐butyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine triggered electroantennographic responses from both female and male C. forsteri. Field behavioural assays evidenced that beetles of this species were exclusively attracted to scented traps baited with 4‐methylanisole. Increased total scent discharge attained with an ultrasonic piezoelectric diffuser has positively influenced attractiveness efficiency of the trapping setup. 4‐Methylanisole is hereby identified as yet another volatile kairomone involved in highly selective attraction of potential pest florivorous cyclocephaline scarabs associated with economically exploitable palms and should be viewed as a key element in short‐term integrated management plans for the cultivation of the macauba palm in South America.

The wireworm, Melanotus communis (Gyllenhal), and the white grub, Cyclocephala parallela Casey, are important pests of Florida sugarcane. The objective of this study was to determine the orientation of fed and starved M. communis and C. parallela larvae to ethanol concentrations in soil. Tests were conducted in rectangular glass containers and circular aluminum containers containing sandy soil and marked off into zones with and without ethanol. Insects were held 48 h in containers and insect movement among zones recorded. At a high ethanol concentration (10 ml ethanol/860 cm3 soil), both species became comatose, negating any measurement of movement. However, at a low ethanol concentration (2.5 ml ethanol/860 cm3 soil), both species were attracted to ethanol in the soil.

International audience; In French Guiana, Philodendron fragrantissimum (Hook.) G.Don was specifically pollinated by a single species of night-active cyclocephaline scarab, Cyclocephala simulatrix Höhne. Its inflorescences exhibited short-lasting anthesis (~30h) and characteristic floral traits such as floral thermogenesis, edible/nutritious floral tissues, and profuse floral scent emission. Our insect exclusion experiments indicate that entomophilous cross-pollination is obligatory for P. fragrantissimum, with olfactory signalling playing a pivotal role in pollinator attraction.

In the study of the chemical communication of adults of the Melolonthidae family, bacteria have been observed in the epithelium of the genital chamber, possibly, bacteria are involved in the production of sex attractants in their hosts. Therefore, it is important to identify the volatile organic compounds from bacteria (VOCsB) released by these microorganisms and study the biological activity stimulated by VOBCs in adults of Melolonthidae. In this study, bacteria were isolated from the genital chamber of Cyclocephala lunulata and Cyclocephala barrerai, from which VOCsB were extracted using static headspace solid-phase microextraction (SHS-SPME) and dynamic headspace Super Q solid-phase extraction (DHS-SPE) and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The effect of VOCsB on the hosts and conspecifics was evaluated utilizing an olfactometer and electroantennography (EAG). Two species of Enterobacteria were isolated from the genital chamber of each female species, and VOCsB derived from sulfur-containing compounds, alcohols, esters, and fatty acids were identified. An attraction response was observed in olfactometry studies, and antennal responses to VOCsB were confirmed in EAG bioassays. With these results, new perspectives on the relationship between these beetles and their bacteria emerge, in addition to establishing a basis for management programs in the future.

Cyclocephala borealis Arrow, 1911 Ratcliffe 1991; Ratcliffe and Paulsen 2008; Evans 2014; Ratcliffe and Cave 2017; ISIC. Collection dates: June. Ratcliffe and Cave (2017), following a rather exhaustive survey of U.S. collections, did not include Iowa records. However, C. borealis does occur in neighboring counties in western Illinois indicating a possibility that the species might occur in eastern Iowa. Recently, one of us (ELF) discovered one specimen in the collection at Iowa State University. Specimen label data: Clinton, Clinton Co., Iowa, 14 June 1949, D. R. Nicholson, determined H. F. Howden 1953 (ISIC). Only one specimen from Iowa. County record: Clinton., Published as part of Freese, Edwin L., Veal, Doug A. & Lago, Paul K., 2020, The Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Iowa: An annotated checklist, pp. 1-83 in Insecta Mundi 2020 (787) on page 46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5353792, {"references":["Ratcliffe, B. C. 1991. The scarab beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 12: 1 - 333.","Ratcliffe, B. C., and M. J. Paulsen. 2008. The scarabaeoid beetles of Nebraska. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 22: 1 - 570.","Evans, A. V. 2014. Beetles of eastern North America. Princeton University Press; Princeton, NJ. 560 p.","Ratcliffe, B. C., and R. D. Cave. 2017. The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 30: 1 - 298."]}

