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Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) yield has plateaued due to reduction in rainfall and rise in temperature. Therefore, its production cycle could not get appropriate water and temperature. It becomes important to standardize the sowing time and plant spacing of cluster beans in changing climate scenarios to get higher productivity. Therefore, a field study was conducted in 2019 at the Research area of MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan to evaluate the effect of four sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) and three plant spacings (10, 12 and 15 cm) on crop growth, yield, and physiological functions of cluster bean genotype BR-2017 under split plot arrangement under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The sowing times (15th May, 1st June, 15th June, and 1st July) were placed in the main plot, while plant spacing (10, 12 and 15 cm) was maintained in subplots. The significant effect of sowing time and plant spacing was observed on pod plant-1, pod length, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight. Results showed that 1st June sowing performed better over 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July, while plant spacing 15 cm about in all sowing times showed higher results on growth and yield parameters of cluster bean over plant spacing 10, 12, and 15 cm. The 1st June sowing time at 15 cm plant spacing showed 8.0, 22.7, and 28.5% higher grains pod-1 than 15th May, 15th June, and 1st July sowing, respectively. Maximum grain yield was observed on 1st June in all three spacings (10, 12, and 15 cm). The chord diagram indicates that the crop has received optimum environmental conditions when sown 1st June over other sowing times. In conclusion, 1st June sowing with 15 cm plant spacing could be a good option to achieve maximum productivity of cluster bean under changing climate scenario.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-04T21:46:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-04-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:23:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1983-40632018000200163.pdf: 287442 bytes, checksum: 5b7fdce67a2feaf5b33354449d340292 (MD5) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is commonly grown in arid lands, because of its high drought-tolerance. However, soil compaction may be a limiting factor to its growth. This study aimed to evaluate the guar growth, according to the soil penetration resistance (0.20 MPa, 0.33 MPa, 0.50 MPa, 0.93 MPa and 1.77 MPa, in a layer with depth between 0.15 m and 0.20 m), in a Rhodic Acrudox soil. The shoot and root dry mass, root length by the Q(1/2 )index (mechanical soil penetration resistance in which the root growth is reduced by 50 %) and root diameter were evaluated. The impairment of the guar shoot growth begins when the penetration resistance is greater than around 1 MPa. The soil compaction alters the distribution of guar roots in the soil profile, concentrating them in the 0.15 m layer, but it does not prevent roots from penetrating this layer and developing in depth. The root diameter increases in the compacted layer. A soil penetration resistance of up to 1.77 MPa does not influence the root length density below the compacted layer, as well as the total root length density of guar. Although the guar Q(1/2) index is greater than 1.58, the shoot and root dry mass are impaired. Univ Estadual Oeste Parana, Cascavel, PR, Brazil Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Agr, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Agr, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2014/10656-3 FAPESP: 2016/14323-4

Background Guar is an economic crop due to guar gum which is extracted from seeds and is used in several industries such as food, ink, plastics, pharmaceutical industry, and cosmetics. It can also be used as a cover crop, animal feed, and green manure. l-Tryptophan (l-β-3-indolylalanine) is a precursor of auxin which regulates plant growth and development. Nicotinamide is known as the amide form of vitamin B3. It is a constituent of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes involved in many enzymatic oxidation-reduction reactions in cells. L-Tryptophan and nicotinamide are used in this study in order to improve guar growth, yield, and chemical constituents of seeds. Results The highest records of plant height and fresh and dry weights of leaves were recorded for plants treated with 300 mg/l nicotinamide followed by foliar treatment with 300 mg/l tryptophan. Fresh and dry weights of stems, number of pods/plant, fresh and dry weights of pods, pods yield, seeds yield, and straw yield followed the same trend. Total protein in guar seeds was significantly increased due to foliar treatment with tryptophan, especially in plants treated with 300 mg/l tryptophan, followed by plants treated with 300 mg/l nicotinamide. Total carbohydrates (mg/g dry wt.), total soluble sugars (mg/g dry wt.), total insoluble sugars (mg/g dry wt.), proline (μmol/g dry wt.), and total phenolic compounds (mg/g dry wt.) in the leaves followed the same trend. Conclusion It could be concluded that guar growth and yield are maximized with foliar treatment with nicotinamide (300 mg/l). Also, chemical constituents of seeds improved with nicotinamide and tryptophan treatments (each at 300 mg/l).

Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is commonly grown in arid lands, because of its high drought-tolerance. However, soil compaction may be a limiting factor to its growth. This study aimed to evaluate the guar growth, according to the soil penetration resistance (0.20 MPa, 0.33 MPa, 0.50 MPa, 0.93 MPa and 1.77 MPa, in a layer with depth between 0.15 m and 0.20 m), in a Rhodic Acrudox soil. The shoot and root dry mass, root length by the Q1/2 index (mechanical soil penetration resistance in which the root growth is reduced by 50 %) and root diameter were evaluated. The impairment of the guar shoot growth begins when the penetration resistance is greater than around 1 MPa. The soil compaction alters the distribution of guar roots in the soil profile, concentrating them in the 0.15 m layer, but it does not prevent roots from penetrating this layer and developing in depth. The root diameter increases in the compacted layer. A soil penetration resistance of up to 1.77 MPa does not influence the root length density below the compacted layer, as well as the total root length density of guar. Although the guar Q1/2 index is greater than 1.58, the shoot and root dry mass are impaired. RESUMO O guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) é comumente cultivado em terras áridas, por ser altamente tolerante à seca. No entanto, a compactação do solo pode ser um fator limitante ao seu cultivo. Objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento de guar, em função da resistência do solo à penetração (0,20 Mpa; 0,33 Mpa; 0,50 Mpa; 0,93 Mpa; e 1,77 Mpa, em camada com profundidade entre 0,15 m e 0,20 m), em Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico. Avaliaram-se a massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, o comprimento radicular a partir do índice Q1/2 (resistência mecânica do solo à penetração na qual o crescimento radicular é reduzido à metade) e o diâmetro radicular. O crescimento da parte aérea de guar começa a ser prejudicado por resistência superior a cerca de 1 MPa. A compactação do solo altera a distribuição das raízes de guar no perfil do solo, concentrando-as na camada de 0,15 m, mas não impede que as raízes penetrem nessa camada e se desenvolvam em profundidade. O diâmetro de raiz aumenta na camada compactada. A resistência à penetração no solo de até 1,77 MPa não influencia na densidade de comprimento radicular abaixo da camada compactada, bem como na densidade de comprimento radicular total de guar. Embora o índice Q1/2 de guar seja superior a 1,58, a massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz são prejudicadas.