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В статье проводится анализ фабулы рассказа английского писателя Х. Уолпола «Маленькое привидение» в соответствии с циклической моделью сюжетосложения. Последовательно выделяются: отправка главного героя в графство Глебесшир после смерти близкого друга; пребывание в старинном доме семьи Болдуинов в поисках тишины и уединения; счастливое возвращение в Лондон, знаменующее восстановление исходной ситуации. Основной этап циклической схемы гипертрофируется в кумулятивный сюжет испытаний, ключевыми элементами которого становятся столкновения героя с холодным рационализмом хозяев, стихийным волюнтаризмом детей и контактом с существом из потустороннего мира. Редуцированная кумулятивная схема испытаний реализуется и пределах сюжетной линии призрака, совмещающейся с линией героя, что обусловливает идентичность художественного итога произведения в отношении этих персонажей. Аналитическое исследование рассказа Х. Уолпола на основании универсальной фабульной схемы позволяет, с одной стороны, рассматривать его в русле готической традиции, с другой - полнее раскрыть его художественное своеобразие., The article analyzes the fabula of the story “The Little Ghost” by an English writer Hugh Walpole following the cyclical model of plot construction. The sequence of events is as follows: the main character setting off to the County of Glebesshire after the death of a close friend; his stay at the old house of the Baldwin family in search of peace and solitude; his happy return to London, marking the restoration of the original situation. The main stage of the cyclic scheme is hypertrophied into a cumulative plot of tests, the key elements of which being the hero's encounters with the cold rationalism of the owners and the spontaneous voluntarism of the children, as well as a contact with a creature from the other world. The reduced cumulative test scheme is also implemented within the ghost storyline, combined with the hero's line, which determines the identical artistic outcomes in relation to these characters of the story. Based on the universal fabula scheme, an analytical study of H. Walpole's story allows, on the one hand, to consider it in the context of the Gothic tradition and on the other hand – to reveal its artistic originality in full., Russian Linguistic Bulletin, Выпуск 2 (26) 2021, Pages 129-135

High ground-level ozone (GLO) concentrations will adversely affect human health, vegetations as well as the ecosystem. Therefore, continuous monitoring for GLO trends is a good practice to address issues related to air quality based on high concentrations of GLO. The purpose of this study is to introduce stationary and non-stationary model of extreme GLO. The method is applied to 25 selected stations in Peninsular Malaysia. The maximum daily GLO concentration data over 8 hours from year 2000 to 2016 are used. The factors of this distribution are anticipated using maximum likelihood estimation. A comparison between stationary (constant model) and non-stationary (linear and cyclic model) is performed using the likelihood ratio test (LRT). The LRT is based on the larger value of deviance statistics compared to a chi-square distribution providing the significance evidence to non-stationary model either there is linear trend or cyclic trend. The best fit model between selected models is tested by Akaike's Information Criterion. The results show that 25 stations conform to the non-stationary model either linear or cyclic model, with 14 stations showing significant improvement over the linear model in location parameter while 11 stations follow the cyclic model. This study is important to identify the trends of ozone phenomenon for better quality risk management.

