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Indonesia is an archipelagic country with two continents and an ocean, where it produces abundant marine products and the second largest marine source in the world, such as cuttlefish. Besides, it was for food, cuttlefish also produced shells as waste. Actually, this waste has been used for animal feed but in small scale. Others are still waste and cause pollution if not handled properly. Cuttlefish shell waste (CSW) is the basic ingredient for making hydroxyapatite (HA), while it was the main bone compound. Meanwhile, HA demand in the market is very high due to bone defects. The novelty of the research was to fulfil the increasing need for HA at low price and prevent air, water, and soil pollution by using circular economic principles (reused), and it has economic value. Synthesis HA was used microwave hydrothermal method. The CSW and coral were obtained from the pet market in Yogyakarta. They were crushed and calcined to the temperature of 900oC to obtain calcium oxide (CaO). Then, CaO was synthesized by microwave hydrothermal to obtain HA powder. Synthetic HA was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The Ca/P ratio of HA CSW and coral are 1.7 and 1.87, respectively. Moreover, coral HA has higher crystallinity than CSW (48%). The TGA shows that the highest weight loss occurred in HA CSW (16.57%). The conclusion is that both CSW and coral are raw materials used to produce HA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis in the English Channel recently developed two life cycles: annual (spawning 1 y.o.) and biennial (spawning 2 y.o.) instead of the biennial strategy known before, associated with increasing environmental temperatures in recent decades because of climate changes. Both groups differ in the size of mature animals (110–196 mm mantle length vs. 140–262 mm) and the number of chambers in the cuttlebone (60–97 in annual vs. 93–152 in biennial). The annual group represented some 15%–20% of the population, and the proportion of early spawners increased during the reproductive period, from 3%–5% in February/March to 50%–70% in June/July. Among spawning cuttlefish males predominated as ~2:1. Such environmentally driven changes in historical ecology as exemplified by the cuttlefish might be a critical link in the adaptation of the cephalopod life cycles to changing ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Determining the age of cephalopods is essential for understanding their life history, which is in turn crucial for assessment and management. The short lifespan with a single reproductive event, high natural mortality rates, and rapid growth in these species make the application of traditional age-based models impractical. Most hard structures of cephalopods, such as mandible (beaks) and statoliths, can store ontogenetic events through the formation of periodic marks or growth increments. Statoliths are paired calcareous structures located in two anterior chambers of the head. In this work, for the first time in the Mediterranean, we successfully performed age estimation in wild cuttlefish Sepia officinalis using beaks and statoliths. Based on daily increments that were previously validated in statoliths, the beaks were cross-verified. As the beak presented more advantages in age studies than statoliths, due to the relative simplicity of its processing method, it was eventually proposed as a suitable hard structure to study the age of S. officinalis. Establishing the age of cephalopods is crucial for understanding their life history, which can then be used for assessment and management. This is particularly true for the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), one of the most important resources for coastal fisheries. For this reason, an age analysis of S. officinalis was performed for the first time in the Mediterranean, using beaks and statoliths from 158 wild specimens (55–222 mm mantle length; 23–1382 g total weight) at different maturity stages (immature to mature). Growth increments were counted in the lateral wall of the upper beaks and the lateral dome of statoliths. In both cases, a good relationship was found between the counts and the sizes of the animals. The low values of coefficients of variation between the readings obtained for beaks (3.96 ± 1.87%) and statoliths (4.00 ± 1.89%) showed a high level of precision and accuracy in the readings. However, the analysis was simpler for beaks, which were all successfully analyzed, while it was more complex for statoliths, with 69% being lost due to rejection or overgrinding. Based on daily increments previously validated in statoliths, the beaks were cross-verified by comparing their counts with those from statoliths extracted from the same 83 specimens, obtaining a statistically significant relationship between the two counts, confirmed by the ANOVA test. Absolute growth rates that were assessed using both beaks and statoliths indicated that the two sexes had a higher growth rate at 122 and 182 days, which subsequently declined in older specimens. Due to the relative simplicity of its processing method, the beak was finally proposed as a suitable hard structure to study the age of S. officinalis. We also confirmed the good readability of increments in the lateral wall of the beak, which could be considered a valid alternative to the rostrum surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuttlefish bones are byproducts of cuttlefish processing and are readily available in the marine food industry. In this study, calcium phosphate bioceramics were prepared from cuttlefish bones using a two-stage hydrothermal calcination process. The results indicated that all bioceramics derived from cuttlefish bones had a higher degradation capacity, better bone-like apatite formation ability, and higher degree of osteogenic differentiation than commercially available hydroxyapatite. Notably, β-tricalcium phosphate, which had the highest degree of Ca2+ and Sr2+ dissolution among the bioceramics extracted, can significantly upregulate osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin) and stimulate bone matrix mineralization. Thus, it is a promising bioceramic material for applications in bone regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless rechargeable sensor network (WRSN) is one of the most important networks in today's world for extending network lifetime. To ensure a collision-free contention in WRSN, this paper proposes the Contention Window Optimization using the