Cyclocephala lurida Bland, 1863 Wickham 1911; Kriska and Young 2005; Ratcliffe and Cave 2017; ISIC; IWUC; DAVC; ELFC; PKLC. Collection dates: May–August, October. Attracted to light in large numbers in southern third of state becoming less common farther north. County records (Figure 170): Appanoose, Black Hawk, Boone, Bremer, Clarke, Dallas, Decatur, Delaware, Fremont, Hardin, Henry, Jefferson, Johnson, Lee, Linn, Louisa, Lucas, Muscatine, Page, Polk, Pottawattamie, Story, Taylor, Van Buren, Warren, Woodbury., Published as part of Freese, Edwin L., Veal, Doug A. & Lago, Paul K., 2020, The Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Iowa: An annotated checklist, pp. 1-83 in Insecta Mundi 2020 (787) on page 46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5353792, {"references":["Wickham, H. F. 1911. A list of the Coleoptera of Iowa. Bulletin of the State University of Iowa Laboratory of Natural History 6 (2): 1 - 40.","Kriska, N. L., and D. K. Young. 2005. New Wisconsin records for Cyclocephal lurida (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist 38 (3 - 4): 201 - 202.","Ratcliffe, B. C., and R. D. Cave. 2017. The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 30: 1 - 298."]}

Cyclocephala hirta LeConte, 1861 Ratcliffe and Cave 2017; ISIC. Collection dates: June. Specimen label data: Sioux City, Woodbury Co., Iowa, 27 June 1953 [2], Jean L. Laffoon, determined H. F. Howden 1953 (ISIC). Two specimens were reported from Sioux County by Ratcliffe and Cave (2017). County record: Woodbury., Published as part of Freese, Edwin L., Veal, Doug A. & Lago, Paul K., 2020, The Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera) of Iowa: An annotated checklist, pp. 1-83 in Insecta Mundi 2020 (787) on page 46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5353792, {"references":["Ratcliffe, B. C., and R. D. Cave. 2017. The dynastine scarab beetles of the United States and Canada (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae. Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 30: 1 - 298."]}

A common white grub species associated with a wide range of crops in Southern Brazil has been named as Cyclocephala flavipennis Arrow for over twenty years. This work aimed to revise the identity of this species based on the study of primary types, identified material collected in previous works and descriptions on literature. The confirmed name for this white grub from Southern Brazilian crops was fixed to C. signaticollis Burmeister, an important pest of several no-tilling crops in Argentina, Uruguay and also in Australia, where it was introduced and is widely established. Taxonomical remarks on adults and larvae are included, in conjunction with depicted images of diagnostic characters. The geographical distribution of C. flavipennis from Southern South America is disregarded. New strategies of pest management for C. signaticollis should be assessed in Southern Brazil taking into account all the background of knowledge on this species from the neighboring countries.

Cyclocephala marquezi Delgado and Mora-Aguilar, new species, from the tropical dry forest of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, is described and illustrated. Cyclocephala monzoni Ratcliffe and Cave is recorded for the first time from Mexico. New Mexican state records are reported for Ancognatha manca LeConte, Cyclocephala alexi Ratcliffe and Delgado, Cyclocephala barrerai Martinez, Cyclocephala berti Delgado, Cyclocephala concolor Burmeister, Cyclocephala discolor (Herbst), Cyclocephala halffteriana Martinez, Dyscinetus laevipunctatus Bates, and Stenocrates laevicollis Kirsch.

The speciose genus Cyclocephala Dejean (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini) has attracted research attention due to their diversity, agroeconomic importance, and floral visitation habits. Uniquely among Cyclocephala species, C. mafaffa Burmeister and C. deceptor (Casey), two nearly identical species, are diagnosed by a pronotal character: beaded or not beaded basal pronotal margin. We evaluated these morphological species hypotheses with a phylogenetic analysis of 12S and COI, neighbor-joining analysis, and several single-locus species delimitation procedures (automatic barcode gap analysis and three Poisson tree processes analyses). Together, these analyses supported the species concepts for C. deceptor and C. mafaffa. Delimitation procedures supported several distinct molecular operational taxonomic units among these taxa. We consider the separation of C. deceptor and C. mafaffa to be valid. We conservatively synonymize the West Indian subspecies C. mafaffa grandis Burmeister under C. mafaffa and offer a discussion on subspecific concepts in Cyclocephalini. We designate the lectotype of Stigmalia deficiens Casey. Implications of this study for other geographically widespread cyclocephalines or species with variable pronotal morphology are discussed.

