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This article is devoted to the assessment of the country’s sustainable cyberspace strategy by comparing the cyber security strategies of those countries that are economically developed and use advanced information and communication technologies. Based on the components of the National Cyber Security Index, a calculation was made for 10 countries, which made it possible to monitor the effectiveness of their cyber strategies and identify their shortcomings. The calculation is made for the years 2018 and 2021. During this period, no significant critical changes form abnormal indicators, but it is possible to reflect a particular trend. Application of the PROMETHEE method (I and II) and the formation of net flows, determination of importance and comparison of alternatives allowed to carry out an in-depth analysis of various aspects of cyber security, such as protection measures, response to cyber threats and general resistance to cyber-attacks. It is determined that Belgium and Lithuania are the most resistant to threats from cyber-attacks and in the fight against money laundering among the countries considered, as they are rapidly developing and implementing new measures. Their indicators increased by 0.1 values in 2021 compared to 2018. According to the calculations, Great Britain is the most conservative in implementing certain strategies, and its indicators remained at the level of 0-0.2 according to various criteria for the years studied. Most countries improve their indicators by a total of 0.2 values, which reflects their development. Ukraine tends to decrease some indicators by 0.1 value; some are at the same level. The regulatory framework's introduction rate in the cyber security field increases. It shows that Ukraine has many rapidly changing risks, but is trying to achieve flexibility in responding to them. The research findings identify each country’s cybersecurity strengths and weaknesses, as well as potential risks and vulnerabilities. Thanks to this analysis, recommendations are made for developing and implementing effective cyber security strategies, both at the national and international levels. The study contributes to the understanding of the complexity of modern cyber threats. It emphasizes the need for continuous improvement and adaptation of protection measures to ensure the stability and security of financial and information systems in a global digital environment.

This article is devoted to the assessment of the country's sustainable cyberspace strategy by comparing the cyber security strategies of those countries that are economically developed and use advanced information and communication technologies. Based on the components of the National Cyber Security Index, a calculation was made for 10 countries, which made it possible to monitor the effectiveness of their cyber strategies and identify their shortcomings. The calculation is made for the years 2018 and 2021. During this period, no significant critical changes form abnormal indicators, but it is possible to reflect a particular trend. Application of the PROMETHEE method (I and II) and the formation of net flows, determination of importance and comparison of alternatives allowed to carry out an in-depth analysis of various aspects of cyber security, such as protection measures, response to cyber threats and general resistance to cyber-attacks. It is determined that Belgium and Lithuania are the most resistant to threats from cyber-attacks and in the fight against money laundering among the countries considered, as they are rapidly developing and implementing new measures. Their indicators increased by 0.1 values in 2021 compared to 2018. According to the calculations, Great Britain is the most conservative in implementing certain strategies, and its indicators remained at the level of 0-0.2 according to various criteria for the years studied. Most countries improve their indicators by a total of 0.2 values, which reflects their development. Ukraine tends to decrease some indicators by 0.1 value; some are at the same level. The regulatory framework's introduction rate in the cyber security field increases. It shows that Ukraine has many rapidly changing risks, but is trying to achieve flexibility in responding to them. The research findings identify each country's cybersecurity strengths and weaknesses, as well as potential risks and vulnerabilities. Thanks to this analysis, recommendations are made for developing and implementing effective cyber security strategies, both at the national and international levels. The study contributes to the understanding of the complexity of modern cyber threats. It emphasizes the need for continuous improvement and adaptation of protection measures to ensure the stability and security of financial and information systems in a global digital environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyses the penal protection of electronic payment cards from forgery through a linguistic and virtual description of the notion of electronic payment cards. In addition to identifying the types of these cards, such as the credit card, the ATM card, and the debit card, the research also dealt with the offence of forgery of electronic payment cards by defining forgery and its forms, showing the jurisprudential difference in the application of the traditional forgery provisions in the Penal Law on Electronic Forgery, and also the Jordanian judiciary viewpoint regarding this topic through its judgments. The research concluded that the offence of forging electronic payment cards is based on the availability of three elements: the material element related to conduct based on changing the truth, the moral element, which is public and private intentions, and the necessity of the availability of the harm element. Also, the research came out with a recommendation that the Jordanian legislator should intervene in determining the bond or manuscript that may be exposed to forgery and determining its types and all its methods, in addition to developing texts for the definition of electronic payment cards, regulating its rules, and increasing its legal protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated cyber crimes and social media addictions: the role of perceived usage of conversational GPT-4 AI model among residents in Makurdi Nigeria. The cross-sectional survey design was used among 200 participants using the latest conversational GPT-4 AI model in their phones using the convenience sampling techniques. Hypothesis one results revealed there is a statistically significant between the usage of the conversational GPT-4 AI model and the incidence of cyber crime [R = .255, R2 = .065, [F (1,189) = 13.223, P< .01]. Hypothesis two showed that the baseline usage of the conversational GPT-4 AI model significantly predicts increase in social media addictions [R = .434, R2 = .188, [F (5,195) = 24.147, P