Housing is one of the most dynamic markets in cities. However, low-income housing in Mexico, whose acquisition is subsidized by the public sector, does not behave the same and is in constant deficit. The objective of this research is to identify and project into the future the most important variables that intervene in the construction cycle of this type of housing in the Metropolitan Area of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. This is a prospective study that estimates possible future scenarios with specialized simulation software. The study variables were identified from the literature review and interviews with experts. Subsequently, these were projected for 20 years using a dynamic cyclical structure model. The results of the study show that the variable of greatest interference is the price per square meter of land, which rises in relation to its availability and increases the housing price. If this variable maintains its increasing trend, building affordable housing in the study area will not be feasible in the next five years. If, on the other hand, the availability of land is increased by 35%, the trend in the price of land will decrease by 10% and that of housing by 5%, increasing its affordability. This situation demands public policies that promote access to affordable land for the construction of inexpensive housing for underprivileged strata of the population., La vivienda es uno de los mercados más dinámicos en las ciudades. Sin embargo, la vivienda de interés social en México, cuya producción y adquisición es subsidiada por el sector público no se comporta igual y presenta déficits constantes. Esta investigación tiene por objetivo el identificar y proyectar a futuro las variables de mayor injerencia en el ciclo de construcción de este tipo de vivienda en la Zona Metropolitana de San Luis Potosí, México. Este es un estudio prospectivo en el que se utilizó software especializado de simulación para estimar posibles escenarios futuros. Las variables de estudio fueron identificadas a partir de la revisión literaria y de entrevistas con expertos en el tema. Posteriormente, estas fueron proyectadas a 20 años mediante un modelo dinámico de estructura cíclica. Los resultados del estudio muestran que la variable de mayor injerencia es el precio por metro cuadrado de terreno, que se eleva en relación a su disponibilidad y a la vez incrementa el precio de la vivienda. Si esta variable mantiene su tendencia incremental, construir vivienda de interés social en el área de estudio no será factible en los próximos cinco años. Si, por el contrario, se incrementa la disponibilidad del suelo en un 35%, la tendencia del precio de la tierra decrecería un 10% y el de la vivienda un 5%, incrementando su asequibilidad. Esta situación demanda políticas públicas que promuevan el acceso al suelo asequible para la construcción de vivienda económica para estratos desfavorecidos de la población.

Some of the current concrete damage plasticity models in the literature employ a single damage variable for both the tension and compression regimes, while a few more advanced models employ two damage variables. Models with a single variable have an inherent difficulty in accounting for the damage accrued due to tensile and compressive actions in appropriately different manners, and their mutual dependencies. In the current models that adopt two damage variables, the independence of these damage variables during cyclic loading results in the failure to capture the effects of tensile damage on the compressive behavior of concrete and vice-versa. This study presents a cyclic model established by extending an existing monotonic constitutive model. The model describes the cyclic behavior of concrete under multiaxial loading conditions and considers the influence of tensile/compressive damage on the compressive/tensile response. The proposed model, dubbed the enhanced concrete damage plasticity model (ECDPM), is an extension of an existing model that combines the theories of classical plasticity and continuum damage mechanics. Unlike most prior studies on models in the same category, the performance of the proposed ECDPM is evaluated using experimental data on concrete specimens at the material level obtained under cyclic multiaxial loading conditions including uniaxial tension and confined compression. The performance of the model is observed to be satisfactory. Furthermore, the superiority of ECDPM over three previously proposed constitutive models is demonstrated through comparisons with the results of a uniaxial tension-compression test and a virtual test.

In the past three decades, several experiments were conducted to investigate the seismic behavior of composite plate shear walls (C-PSW) because of their advantages to conventional reinforced concrete (RC) and steel plate shear walls (SPSW). Numerical studies, however, are limited due to the complexities for the finite element modeling of the steel and concrete material behaviors and their composite action. Herein, the cyclic behavior of various C-PSW with and without boundary elements (BE) is investigated numerically. The effects of design parameters such as aspect ratio, axial load ratio, and the length of the BE on the response of C-PSW are investigated. The advanced finite element software LS-DYNA is utilized to develop the cyclic model of C-PSW. The LS-DYNA model is validated using the available experimental data in the literature. Numerical analyses indicate that the‌‌ BE has a significant impact on the stiffness, strength, and energy absorption of C-PSW especially in high aspect ratio walls. A simplified method is proposed to estimate the peak shear strength of C-PSW with BE using the results of the numerical and experimental study.

During the last few years, the growth of mobile data service users has increased, followed by stagnant usage and even tends to decline. The challenge that mobile telecommunications operators face is increasing revenue in a situation of intense competition in the mature telecommunications industry market. It takes customers systematically, through ordering, behavior based on the suitability of technology that functions to meet user’s needs. Thus, Mobile Network Operator (MNO) provides user satisfaction scores, thereby increasing use and loyalty to the MNO it has chosen. This study aims to cyclically analyze the decision to choose an operator in shaping evaluation use behavior to create loyalty and continued use. In this study, quantitative data was carried out through a survey of 250 respondents and data analysis using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings in this study are: (1) The decision to choose MNO affects usage behavior and vice versa (2) The decision to choose MNO influences user evaluation and vice versa; (3) Usage behavior influences user evaluation. The results of this study can enrich the literature with theoretical contributions related to the concept of behavior in organizations, especially the telecommunications industry. Besides, it can assist mobile operators in designing usage behavior.