Night-foraging cyclocephaline scarab beetles rely on floral structures of specific plant hosts for food and shelter, as well as mating sites. Although the role of floral fragrances as long-range attractants in these interactions has been elucidated, the mechanisms that mediate close-range mate discrimination in aggregations are still unclear. We recorded the mating-oriented behavior of male Cyclocephala distincta, focusing on the influence of contact signaling and movement over mate selection in a series of controlled bioassays. Roughly half of the males chose a conspecific female over another male, readily engaging in copulation upon initial contact. The remainder males required more experience, acquired through successive mounts on both females and males. Eventually, all focal males invested in copulation with females. When faced with the choice for a live or an inert conspecific female, male C. distincta preferred the former in 76% of cases, although we also recorded sexual investment on inert females (10% of cases). In paired experiments with an inert female or a male, nonetheless, focal males significantly opted for the opposite sex, and that included mating with the inert females. Innate characteristics of the females of C. distincta are evaluated by males synergistically, and not separately, in discriminating potential sexual partners.

Cyclocephalini beetles of the genus Cyclocephala (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) use flowers of some plants as food, shelter, and mating sites. However, little is known about floral scent chemistry involved in this interaction. Here we show that a sesquiterpene alcohol mediates attraction of Cyclocephala paraguayensis Arrow, on bottle gourd flowers, Lagenaria siceraria (Cucurbitaceae). Both males and females started to aggregate on the flowers at twilight; after that, mating began and remained for the entire night. GC-FID/EAD analysis of the L. siceraria floral scent collected in the field revealed that only the major constituent of the airborne volatiles elicited electroantennographic responses on male and female antennae of C. paraguayensis. This compound was identified as (3S,6E)-nerolidol, which was tested in two field trapping trials in Brazil. In the first bioassay, traps baited with nerolidol (mix of isomers) captured significantly more adult C. paraguayensis than control traps. In the second field trial, catches in traps baited with a mixture of isomers or enantiopure nerolidol were significantly higher than captures in control traps, but the treatments did not differ significantly. Analysis from the gut content of adult C. paraguayensis showed the presence of pollen, suggesting that they also use bottle gourd flowers for their nourishment. Taken together, these results suggest that (3S,6E)-nerolidol plays an essential role in the reproductive behavior of C. paraguayensis by eliciting aggregation, mating, and feeding.

Mating behavior and description of immature stages of Cyclocephala melanocephala (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae), identification key and remarks on known immatures of Cyclocephalini species. Some species of Cyclocephala Dejean, 1821 are regarded as rhizophagous crop pests and others as beneficial species. The objective of this work was to report the mating behavior and to describe the immature stages of C. melanocephala. The studies were developed at the Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul in Cassilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil. Adults were collected with a light trap from September to December 2014 and 2015 to carry out studies of mating behavior, breeding, and descriptions of immature stages. Copulation lasted 10.4 ± 4.3 min and took place from 19:00 to 24:00 h. Some females refused males for mating and moved away from them. Regarding flight period, adults were collected in larger quantities from 20:00 to 23:00 h. Identification keys to immatures of three genera of Cyclocephalini, including several Cyclocephala species are presented. Keywords: Flying activity, Morphology, Scarabaeoidea, Taxonomy, White grub