In the last few years' online transactions have amplified manifold due to covid pandemic as work from home was the norm of the day. In the present times, it is gradually turning into hybrid mode for some of the organisations. It has increased the opportunities for criminals leading to increase in number of cyber-crime cases. It is a necessity to curb the same. The awareness campaigns about precautions and measures to be taken for safer plus secure online transactions are run by banks and financial institutes but the numbers of cyber-crime cases are still on the upswing. The aim of the current study is to do spatial and temporal analyse of cyber-crime cases plus motives behind them. The secondary data was collected and spatial and temporal analysis are done. It will help to understand the areas where the cyber-crime cases are widespread and their correlated areas in India. The outcomes will help the authorities and companies to accordingly take measures to bring down the numbers of cyber-crime cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous research studies have highlighted the exponential growth of malware attacks worldwide, posing a significant threat to society. Cybercriminals are becoming increasingly merciless and show no signs of pity towards individuals or organizations. It is evident that cyber criminals will stop at nothing to gain unauthorized access to confidential information. To effectively combat malware attacks, strict cyber laws are necessary, and the use of malware is punishable in many countries. However, the literature has not addressed whether these penalties create deterrence or not. This research article has addressed this gap. In this study, the effectiveness of criminal laws related to malware-related crimes in various jurisdictions was analyzed using the doctrinal research methodology. The cyber laws of the USA, UK, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and China were examined to determine whether the penalties imposed for these crimes are appropriate given the severity of the harm caused. The study concludes that malware penalties should take into account the creation or use of malicious code, targeting individuals or organizations, and the magnitude of consequences, regardless of whether mens rea is present or not.

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Telling 'lies' is human and that is what we learnt when we recited the poem 'Johny Johny' in our childhood. But one must guard against the 'Harmful Lies'. Deepfakes is a synthetic reality Technology, which falls within the category of Artificial Intelligence's synthetic media. This is basically an audio or visual clipping in a digital form which is an amalgamation of various synthetic pieces of information groomed electronically to produce a new informational artefact for a deceptive reality). The diffusion of the technology is swifter and easily accessible to both sophisticated and unsophisticated users. Deepfakes aren't scary like the physical crimes, but they become scary once the loss or damage has been suffered. Deepfakes is a very advanced stage of Generative Artificial intelligence, which self improves and works on the artificially formed cognitive abilities Of the neural networks. The conditioning Of an image or video to an extent that it imitates the voice, facial and behavioral pattern can be catastrophic for the law enforcement agencies. The emerging trends in artificial intelligence and ever-growing emergent technologies must be both ethically and legally regulated, before the world is taken over by the illusions, unreal and the unspoken truths. The paper is descriptive and analytical in nature, providing a conceptual overview and intriguing concepts that may require the attention Of the policymakers, practitioners and the law enforcement agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-border cyber-financial offenses significantly challenge law enforcement, particularly in developing nations like Indonesia. As a result of their impact on the economy, society, and financial sector, forensic techniques are necessary for their investigation and prosecution. This study investigates the role of forensic techniques in prosecuting transnational cyber financial offenses in Indonesia. It discusses the legal foundation for digital forensic investigations, the police's role, and the challenges they present. Using a qualitative approach, this study investigated Forensic Techniques and Cross-Border Cyber-Financial Crimes by conducting an exhaustive search of relevant scholarly publications, such as academic journals, reports, and books, using multiple academic databases and evaluating the studies based on their relevance and quality. This study demonstrates that forensic techniques are essential for combating transnational cyber-financial offenses in Indonesia. Law enforcement must have a legal background and proficiency in digital forensic investigations, from evidence collection to court presentation. However, law enforcement officials encounter obstacles such as inadequate resources, training, and international cooperation. This study highlights the importance of employing forensic techniques to combat transnational cyber financial offenses in Indonesia. It emphasizes the significance of law enforcement agencies possessing a legal foundation, expertise in digital forensics investigations, and the role of police and law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The predicted expansion of international law ultimately resulted in the imposition on States of several and far reaching obligations to criminalise certain offences, in order to, inter alia, uniform States' criminal law framework to the maximum extent possible. The aim of the special issue is to provide a forum to discuss the many and multifaceted aspects connected to obligations of domestic criminalisation, using Italy as a case study. The special issue is divided in three sections, addressing, respectively, broad issues of general application, Italy's implementation of obligations to criminalise conducts amounting to international crimes, and further ambits of analysis (i.e. gender based violence, cyber crimes against minors and corruption). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the topic of rising cybercrime in the age of COVID-19. Various dimensions related to cybercrime such as rise in internet usage for remote activities, victimization and the aftermath of such crimes upon individuals and large corporations as well as the cyber security measures that lead to the identification of the contributing factors behind the rising rate of cybercrime. Qualitative research methodology has been adopted in this regard for the comprehensive analysis of secondary resources. Few secondary thematic analyses are provided here in this study to discuss and analyze the ratio of cybercrimes perfectly during COVID-19 pandemic situation. Few recommendations have been made regarding further investment in the cybercrime department and awareness raising programs for the prevention of cybercrime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of human activities complexity, Willy-nilly any change in present world would have impacts and outcomes. In such a way that with invention of new device, besides its correct and legal usage there is always the possibility of its misusing. In this regard, law science as a justice support and pro-creator of harmony in human society, would cover whatever which has a little blemish to this harmony and would try to remove or prevent it’s bad effects.Cyber context which caused by scientific and industrial advancements in recent century is not exempted from this and has entered negative and positive effects in human life which makes it’s necessity of study unavoidable. Hereupon, criminal politicians, jurists and criminologists have entered to this context and with definition of cyber crimes, prediction of it’s corresponded punishments and doing security and precautionary plans toward the dangers of this context, training and advertising people about destructive outcomes of cyber context do their main duties in this ground, which study on quality and dimension of this function is necessary. This study aimed at investigate the nature of cyber context and communication instruments, definition, history, characteristics and its classification. Possible dangers and globalization of contrast with cyber crimes were points which discussed as results. Also, it was given suggestions as mode used for criminal politicians of Iran to contrast and prevent cyber crimes which is expected be regarded by jurists, criminologists and users.

With the expansion of advanced technologies, the crime becomes various and diverse. Many of the previous laws and procedures for dealing with the crime seem inefficient. One of the most important instances of advanced technology is cyberspace and it's related tools and items such as computers, smart phones and social networks. Every day in cyberspace, much crime happens that a great number of it is committed against spiritual dignity of individuals. Some instances of crime such as insult, defamation and dissemination of cyber false information occasionally destroy spiritual dignity of individuals more in comparison with crime in real life, since in cyberspace the speed and scope of spreading any news in extremely high. Also dignity can be resorted and spiritual damage inflicted to individuals can be compensated in real atmosphere, while, such a possibility does not exist in cyberspace. In fact, the current laws don't allow resorting dignity of individuals from cybercrimes and commitment of any crime against spiritual dignity of individuals should be prevented by taking a proactive approach and citizenship training's. Why, given the challenges of cyberspace and its intrinsic properties, if criminal content against spiritual dignity of individuals to be published in cyberspace, the possibility of rehabilitation and compensation for moral damages are not fully existed.

The computer and network are utilized each and every aspect of humans wherein the internet gives equal opportunities for every aspect of human development. As the client of the internet becomes progressively differing and the scope of online communication extends, there is development in the digital violations for example break of online agreements, execution of online torts and violations, and so forth. The development of computer technology has many times proved that individuals and some groups in the country are using computer technology to threaten international governments and citizens of a country. This research paper clarifies the different types of cyber crime descriptively and particularly analyze cyber crimes against the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of computer and network systems in recent years, there has also been a corresponding increase in cyber-crime. Cyber crime takes many forms and has garnered much attention in the media, making information security a more urgent and important priority. With the advances in information technology (IT) criminals are using cyberspace to commit numerous cyber crimes. Cyber infrastructures are highly vulnerable to intrusions and other threats. Physical devices and human intervention are not sufficient for monitoring and protection of these infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digitization of the audit files is considered to be completely normal. The development and automation of company processes should be similar for audit companies. Massive hacking attacks have caused serious losses to the public interests. The abuse of weaknesses in controls allows numbers of crimes to be committed. That is why the Information Technology (IT) audit is being modified into a cyber audit. The application of this type of audit contributes to the increased security of banks and any industry that is dependent on IT technologies. These processes also affect financial information. Increasing cybersecurity by auditors and performing some additional procedures can minimize some risks. In this regard, legislative initiatives are also needed to improve cybersecurity in the Republic of Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to understand the facts that led to the late and inadequate updating of the Brazilian Penal Code when dealing with Internet cybercrimes and the lack of ne Criminal Laws regulating this crime. To reach these objectives, we intend to analyze the historical context of the cybercrimes, from the beginning to the present days, which we will also appreciate the current legislation that cover this subject, in addition to understanding the need for an universal union to combat those types of crimes, basing on the objectives and results of the 2001 Cybercrimes Convention and it’s innovative importance to the modern world. To reach those objectives, the present article is based on the inductive method, carried out by theoretical bases, with a bibliographical survey of books, articles and specialized websites, and in the jurisprudence and legislative analysis of the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988.With a qualitative approach, trying to explain why it is necessary for society to have an extension of criminal law for the criminalization and regulation of virtual crimes in order to understand the reason for this urgency and how an international agreement to combat virtual crime would be beneficial to the modern society. It is concluded that to assure Internet users security in this new way of communication, it is necessary the State intervention in the virtual technologic.