The scarcity in availability of suitable land and the associated huge costs for construction of deep and large foundations supporting tall superstructures have compelled engineers across the globe to resort to numerous ground improvement techniques to improve the subsoil properties. With the emphasis on sustainable construction practices and waste management techniques gaining attention worldwide, research towards the same to alleviate engineering problems has witnessed a surge. Therefore, the use of industrial, common and construction wastes for enhancement of structural properties in fresh construction is being studied widely. Similarly, utilizing shredded waste tire chips as reinforcement in soil has shown promising results. In the present study, cyclic model footing load tests are performed on square footing supported by a sand bed reinforced with randomly distributed waste tire chips in a square tank. Various intensities of cyclic loads (loading, unloading, and reloading) are applied on the model footing and subsequently, the elastic rebound of the footing corresponding to each intensity of loading and the pattern of variation of the coefficient of elastic uniform compression (Cu) of reinforced sand are assessed. The influence of different percentages of tire chips (5–40%) is analyzed by randomly mixing them in the soil medium at 70% equivalent relative density for a depth of up to the width of the footing. The results indicate that tire chip addition can significantly improve the bearing capacity as well as the coefficient of elastic uniform compression and this improvement can further be enhanced on an increase in the percentage of reinforcement (improvement of up to 50% is observed).

The current research work aims to investigate the seismic performance of the reinforced concrete structures fully, as well as, partially infilled with masonry infill (MI) walls. For that, a numerical study of three groups of two-dimensional framed structure has been conducted under dynamic time–history analysis. The three building groups are classified as nine, six and three stories representing high-rise building, medium-rise building, and low-rise building, respectively. Different infill walls’ configurations have been studied for each group to simulate the bare frame, the infilled frame, the open ground story frame, and the partially opened ground story frame. Double-strut nonlinear cyclic model for MI walls has been utilized to represent nonlinear behavior of infill walls in the framed structures using the structural software package SeismoStruct software. Dynamic time–history analysis, using three different ground motion records to represent wide range of frequency content, has been utilized to study the performance of the studied cases under seismic loading conditions. Based on the obtained results, the seismic performance of the framed structures is strongly influenced after using the infill walls. However, removing the MI walls from the ground story leads to soft story phenomena and makes the structures vulnerable to collapse especially in moderate-to-severe earthquakes.

Predicting the cyclic response of soils is still challenging in many geotechnical applications. In this area, the continual efforts on the constitutive modelling of cyclic sand behaviour demand new and reliable dataset for model validation – even more so for loading conditions involving numerous loading cycles (‘high-cyclic’ loading). This paper concerns the recent memory-enhanced bounding surface formulation by Liu et al. as a suitable platform to reproduce the high-cyclic response of sands. New evidence of its suitability is provided based on the recent dataset published by Park and Santamarina, comprising the results of high-cyclic oedometer tests at varying initial/loading conditions. Model simulations show satisfactory agreement with experimental data, and prove the ability of the model to predict ‘terminal densities’ under confined cyclic compression.

Most existing stress-strain models for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete are applicable to monotonic loading or complete cyclic loading where unloading/reloading is a continuous process between envelope curve and zero stress. However, load cycling is mostly incomplete or partial in practical problems where reverse of loading occurs before the previous load cycle is completed, and this unloading and reloading process is random. Cyclic model allowing for random partial load cycling is rare, if any, due to the lack of experimental data, and the insufficient understanding on the behavior of confined concrete under partial cyclic loading. In this study, FRP confined concrete cylinders were tested under six typical cyclic load patterns. The test results reveal that the partial cyclic stress-strain behavior is different from that under full cyclic loading. The key parameters determining unloading/reloading curves, such as reloading modulus, plastic strain, and tangent unloading modulus are related to loading history and axial stress level. It is found that the key parameters will change, or accumulative damage to concrete will occur, only under certain condition which is defined as effective partial cyclic loading in this work. A simple method is proposed to define the effective partial cyclic loading. Based on an existing complete cyclic model, a stress-strain model for FRP confined concrete under random partial cyclic loading is developed in this work. The proposed model performs well under different load patterns.