Annual crops or exotic trees for cellulose extraction have replaced natural grassland areas of the Brazilian Pampa biome. These activities have been intensified in recent years and may lead to changes in the white grub complex. The objective of this study was to characterize the diversity and abundance of white grubs in cultivated and natural grassland areas of the Brazilian Pampa biome. We conducted samplings in natural grassland and cultivated areas throughout 18 locations in the Brazilian Pampa. Diversity index and nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) were used to compare the Melolonthidae community within and between cultivated and natural grassland areas. Diloboderus abderus Sturm, Cyclocephala modesta Burmeister, and Plectris sp.5 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae) were the most abundant taxa, accounting for 49.08% of all white grubs collected from both land use types. Abundance, diversity, and evenness indices were greater in natural grassland than in cultivated areas. The NMDS demonstrated that natural grassland and cultivated areas share similar white grub species assemblages, with 22 species collected in both land use types. Our data suggest that most of the Melolonthidae species collected in the Brazilian Pampa are capable of persisting in cultivated areas. This is the first work characterizing the Melolonthidae community throughout the Brazilian Pampa, which is vital for implementing pest management tactics and conservation of beneficial species.

The increase in body temperature over that of the environment has been frequently reported in insects, in particular in relation with flight activity. Scarab beetles of the genus Cyclocephala living in tropical areas are known to exploit the heat produced by thermogenic plants, also producing heat by endothermy. Here, we report the first case of endothermy in a species of this genus living in a temperate region, Cyclocephala signaticollis. We characterised the phenomenon in this beetle using infrared thermography and exposing them to different thermal conditions. We evaluated the frequency of endothermic bouts, the nature of their periodic occurrence and their association with the activity cycles of the beetles. We found that endothermy occurs in both males and females in a cyclic fashion, at the beginning of the night, around 21:00 local time. The mean temperature increase was of 9 °C, and the mean duration of the bouts was 7 min. During endothermic bouts, the temperature of the thorax was on average 3.6 °C higher than that of the head and 4.8 °C above that of the abdomen. We found no differences between females and males in the maximum temperature attained and in the duration of the endothermy bouts. The activity period of the beetles extends throughout the whole night, with maximum activity between 22:00 and 23:00. By subjecting the beetles to different light regimes we were able to determine that the rhythm of endothermy is not controlled by the circadian system. Finally, we experimentally tested if by performing endothermy the scarabs try to reach a particular body temperature or if they invest a given amount of energy in heating up, instead. Our results indicate that at lower ambient temperature beetles show higher increase in body temperature, and that endothermy bouts last longer than at relatively higher ambient temperatures. We discuss our findings in relation to the ecology and behaviour of this beetle pest. Fil: Zermoglio, Paula Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Castelo, Marcela Karina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Lazzari, Claudio Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universite de Tours; Francia

Cyclocephaline scarab beetles represent the second largest tribe of the subfamily Dynastinae, and the group includes the most speciose genus of dynastines, Cyclocephala. The period following publication of Sebő Endrődi’s The Dynastinae of the World has seen a huge increase in research interest on cyclocephalines, and much of this research has not been synthesized. The objective of this catalog and bibliography is to compile an exhaustive list of taxa in Cyclocephalini. This paper provides an updated foundation for understanding the taxonomy and classification of 14 genera and over 500 species in the tribe. It discusses the history of cataloging dynastine species, clarifies issues surrounding the neotype designations in Endrődi’s revision of Cyclocephalini, synthesizes all published distribution data for cyclocephaline species, and increases accessibility to the voluminous literature on the group by providing an easily searchable bibliography for each species. We propose the nomen novum Cyclocephalarogerpauli, new replacement name, for C.nigra Dechambre.

Some species of Cyclocephala Dejean, 1821 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini) were reported as crop or pasture pests. Within this genus, Cyclocephla tucumana Brethes, 1904 was noticed in cultivated areas in South Brazil, 2009 − 2010. Other study found larvae of the species associated with pastures in Aquidauana, Mato Grasso do Sul State (MS), 2009. In the present study, larvae of C. tucumana were collected in pasture areas from August 2015 to July 2016, in Cassilândia, MS. The material was reared in laboratory for the description of immatures, and the regional population was studied to clarify its dynamics. Immatures were abundant throughout the years and are described for the first time. Taxonomic discussion, updated key to larvae and pupae, and a teratological note are also added.