The internet is a source of mass communication all over the world. Cyber-crime is the most complicated and latest problem in the cyber world. The purpose of this paper is to determine the percentage of how many people exactly know what cyber-crime is, how many people get involved in cyber-crime without knowing that it is a crime, how many users have been victim on Face book because of account hacking. Moreso it aims to evaluate the impact on the users. In this paper after a brief introduction of information technology, cyber crimes, methods, categories of cyber criminals and prevention through government laws and policies, personal efforts in the perspective of Quran and Hadith and impact of cyber crimes on the users of the Face book. Quantitative methodology is adopted to determine the purpose of the paper for primary data. Qualitative methodology is adopted for the prevention for secondary data. 100 Face book users were selected randomly for Questionnaire and an online survey was done to collect data. Pie charts and percentages are used to display the results. The findings disclose that majority of respondents don’t know the correct definition of cyber crime and they are not even aware about the laws and punishments for cyber criminals set by the government. Results also indicates that majority of respondents care about the religious values and they don’t misuse others’ private information. Government laws and punishments are discussed and offered some suggestions by the authors.

Although the digital era allows us to understand irregular human behaviours, jurisprudence attempts to organize and adapt those behaviours into societal rules and regulations. In the frame of technological improvements, knowledge which is used, collected, stored, protected by technical, economic and social fields have been moved onto electronic environments. Information Technology (IT) law plays a very important role to legalize data, information and knowledge within the digital platforms. At this point, Lege Lata (positive law) has a strong relationship between the problems which occurs within the digital era and providing opportunities to prevent regulations for a long time in society. IT law includes specific topics which are directly relevant to some fields such as copyrights, trademarks, criminal sanctions, etc. within the Internet environment. Although most of the countries have already constituted IT Laws in order to solve the digital problems and to prevent or reduce cybercrimes, North Cyprus IT Law improvements are still constitution stage because of some bureaucratic reasons and have seen as a hugely problematic issue for solving the digital problems in the country. For this reason, this study briefly attempts to investigate the constitution of IT Law in North Cyprus. Specifically, IT Law in the context of adaptation process to EU countries will be considered according to rules and regulations of EU IT Law from the two perspectives, called common law and civil law. Literature review will be used by this research to understand whether there are similarities between Turkey-EU countries and North Cyprus based on IT Law and cybercrime or not. The findings which will be relying on literature review will be discussed as a county case studies in the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cybercrime is a bigger risk now than ever. Illegal activities conducted by cyber fraudsters and criminals using electronic means such as computers, mobiles and other network devices are genus of crimes which are transitional in nature compare to traditional crimes. Cyber criminals use a number of methods depending on their skills set and their goals and objectives. The rapid growth in cybercrimes is the main concern for financial institutions in the 21st century and the need to protect the cyberspace is becoming more critical than ever before. The word 'Cyber Crime' covers a range of crimes that are conducted virtually using any source of internet and electronic device. This includes sending or spreading virus programs, hacking and cracking, spam emails, phishing and obtaining unauthorized access to other computers to steal financial information. This research paper deals with the issues of cybercrimes and discusses how cybercrime activities effects the growth of the business sectors especially in the region of Gulf Countries Council (GCC). The data of the research is collected through survey questionnaire from employees of banking sectors and from general public and discussion is formed on how security measures could be further strengthened to improve the level of online banking security as well as the business growth in GCC. The importance of additional security devices to enhance the levels of security of online banking is also discussed. The research findings shows that cybercrime is one of the important issues that should be properly tackled by the banking and financial industry in GCC as the effects of cybercrimes are more than the financial integrity of financial institutions and other organizations. More security measures should be adopted for the purpose of secure online banking environment and also for the growth of business sectors. For the purpose recommendations are made at the end of the research. Further, for appropriate measurements to be implemented, organizations must understand the effects of cybercrimes. Financial organizations must be aware of online threats and must take into consideration all those measures that can help in improving the awareness of individuals in regard of security and to maintain sustainable financial business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prerequisite for the study was a significant increase during a pandemic in the number of cyber crimes against property, caused by forced isolation, a reduction in the use of cash and an expansion of the scope of computer technology when concluding civil transactions. Purpose of the study: to identify trends in the criminalization of cyber crimes against property in foreign and Russian criminal law. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used: general scientific – analysis, synthesis, generalization, special scientific – statistical, formal logical, comparative legal, content analysis, the method of expert assessments. The results of the work were the classification of cyber crimes against property, the novelty is the definition of the most common type of these crimes – fraud, the identification of the growth of its individual forms during a pandemic. The issues related to the observed expansion of the scope of application of the liability for fraud, both in international law and in the national legislation of individual states, which are no longer limited to such traditional methods of committing it as deception and breach of trust. Cyber crimes in the Russian criminal legislation are investigated in their relation to crimes against property, recommendations are given for further optimization of the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. In Russia, as in the rest of the world, during the period of the pandemic, an increase was recorded in crimes against property committed remotely, in relation to non-cash funds, using bank cards. When committing such acts, computer information, electronic data and programs are used as a method or means of committing them, which allows them to be classified as cyber crimes. Previously, cyber crimes were considered separately from traditional socially dangerous encroachments, but the massive use of information technology in the commission of certain types of crimes (in particular, crimes against property) requires a new approach to their description in national legislation.

Numerous research studies have highlighted the exponential growth of malware attacks worldwide, posing a significant threat to society. Cybercriminals are becoming increasingly merciless and show no signs of pity towards individuals or organizations. It is evident that cyber criminals will stop at nothing to gain unauthorized access to confidential information. To effectively combat malware attacks, strict cyber laws are necessary, and the use of malware is punishable in many countries. However, the literature has not addressed whether these penalties create deterrence or not. This research article has addressed this gap. In this study, the effectiveness of criminal laws related to malware-related crimes in various jurisdictions was analyzed using the doctrinal research methodology. The cyber laws of the USA, UK, Ethiopia, Pakistan, and China were examined to determine whether the penalties imposed for these crimes are appropriate given the severity of the harm caused. The study concludes that malware penalties should take into account the creation or use of malicious code, targeting individuals or organizations, and the magnitude of consequences, regardless of whether mens rea is present or not., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Malware is an application that is harmful to your forensic information. Basically, malware analyses is the process of analysing the behaviours of malicious code and then create signatures to detect and defend against it.Malware, such as Trojan horse, Worms and Spyware severely threatens the forensic security. This research observed that although malware and its variants may vary a lot from content signatures, they share some behaviour features at a higher level which are more precise in revealing the real intent of malware. This paper investigates the various techniques of malware behaviour extraction and analysis. In addition, we discuss the implications of malware analysis tools for malware detection based on various techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventionally, every individual's personal data is been digitalized but as the digital theft could arise from hackers residing anywhere in the world, there is a need of huge improvement towards the security of an electronic data. Nowadays, in order to make the existing security system more robust and secure the research work is abundantly increasing day by day. The extra data/information we share which is confidential, greater is the risk of us falling to a data/information breach that is intentionally or unintentionally sharing of personal details to the unauthorized third parties. Now the hackers being intelligent and able to crack the currently available encryption methods, hence the scope for building uncrackable codes is more. This paper tries to summarize the view of top cybercrimes and different assets of Classical, Quantum and Post quantum cryptography to magnify the security of existing system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a machine learning application to identify mobile phone users suspected of involvement in criminal activities. The application characterizes the behavioral patterns of suspect users versus non-suspect users based on usage metadata such as call duration, call distribution, interaction time preferences and text-to-call ratios while avoiding any access to the content of calls or messages. The application is based on targeted Bayesian network learning method. It generates a graphical network that can be used by domain experts to gain intuitive insights about the key features that can help identify suspect users. The method enables experts to manage the trade-off between model complexity and accuracy using information theory metrics. Unlike other graphical Bayesian classifiers, the proposed application accomplishes the task required of a security company, namely an accurate suspect identification rate (recall) of at least 50% with no more than a 1% false identification rate. The targeted Bayesian network learning method is also used for additional tasks such as anomaly detection, distinction between “relevant” and “irrelevant” anomalies, and for associating anonymous telephone numbers with existing users by matching behavioral patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas is the property of Revista Brasileira de Politicas Publicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)