The road base and subbase materials are normally situated in unsaturated conditions, and are subject to traffic loadings over a long period of time. To study the influences of matric suction on the long-term deformation of road base and subbase materials, the large-scale cyclic tri-axial apparatus, equipped with unsaturated system, was adopted to conduct tests on these unsaturated coarse granular materials. Four matric suction and three cyclic stress amplitudes were applied on the specimens through the apparatus. The axis-translation technique was used to control the matric suction in the specimen. The test results indicate that with the increase of matric suction, the axial accumulated strain decreases at the declining rate, and larger cyclic stress amplitude will strengthen the influence of matric suction. An improved cyclic model containing a new exponential function to describe the influence of matric suction was then proposed. By comparing the experimental results and the calculated results, the improved model was validated to be effective to predict the long-term deformation of unsaturated granular soils.

Seabed soil may experience a reduction in strength or even liquefaction when subjected to cyclic loadings exerted by offshore structures and environmental loadings such as ocean waves and earthquakes. A reasonable and robust constitutive soil model is indispensable for accurate assessment of such structure–seabed interactions in marine environments. In this paper, a new constitutive model is proposed by enriching subloading surface theory with a fractional-order plastic flow rule and multiple hardening rules. A detailed validation of both stress- and strain-controlled undrained cyclic test results of medium-dense Karlsruhe fine sand is provided to demonstrate the robustness of the present constitutive model to capture the non-associativity and cyclic mobility of sandy soils. The new fractional cyclic model is then implemented into a finite element code based on a two-phase field theory via a user subroutine, and a numerical case study on the response of seabed soils around a submarine pipeline under cyclic wave loadings is presented to highlight the practical applications of this model in structure–seabed interactions.

The seismic evaluation and retrofit of reinforced concrete (RC) structures considering masonry infills is the correct methodology because the infill walls are an essential part of RC structures and increase the stiffness and strength of structures in seismically active areas. A three-dimensional four-storey building with masonry infills has been analyzed with nonlinear static adaptive pushover analysis by using the SeismoStruct software. Two models have been considered in this study: the first model is a full RC-infilled frame and the second model is an open ground storey RC-infilled frame. The infill walls have been modeled as a double strut nonlinear cyclic model. In this study, the “material strain limit approach” is first time used for the seismic evaluation of RC buildings with masonry infills. This method is based on the threshold strain limit of concrete and steel to identify the actual damage scenarios of the structural members of RC structures. The two models of the four-storey RC building have been retrofitted with local and global strengthening techniques (RC-jacketing method and incorporation of infills) as per the requirements of the structure to evaluate their effect on the response reduction factor (R) because the R-factor is an important design tool that shows the level of inelasticity in a structure. A significant increase in the response reduction factor (R) and structural plan density (SPD) has been observed in the case of the open ground storey RC-infilled frame after the retrofit. Thus, this paper aims to present a most effective way for the seismic evaluation and retrofit of any reinforced concrete structure through the material strain limit approach.

In this paper, we develop a new dynamic model of optimal investments in R&amp, D and manufacturing for a technological leader competing with a large number of identical followers on the market of a technological product. The model is formulated in the form of the infinite time horizon stochastic optimization problem. The evolution of new generations of the product is treated as a Poisson-type cyclic stochastic process. The technology spillovers effect acts as a driving force of technological change. We show that the original probabilistic problem that the leader is faced with can be reduced to a deterministic one. This result makes it possible to perform analytical studies and numerical calculations. Numerical simulations and economic interpretations are presented as well.

We investigate the post-bounce background dynamics in a certain class of single bounce scenarios studied in the literature, in which the cosmic bounce is driven by a scalar field with negative exponential potential such as the ekpyrotic potential. We show that those models can actually lead to cyclic evolutions with repeated bounces. These cyclic evolutions, however, do not account for the currently observed late-time accelerated expansion and hence are not cosmologically viable. In this respect we consider a new kind of cyclic model proposed recently and derive some cosmological constraints on this model., 26 pages, 15 figures. Significantly revised and accepted version for JHEP