�� Cyclocephala atricapilla Mannerheim, 1829 Cyclocephala atricapilla Mannerheim 1829: 53 (Brazil) Distribution. Brazil: Mannerheim 1829: 53; Arrow 1937b: 8; Blackwelder 1944: 251; Endr��di 1966a: 152, 1985a: 111, 145; Moore et al. 2018b: 147. Venezuela (EO): Ramirez 1992: 16 (as C. atricopilla [sic]) (EO); Moore et al. 2018b: 147 (EO). Other: Endr��di 1966a: 152 (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay), 1985a: 111 (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico, Paraguay), 145; Moore et al. 2018b: 147 (Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay). Note 1. Endr��di (1966a: 152, 1985a: 111, 145) records Cyclocephala atricapilla for Mexico, but according to Ratcliffe and Cave (2013: 596) this species is restricted to South America. Note 2. Ram��rez (1992: 16) records Cyclocephala atricapilla from the state of Bol��var in Venezuela, and this record is copied in Moore et al. (2018b: 147). We are unaware of any other records from Venezuela, the Guianas and northern Brazil, and consider the occurrence of this species in eastern Venezuela in need of confirmation., Published as part of Hielkema, Auke J. & Hielkema, Meindert A., 2019, An annotated checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) of the Guianas, pp. 1-306 in Insecta Mundi 732 (732) on page 163, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3678492, {"references":["Mannerheim, C. G. 1829. Description de quarante nouvelles especes de scarabeides du Bresil; avec figures. Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 7: 29 - 80. [Nouveaux Memoires de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou 1: 29 - 80.]","Arrow, G. J. 1937 b. Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae. p. 3 - 124. In: S. Schenkling. Coleopterorum Catalogus Pars 156. W. Junk; The Hague, Netherlands. 124 p.","Blackwelder, R. E. 1944. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 2. United States National Museum Bulletin 185 (2): 189 - 341.","Endrodi, S. 1966 a. Monographie der Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). 1. Teil. Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden 33: 1 - 457.","Endrodi, S. 1985 a. The Dynastinae of the world. Series Entomologica 28. Dr W. Junk; The Hague, Netherlands and Akademiai Kiado; Budapest. 800 p.","Moore, M. R., R. D. Cave, and M. A. Branham. 2018 b. Annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini). ZooKeys 745: 101 - 378.","Ramirez, N. 1992. Especificidad de los sistemas de polinizacion en una comunidad arbustiva de la Guayana venezolana. Ecotropicos 5 (1): 1 - 19.","Ratcliffe, B. C., R. D. Cave, and E. B. Cano. 2013. The dynastine scarab beetles of Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 27: 1 - 661."]}

