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Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings were cultivated in three types of lead (Pb)-contaminated soils with Pb concentration of 305 ± 17 mg/kg (T1), 1964 ± 59 mg/kg (T2) and 3502 ± 107 mg/kg (T3), respectively. The results showed that after 180 days of cultivation, the contents of exchangeable and carbonate-bound Pb fractions significantly decreased in T1 and T2, but increased in T3. The growth indices of C. paliurus seedlings decreased with increasing Pb concentration; however, no difference was found between that in T1 and in Pb-free soil. The Pb concentration in the roots was an order of magnitude higher than that in the stems and in the leaves. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) of the leaves was the lowest among the three tissues investigated, and decreased with the higher concentration of Pb in the soils. These results suggest that C. paliurus can be used as a sustainable and profitable plant for the phytomanagement of Pb-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) have fundamental roles in regulating floral organ formation and flowering time in flowering plants. In order to understand the function of MIKC-type MADS-box family genes in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, we first implemented a genome-wide analysis of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in C. paliurus. Here, the phylogenetic relationships, chromosome location, conserved motif, gene structure, promoter region, and gene expression profile were analyzed. The results showed that 45 MIKC-type MADS-box were divided into 14 subfamilies: BS (3), AGL12 (1), AP3-PI (3), MIKC* (3), AGL15 (3), SVP (5), AGL17 (2), AG (3), TM8 (1), AGL6 (2), SEP (5), AP1-FUL (6), SOC1 (7), and FLC (1). The 43 MIKC-type MADS-box genes were distributed unevenly in 14 chromosomes, but two members were mapped on unanchored scaffolds. Gene structures were varied in the same gene family or subfamily, but conserved motifs shared similar distributions and sequences. The element analysis in promoters’ regions revealed that MIKC-type MADS-box family genes were associated with light, phytohormone, and temperature responsiveness, which may play important roles in floral development and differentiation. The expression profile showed that most MIKC-type MADS-box genes were differentially expressed in six tissues (specifically expressed in floral buds), and the expression patterns were also visibly varied in the same subfamily. CpaF1st24796 and CpaF1st23405, belonging to AP3-PI and SEP subfamilies, exhibited the high expression levels in PA-M and PG-F, respectively, indicating their functions in presenting heterodichogamy. We further verified the MIKC-type MADS-box gene expression levels on the basis of transcriptome and qRT-PCR analysis. This study would provide a theoretical basis for classification, cloning, and regulation of flowering mechanism of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in C. paliurus.

Triterpenoids, known for their anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and hypoglycemic properties, are the major bioactive components in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja. Selecting elite individuals with high triterpenoids content is the basis of C. paliurus industry for medicinal use. In this study, seasonal variation patterns of total triterpenoids and five triterpene monomers accumulation for three groups with different total triterpenoid contents (TTC; H: 59.74–64.03 mg g−1; M: 47.66–57.08 mg g−1, and L: 35.26–42.22 mg g−1) were surveyed. Seasonal expression dynamics of 6 key genes relevant to triterpenoids biosynthesis, including HMGR , DXR , SQS , SE , LUS , and β-AS , were described by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) for three groups. The expression levels of HMGR , SE , LUS , and β-AS genes in group H were higher than in groups M and L. In addition, Pearson correlation analysis showed that they were significantly positively correlated with triterpene accumulation, and the expression level of SE gene not only was significantly correlated with downstream genes, but also exhibited a linear relationship with TTC, especially in September. These results suggest that SE gene could serve as an effective make for screening elite individuals with high TTC from the germplasm of C. paliurus for medicinal use. Further testing on randomly selected individuals in next September proved the feasibility and reliability of SE gene in assisted selection. Also, we successfully cloned the full-length cDNA of SE. Thus, our work provides an efficient way to attain superior genotypes to develop medicinal industry of C. paliurus in practice. • Triterpenoids content was correlated with HMGR , SE , LUS , and β-AS expression levels. • SE could act as an effective gene for selecting elite individuals. • The successful cloning of SE gene promoted the molecular breeding of C. paliurus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The C. paliurus polysaccharides could be effectively separated by ultrafiltration. [•] Four polysaccharide fractions were isolated by ultrafiltration membranes. [•] Its molecular weight distribution properties were elucidated by HPGPC. [•] The method is easy to scale up for polysaccharides preparation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] An easy and sensitive HPAEC-PAD method for monosaccharide determination is presented. [•] The method is simple, fast, accurate, sensitive and no need to derivatize the sample. [•] Good values of LOD, repeatability, reproducibility and recoveries are achieved. [•] This method was well validated and successfully applied to the sugar analysis of CPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The contents of 18 kinds of mineral elements in Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide samples were determined by ICP-AES. The limits of detection (LOD) of the method for 18 elements were in the range of 0.01–3.80mg/kg. The average recoveries obtained by the standard addition method were found between 94.34% and 105.69% (RSD, 1.01–4.23%). The results showed that C. paliurus polysaccharides were abundant in major and trace elements which are healthy for human body. The contents of Ca, Al, Mg, K, Fe, Mn and P were very high, ranging from 274.5±10.3 to 5980.0±102.7mg/kg, while the contents of Zn, Na, Se, Cr, Pb, Cu and As ranged from 0.9±0.1 to 37.1±4.2mg/kg. Finally, the levels of Ni, Cd, V and Co were not detected in the samples. ICP-AES is a simple, precise and efficient method for the determination of many mineral elements in polysaccharide samples simultaneously. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently, renewed interest has grown in the use of ultrasonic-assisted extraction as an alternative approach to the traditional extraction methods. In this study, this novel extraction method was used to isolate polysaccharides from Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, and response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimal conditions for the extraction of polysaccharides were determined to be the ratio of liquid to solid of 8, extraction time of 59min and extraction temperature of 58°C. Under these optimal conditions, the yield of polysaccharides obtained was 4.91±0.11%, which was well matched with the value predicted by the model. In vitro antioxidant assays showed that the polysaccharides exhibited strong DPPH radicals (92.09% at 0.25mg/ml) and self-oxidation of 1,2,3-phentriol (37.22% at 1mg/ml) scavenging activities, moderate hydroxyl radicals (43.18% at 1mg/ml) scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effect (31.66% at 1mg/ml). In addition, the polysaccharides showed moderate antimicrobial activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An advanced oxidation process, ultrasound/H2O2 oxidation was used for the decolorization of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja polysaccharides (CPP). The effects of main operating parameters including initial concentration of CPP solution, dosages of H2O2, temperature, pH and ultrasonic irradiation on the decolorization efficiency of CPP were investigated and the optimum operational conditions of the process were also evaluated. Furthermore, HPLC, Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) and NMR spectra methods were applied to analyze the components and structure changes of CPP. Results showed that ultrasound/H2O2 oxidation process represented good decolorizing ability on CPP. The optimum operational conditions were determined as follows: concentrations of the polysaccharide solution, 0.5mg/ml; H2O2, 0.623mM; temperature, 40°C; pH, 9.0. Under these conditions, the decolorization efficiency was reached to 84.1%. The results of HPLC, FT-IR and NMR analysis indicated that ultrasound/H2O2 oxidation process did not result in any significant change in the structure of CPP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A water-soluble polysaccharide was isolated from the water extract of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, which is a well-known native health tea in China. This polysaccharide was named as CPP-1. The molecular weight of CPP-1 was determined by high-performance gel permeation chromatography, with an average molecular weight of about 1167kDa. The analysis of monosaccharide composition in the polysaccharide by gas chromatography revealed that it was a heteropolysaccharide and consisted of d-xylose, l-arabinose, d-glucose, d-galactose, l-rhamnose and d-mannose in a molar ratio of 1.00:9.67:9.65:4.96:3.29:2.70. Furthermore, CPP-1 contains 8.44% of protein and 17 general amino acids, and it is rich in glutamic acid, asparagic acid, leucine, glycine, arginine, tyrosine and alanine. The antioxidant activity of CPP-1 was also evaluated. It was found that CPP-1 exerted significant scavenging effects on DPPH radicals with a value of around 91.4%, compared to the reference controls of BHT (91.2%) and ascorbic acid (98.9%) at a concentration of 400μg/ml, and with EC50 values of 52.3μg/ml. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) have fundamental roles in regulating floral organ formation and flowering time in flowering plants. In order to understand the function of MIKC-type MADS-box family genes in Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja, we first implemented a genome-wide analysis of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in C. paliurus. Here, the phylogenetic relationships, chromosome location, conserved motif, gene structure, promoter region, and gene expression profile were analyzed. The results showed that 45 MIKC-type MADS-box were divided into 14 subfamilies: BS (3), AGL12 (1), AP3-PI (3), MIKC* (3), AGL15 (3), SVP (5), AGL17 (2), AG (3), TM8 (1), AGL6 (2), SEP (5), AP1-FUL (6), SOC1 (7), and FLC (1). The 43 MIKC-type MADS-box genes were distributed unevenly in 14 chromosomes, but two members were mapped on unanchored scaffolds. Gene structures were varied in the same gene family or subfamily, but conserved motifs shared similar distributions and sequences. The element analysis in promoters' regions revealed that MIKC-type MADS-box family genes were associated with light, phytohormone, and temperature responsiveness, which may play important roles in floral development and differentiation. The expression profile showed that most MIKC-type MADS-box genes were differentially expressed in six tissues (specifically expressed in floral buds), and the expression patterns were also visibly varied in the same subfamily. CpaF1st24796 and CpaF1st23405, belonging to AP3-PI and SEP subfamilies, exhibited the high expression levels in PA-M and PG-F, respectively, indicating their functions in presenting heterodichogamy. We further verified the MIKC-type MADS-box gene expression levels on the basis of transcriptome and qRT-PCR analysis. This study would provide a theoretical basis for classification, cloning, and regulation of flowering mechanism of MIKC-type MADS-box genes in C. paliurus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]