In order to mitigate the seismic risk of existing RC frame structures not designed with seismic criteria, a widespread strengthening strategy is based on increasing strength and ductility of RC columns by means of Fiber Reinforced Polymer wrapping. The existing models for RC cross-sections wrapped by FRP sheets were developed principally considering pure axial loads with uniform confinement pressure. In seismic areas, RC columns are instead usually subjected to axial load and cyclic bending. In the present work, in order to consider the effective loading conditions, an iterative cyclic model for square RC cross-sections wrapped by composite FRP sheets subjected to axial force and cyclic bending is proposed. The model considers the strain gradient-effect over the cross-section due to the bending loads that change significantly the confinement level of RC cross-section. Moreover, the model has been validated by comparing the numerical outcomes with various cyclic experimental results. The model has been also implemented in an open-source software with distributed plasticity finite elements in order to perform pushover analyses of an existing RC frame structure with different retrofitting strategies to improve the ductility of the columns for lateral forces.

Актуальность исследуемой проблемы обусловлена необходимостью преодолеть разрыв между стремительным ростом индустрии электронных средств обучения и недостаточным дидактическим обоснованием их использования в процессе обучения. Цель данной статьи выявить параметры для построения технологической модели смешанного обучения для организации учебной деятельности обучающихся с использованием электронных средств обучения. В исследовании применен общенаучный системный подход, в соответствии с которым обучение рассматривается как сложная динамическая многоуровневая система, а также дидактический подход технологического проектирования и моделирования образовательных систем. Анализ зарубежной и отечественной литературы показал, что существующие технологические модели смешанного обучения основаны на соотношении онлайн-обучения дома и «лицом к лицу» в классе, причем параметры моделей жестко привязаны друг к другу, что ограничивает дидактические возможности применения таких моделей. На основе анализа сущностных характеристик смешанного обучения предложена цикличная модель смешанного обучения, разработанная в русле технологического подхода. Цикличная модель состоит из трех компонентов: 1. Целевой компонент: (1) ознакомление с материалом; (2) его отработка; (3) контроль сформированности знаний, умений и навыков. 2. Средства обучения (электронные или не электронные. 3. Место обучения (в учебном заведении или вне его). Три составляющие целевого компонента отражают логику учебного процесса и образуют один цикл. Циклы следуют друг за другом непрерывно по восходящей спирали. Две составляющие из второго и третьего компонентов цикличной модели могут комбинироваться между собой в любых сочетаниях и свободно применяться на любом из трех этапов цикла. Модели присущи такие характеристики, как целенаправленность, последовательность, вариативность и гибкость. На ее основе можно построить разнообразные варианты обучения для учебной группы в целом, сочетая компоненты в зависимости от конкретной дидактической задачи, состава группы, обеспеченности образовательного учреждения электронными средствами и других условий обучения. Кроме того, цикличная модель может служить инструментом для построения индивидуальных образовательных маршрутов отдельных обучающихся. Модель носит общепедагогический характер и может быть применена в преподавании любой дисциплины.

Large rupture strain (LRS) fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) composites with an elongation greater than 5% offer an attractive solution for seismic strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) columns. For a quick and reliable design of LRS FRP-strengthened RC columns, this paper presents a simplified plasticity damage model for LRS FRP-confined concrete under cyclic axial compression. This model consists of two parts: (a) a recent monotonic LRS FRP-confined concrete model developed by the authors’ group as an envelope curve and (b) a simplified linear plasticity damage cyclic rule for predicting unloading and reloading paths. To solve the cyclic model deviation induced by concrete softening under a large axial strain, a pseudo-plastic strain was proposed, based on which the damage degradation of FRP-confined concrete can be quantified. The model comparisons show that although the proposed model sacrificed some precision when directly applied for the cyclic axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined concrete, it can give similarly accurate predictions as a complex model does for the behavior of conventional or LRS FRP-jacketed RC columns under a combined axial load and cyclic lateral load. Thus, this simplified plasticity damage model serves as a promising basic model for simulation of the seismic performance of FRP-strengthened structures.