Cyclocephala gravis H. W. Bates, 1888 Cyclocephala gravis H. W. Bates 1888: 308 (Venezuela, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama) Distribution. Guyana: Bodkin 1919: 215; Endr��di 1966a: 209; Maes 1994: 11; Moore et al. 2018b: 181. Suriname: Maes 1994: 11; Moore et al. 2018b: 181. French Guiana: Endr��di 1966a: 209; Maes 1994: 11; Duranton 2011: 13 (?); Moore et al. 2018b: 181. Brazil: Endr��di 1966a: 209; Maes 1994: 11; Ratcliffe 2003: 132; Moore et al. 2018b: 181. Venezuela: H. W. Bates 1888: 308; Arrow 1937b: 11; Blackwelder 1944: 251; Endr��di 1966a: 209; Maes 1994: 11; Moore et al. 2018b: 181. Other: H. W. Bates 1888: 308 (Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama); Arrow 1937b: 11 (Mexico); Blackwelder 1944: 251 (Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama); Endr��di 1966a: 209 (Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama), 1985a: 88, 125 (Bolivia���Mexico); Maes 1994: 11 (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama); Ratcliffe 2003: 132 (Brazil/Bolivia���Mexico); Ponchel 2011 (not mentioned); Dupuis 2016b (not mentioned); Moore et al. 2018b: 181 (Belize, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay). Note 1. Endr��di (1964: 457) describes Cyclocephala meinanderi. The species is reduced to an aberration of C. gravis in Endr��di (1967b: 90), and this is upheld in Endr��di (1985a: 88). Dechambre (1979c: 164) reinstates it as a valid species and explains this decision. Ratcliffe (B. Ratcliffe, pers. comm.) and Moore et al. (2018b: 181) still consider it a form of C. gravis. Note 2. As far as we know, Cyclocephala gravis is only reported for the research area by Bodkin (1919: 215) who records it for Guyana, by Endr��di (1966a: 209) who records it for Guyana and French Guiana, and by Maes (1994: 11) who appears to have copied a record for Suriname from an unknown source and mentions Guyana and French Guiana based on Endr��di (1966a) (and is in turn quoted by Moore et al. (2018b: 181)). Duranton (2011: 13) notes he saw no definite specimens from French Guiana, and the species is not mentioned in the checklists for French Guiana by Ponchel (2011) and Dupuis (2016b). We have not seen any specimens from Suriname, and because of the absence of any recent records from the research area, we consider its occurrence there in need of confirmation., Published as part of Hielkema, Auke J. & Hielkema, Meindert A., 2019, An annotated checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) of the Guianas, pp. 1-306 in Insecta Mundi 732 (732) on page 170, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3678492, {"references":["Bates, H. W. 1888. Insecta. Coleoptera. Vol. II. Part 2. Pectinicornia and Lamellicornia. p. 161 - 336. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana. Frederick Ducane Godman and Osbert Salvin; London. 432 p.","Bodkin, G. E. 1919. Notes on the Coleoptera of British Guiana. The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 55: 210 - 219.","Endrodi, S. 1966 a. Monographie der Dynastinae (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). 1. Teil. Entomologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde in Dresden 33: 1 - 457.","Maes, J. - M. 1994. Los Dynastinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) de Nicaragua. Revista Nicaraguense de Entomologia 30: 1 - 44.","Moore, M. R., R. D. Cave, and M. A. Branham. 2018 b. Annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini). ZooKeys 745: 101 - 378.","Duranton, M. 2011. Chorologie et ecologie des dynastides de Guyane francaise. Coleopteres, numero special 1: 1 - 31.","Ratcliffe, B. C. 2003. The dynastine scarab beetles of Costa Rica and Panama (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae). Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum 16: 1 - 506.","Arrow, G. J. 1937 b. Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae. p. 3 - 124. In: S. Schenkling. Coleopterorum Catalogus Pars 156. W. Junk; The Hague, Netherlands. 124 p.","Blackwelder, R. E. 1944. Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and South America. Part 2. United States National Museum Bulletin 185 (2): 189 - 341.","Ponchel, Y. 2011. Liste actualisee des Dynastinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Contribution a l'etude des Coleopteres de Guyane 4: 60 - 61. [Supplement au Bulletin de liaison d'ACOREP-France \" Le Coleopteriste \"].","Dupuis, F. 2016 b. Contribution a la connaissance des Dynastidae de Guyane. Modifications nomen- claturales, signalements nouveaux et actualisation de la liste des especes. Contribution a l'etude des coleopteres de Guyane 10: 101 - 111. [Supplement au Bulletin de liaison d'ACOREP-France \" Le Coleopteriste \"].","Endrodi, S. 1964. Eine Reihe von neuen Cyclocephala - Arten (Col., Melolonthidae, Dynastinae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica (N. S.) 17 (31): 433 - 470.","Endrodi, S. 1967 b. Erganzungen zu meiner Monographie der Dynastinae: Cyclocephalini (Coleoptera). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 13 (1 - 2): 83 - 91.","Endrodi, S. 1985 a. The Dynastinae of the world. Series Entomologica 28. Dr W. Junk; The Hague, Netherlands and Akademiai Kiado; Budapest. 800 p.","Dechambre, R. - P. 1979 c. Missions entomologiques en Guyane et au Bresil [Coleoptera Dynastidae]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.) 1 (4): 160 - 168."]}

Cyclocephala paraflora Mart��nez, 1978 Cyclocephala paraflora Mart��nez 1978: 12 (Brazil (NA)) Distribution. Guyana: Endr��di 1985a: 737. French Guiana: Dechambre 1979c: 165; Moore et al. 2018b: 226. Brazil (NA): Mart��nez 1978: 12 (NA); Dechambre 1979c: 165; Endr��di 1985a: 737; Moore et al. 2018b: 226 (NA). Other: Ponchel 2011 (not mentioned); Dupuis 2016b (not mentioned); Moore et al. 2018b: 226 (Colombia, Peru). Note. Cyclocephala paraflora is recorded as a new country record for French Guiana by Dechambre (1979c: 165). This record is repeated in Moore et al. (2018b: 226), but the species is not mentioned by Ponchel (2011) or Dupuis (2016b). We consider the presence of this species in French Guiana in need of confirmation., Published as part of Hielkema, Auke J. & Hielkema, Meindert A., 2019, An annotated checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) of the Guianas, pp. 1-306 in Insecta Mundi 732 (732) on page 177, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3678492, {"references":["Martinez, A. 1978. Algunos Cyclocephalini neotropicales nuevos (Col. Scarab. Dynastinae). Acta Cientifica, Serie Entomologia 12: 8 - 19.","Endrodi, S. 1985 a. The Dynastinae of the world. Series Entomologica 28. Dr W. Junk; The Hague, Netherlands and Akademiai Kiado; Budapest. 800 p.","Dechambre, R. - P. 1979 c. Missions entomologiques en Guyane et au Bresil [Coleoptera Dynastidae]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.) 1 (4): 160 - 168.","Moore, M. R., R. D. Cave, and M. A. Branham. 2018 b. Annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini). ZooKeys 745: 101 - 378.","Ponchel, Y. 2011. Liste actualisee des Dynastinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Contribution a l'etude des Coleopteres de Guyane 4: 60 - 61. [Supplement au Bulletin de liaison d'ACOREP-France \" Le Coleopteriste \"].","Dupuis, F. 2016 b. Contribution a la connaissance des Dynastidae de Guyane. Modifications nomen- claturales, signalements nouveaux et actualisation de la liste des especes. Contribution a l'etude des coleopteres de Guyane 10: 101 - 111. [Supplement au Bulletin de liaison d'ACOREP-France \" Le Coleopteriste \"]."]}

Cyclocephala similis Dechambre, 1980 Cyclocephala similis Dechambre 1980: 47 (French Guiana) Distribution. French Guiana: Dechambre 1980: 47; Endr��di 1985a: 734; Br��l�� et al. 2011a: 191; Duranton 2011: 15; Ponchel 2011: 60; Dupuis 2016b: 109; Moore et al. 2018b: 249., Published as part of Hielkema, Auke J. & Hielkema, Meindert A., 2019, An annotated checklist of the Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) of the Guianas, pp. 1-306 in Insecta Mundi 732 (732) on page 182, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3678492, {"references":["Dechambre, R. - P. 1980. Six nouvelles especes de Cyclocephala [Coleoptera, Dynastidae]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie (N. S.) 2 (1): 42 - 49.","Endrodi, S. 1985 a. The Dynastinae of the world. Series Entomologica 28. Dr W. Junk; The Hague, Netherlands and Akademiai Kiado; Budapest. 800 p.","Brule, S., J. Touroult, and P. - H. Dalens (coord.). 2011 a. Resultats de l'inventaire entomologique du site de Saut Parare, reserve des Nouragues (Guyane), 2009 - 2010. Rapport de la Societe entomologique Antilles-Guyane, SEAG, ONF. 120 p. + annexes.","Duranton, M. 2011. Chorologie et ecologie des dynastides de Guyane francaise. Coleopteres, numero special 1: 1 - 31.","Ponchel, Y. 2011. Liste actualisee des Dynastinae de Guyane (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). Contribution a l'etude des Coleopteres de Guyane 4: 60 - 61. [Supplement au Bulletin de liaison d'ACOREP-France \" Le Coleopteriste \"].","Dupuis, F. 2016 b. Contribution a la connaissance des Dynastidae de Guyane. Modifications nomen- claturales, signalements nouveaux et actualisation de la liste des especes. Contribution a l'etude des coleopteres de Guyane 10: 101 - 111. [Supplement au Bulletin de liaison d'ACOREP-France \" Le Coleopteriste \"].","Moore, M. R., R. D. Cave, and M. A. Branham. 2018 b. Annotated catalog and bibliography of the cyclocephaline scarab beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae, Cyclocephalini). ZooKeys 745: 101 - 378."]}