The majority of existing cyclic stress–strain models for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete are applicable only to cases where post-peak strain hardening occurs. Cyclic model catering for strain softening is rare due to the lack of sufficient experimental data. Recent experimental tests on FRP-confined concrete cylinders involving strain-softening have identified new factors that have a significant effect on the cyclic behavior. Through an analytical study, a newly defined parameter, the effective confinement rigidity, is found to be a key factor governing the cyclic softening and hardening. By including the additional key factors and using the latest database with more strain-softening cyclic stress–strain curves, a stress–strain model of FRP-confined concrete subjected to cyclic loading considering both post-peak hardening and softening is proposed. Compared with the existing models, the proposed model can predict the cyclic behavior of FRP-confined concrete with better accuracy.

Tourist decision studies focus on modeling decision-making behaviors, conceptualizing phases in decision making, and influential factors. Incorporating behavioral and choice-set model strategies, the current study proposes a generalizable cyclic model of tourist decision-making processes with a structure of repeatable behavioral stages integrated with relevant consideration sets. A “decision-making threshold” and “information loop limit” are introduced to control how and when the decision-making process starts or ends. The proposed model makes it possible to represent different decision-making styles by capturing the dynamic repetition of behavioral stages and the revision of consideration sets. The integration allows a novel approach for analyzing the formation of final decisions resulting from decision makers’ limited subjective evaluations and for studying decision rules as the combinations of “evaluation rule” and “information loop limit.” Practical implications and measures are provided for tourism practitioners to better understand and influence potential consumers. Future research questions are also suggested.

Lateral response of reinforced concrete (RC) columns can be modeled and simulated considering three displacement components: flexural displacement, displacement due to slippage of longitudinal bars at column ends, and shear displacement. The incorporation of shear displacement in a computational model is essential for accurate calculation of lateral load–displacement relationship. The contribution of shear displacement can be significant for RC columns with low displacement capacity or ductility. An easy-to-apply shear displacement model is proposed in this study, and implemented in the open source software, OpenSees. The proposed model is based on a pre-defined envelope or monotonic model and does not require updating of modeling parameters during each cycle. The model is validated using experimental data. New rules are developed for the cyclic model to capture the effects of cracking and change in stiffness and strength during the loading and unloading cycles. Comparison of the calculated and measured shear displacements indicates that the cyclic shear response can be captured by the proposed model.

Buckling of steel reinforcement usually causes a sudden loss of the load-carrying capacity and the ultimate state of conventional reinforced concrete (RC) cylinders. However, reinforcing bars behave differently in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-confined RC cylinders due to the lateral confinement effect of FRP. This paper presents a theoretical study into the buckling behavior of longitudinal steel reinforcing bars embedded in FRP-confined concrete subjected to cyclic axial compression. An empirical monotonic compressive stress-strain model considering the buckling effects proposed previously for laterally supported reinforcing bars is extended to a cyclic model by combining the monotonic envelope and the Menegotto-Pinto model accounting for the cyclic loops. The cyclic stress-strain models for both laterally supported reinforcing bars and FRP-confined plain concrete are then implemented into the OpenSees software platform and validated through comparisons with compressive test results on cyclically loaded FRP-confined plain and RC cylinders. The proposed cyclic stress-strain model for laterally supported reinforcing bars is expected to serve as a fundamental model for predicting the seismic behavior of FRP-strengthened RC cylinders with widely-spaced transverse ties under cyclic axial compression, in which case the local buckling of reinforcing bars usually occurs between two adjacent transverse ties.

The present paper embraces mainly the three-year period of 1966 to 1968 when the invariant integral of fracture mechanics appeared and became popular, and the last two years of 2015 to 2016 when the neoclassic cosmology based on the invariant integral came up. A mention is given to the previous works of Euler, Cauchy, Maxwell, Nother, Gunther and Eshelby who dealt with invariant integrals in mathematics, hydrodynamics, electrodynamics, and the theory of dislocations. A brief review is given of the creation of the invariant integral of fracture mechanics under static and dynamic conditions for a solid continuum including elastic, plastic and viscoelastic materials, as well as of some of its most important applications, ramifications and generalizations for other physical fields. The initial phase of the expansion and revolution of the large-scale universe is studied in the framework of the neoclassic approach, including the Big Bang and the Dark Energy; it is shown that the spheroidal shape of the universe assumed at the Big Bang retains its eccentricity constant in the initial phase. The assumption of a superphoton as a primordial universe was analyzed.