Cuttlefish Algorithm (CWO-CA) and addresses existing issues such as the capture effect, the fairness problem, and the queue hike. For safe channel access, the fitness function of CWO-CA is proposed using the retransmission count, queue size, and residual energy of the sensor node. The proposed algorithm divides the Contention Window interval into two halves based on the fitness function, and the nodes are assigned in either half to guarantee service differentiation. The fitness function among groups of the proposed algorithm constitutes the best fitness value. By selecting the best fitness value, the proposed algorithm facilitates adaptive contention management by dynamically balancing resource utilization of the network with the optimal result. The nodal behavior of CWO-CA has been modeled using a discrete Markov model and also simulated to measure throughput, packet delivery ratio, packet loss ratio, average queue size, residual energy, and delay. These results confirm that the proposed CWO-CA algorithm attained better performance than other existing algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eyes of squids, octopuses, and cuttlefish are a textbook example for evolutionary convergence, due to their striking similarity to those of vertebrates. For this reason, studies on cephalopod photoreception and vision are of importance for a broader audience. Previous studies showed that genes such as pax6, or certain opsin‐encoding genes, are evolutionarily highly conserved and play similar roles during ontogenesis in remotely related bilaterians. In this study, genes that encode photosensitive proteins and Reflectins are identified and characterized. The expression patterns of rhodopsin, xenopsin, retinochrome, and two reflectin genes have been visualized in developing embryos of the pygmy squid Xipholeptos notoides by in situ hybridization experiments. Rhodopsin is not only expressed in the retina of X. notoides but also in the olfactory organ and the dorsal parolfactory vesicles, the latter a cephalopod apomorphy. Both reflectin genes are expressed in the eyes and in the olfactory organ. These findings corroborate previous studies that found opsin genes in the transcriptomes of the eyes and several extraocular tissues of various cephalopods. Expression of rhodopsin, xenopsin, retinochrome, and the two reflectin genes in the olfactory organ is a finding that has not been described so far. In other organisms, it has been shown that Retinochrome and Rhodopsin proteins are obligatorily associated with each other as both molecules rely on each other for Retinal isomerisation. In addition, we demonstrate that retinochrome is expressed in the retina of X. notoides and in the olfactory organ. This study shows numerous new expression patterns for Opsin‐encoding genes in organs that have not been associated with photoreception before, suggesting that either Opsins may not only be involved in photoreception or organs such as the olfactory organ are involved in photoreception. Research Highlights: R‐opsin, retinochrome, xenopsin, and reflectin genes are expressed in the olfactory organs of the pygmy squid Xipholeptos notoides.Xenopsin is expressed in the brain.Potential roles of Reflectins during the ontogeny of eyes and olfactory organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruffled surfaces that appear in biological forms, such as coral and lettuce, are a great source of inspiration for architectural and furniture design. This paper proposes a mechanism based on a bending-active scissors grid that effectively reproduces the process of differential growth. The structure can deploy from a linearly folded state with rotational symmetry to a complex ruffled surface without rotational symmetry. The deployed shape further exhibits a wave-like motion similar to the swimming gait of flatworms or cuttlefish. First, we propose a design method for the mechanism computed from the surface of constant negative Gaussian curvature. We then numerically analyze the symmetry-breaking process of deployment and zero-stiffness wave-like motion after deployment. We built two demonstrators to verify the deployment and the transformation. The first demonstrator with 1.5m diameter was fabricated to verify the symmetry-breaking deployment motion. The second demonstrator with 0.9m diameter was fabricated to demonstrate the wave-like motion by controlled pulling of the group of threads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cephalopods like octopuses and cuttlefishes are known to secrete a ‘toxic saliva’ to inject into their prey, especially crustaceans since the XIX century. However, only in the mid-XX century were the first coleoid-specific toxins successfully isolated. Motivated by the growing interest on the global ocean as an almost inexhaustible source of novel bioactive compounds, we used RNA-Seq – based transcriptomics and de novo assembly of transcriptomes to screen the posterior salivary glands of Sepia officinalis (the common cuttlefish) from the Portuguese West coast for toxins and other bioactive proteins and peptides. Supported by microanatomical analyses, the posterior salivary glands constitute indeed the ‘venom gland’ whereas the more elusive anterior salivary glands (embedded in the buccal mass) are responsible for the production of mucin-rich saliva that is effectively the vehicle that transports the toxins as the venom is injected into the prey. Indeed, the transcriptomic profiling suggests that the cuttlefish venom is complex mixture of bioactive proteins, among which neurotoxins are major players, together with enzymes whose function is to digest the extracellular matrix to facilitate diffusion of the toxins. Nonetheless, by comparing with previous RNA-Seq data obtained from S. officinalis collected from other biogeographical areas, it may be suggested that significant inter-populational variation in venom composition can occur, which may potentially increase the span of bioactives secreted by these animals. We isolated and validated the full coding sequences for three important toxins, a cysteine-rich venom protein (CRVP), a venom insulin (VIns) and a cephalotoxin (CTX). The toxins seem to be relatively conserved among coleoids but diverging from other venomous mollusks such as cone snails. Their properties as potent modulators of glucose (in the case of VIns) and as potential neurotoxins (like CRVP and CTX) can render them primer targets for drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cephalopods, a diverse class of carnivorous marine predators, exhibit a wide range of feeding behaviours and foraging strategies related to their lifestyle, habitat and morphological adaptations. Their beaks play a crucial role in capturing and processing prey. This study investigates the link between the shape of the rostrum of cephalopod beaks and their function through a mix of experimental and computational approaches. Fourteen upper beak rostrum models from a range of cephalopod species, representing their morphological and ecological diversity, were 3D-printed, and subjected to uniaxial puncture tests. Force and displacement were recorded to estimate puncture ability. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to explore the form–function relationship under loading conditions mimicking biting and pulling, analysing stress patterns across different rostrum morphologies. The results show that rostrum size significantly influenced puncture performance, with smaller rostra requiring less force and displacement for puncturing. However, larger rostra exhibited higher structural stiffness, suggesting increased vulnerability to stress during biting. Morphology-driven tests demonstrated species-specific differences in puncture abilities, with rostrum sharpness playing a crucial role. FEA results further indicated that longer and sharper rostra were more susceptible to stress, potentially impacting their overall structural integrity. The findings highlight the trade-off between rostrum size and sharpness in cephalopod beaks, with implications for prey selection and feeding efficiency. The study contributes to understanding the morpho-functional aspects of cephalopod beaks and their role in prey capture and consumption, shedding light on the evolutionary pressures shaping these remarkable marine predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four different concentrations of an aqueous extract of cuttlefish (Sepia spp.) ink (CI) were introduced, respectively, into the packing medium employed during golden seabream (Sparus aurata) canning. The quality parameters of the resulting canned fish were determined and compared to the initial fish and the control canned muscle. An important effect of the CI concentration introduced in the packing medium was proved. The presence in the packing medium of a relatively low CI concentration (CI-2 batch) led to a lower (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation development (fluorescent compound formation), lower (p < 0.05) changes of colour parameters (L* and a* values), and lower (p < 0.05) trimethylamine values in canned fish when compared to control canned samples. Additionally, the two lowest CI concentrations tested led to higher average values of C22:6ω3, ω3/ω6 ratios, and polyene index. On the contrary, the use of the most concentrated CI extract (CI-4 condition) led to a prooxidant effect (higher fluorescence ratio value). In agreement with environmental sustainability and circular economy requirements, the study can be considered the first approach to a novel and valuable use of the current marine byproduct for the quality enhancement of canned fish. On-coming research focused on the optimisation of the CI-extract concentration is envisaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New cancer treatments are desperately needed since the available convetntional cancer drugs have numerous negative consequences. Therefore, the current work attempted to evaluate the cytotoxic properties of the ink extract (IE) and nidamental gland extract (NGE) from the Egyptian cuttlefish Sepia officinalis on four cancer cell lines: lung carcinoma (A-549), epidermoid carcinoma (A-431), colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), and prostatic adenocarcinoma (PC-3). Both extracts were characterized through biochemical composition screening via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and investigating the levels of proximate composition, phytochemicals, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). IE and NGE exhibited cytotoxic effects by decreasing viable cancer cells number with dosedependent, with median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 517.52 and 427.45µg/ ml against A-549; 511.03 & 262.83µg/ ml against A-431; 480.06 and 220.04µg/ ml against HCT-116 in addition to 372.21 & 242.22µg/ ml against PC-3, respectively. The NGE showed more toxicity toward all tested cancer cell lines than the IE due to higher concentrations of bioactive substances in NGE relative to IE. Moreover, all proximal compositions, phytochemicals, and TAC in NGE were higher than those detected in IE. Hence, the NGE of S. officinalis may be considered a promising cytotoxic agent against cancer cell lines, but more studies are required to explore the action's mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate detection of biogenic amines (BAs) is an important means of ensuring the quality and safety of cephalopod seafood products. In this study, the pre‐column derivatization of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was optimized using dansyl chloride (Dns‐Cl) to detect BAs in octopus, cuttlefish, and squid. The reasons for the formation of BAs were investigated by assessing their decarboxylase activity and the rates of decomposition. The findings demonstrated that using Dns‐Cl to optimize pre‐column derivatization enabled the separation of nine different BAs. The detection limits ranged from 0.07 to 0.25 mg/L, and the results exhibited a high level of linearity (R2 ≥ 0.997). The decarboxylase activity and biodegradation rate positively correlated with the formation of BAs at temperatures below 0°C. Notably, the decarboxylase activity of octopus, cuttlefish, and squid exhibited a significant increase with prolonged storage time, and formyltransferase and carbamate kinase may be the key decarboxylase in cephalopod products. These findings serve as a valuable reference for further investigations into the mechanisms behind BAs production and the development of control technologies for BAs in cephalopod products. This study has successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of the Dns‐Cl pre‐column derivatization‐HPLC method in accurately and efficiently detecting BAs in octopus, cuttlefish, and squid. Moreover, it highlights the influence of decarboxylase content and biodegradation rate on the formation of BAs. Importantly, this method can serve as a reference for detecting BAs in various seafood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepiella japonica is a worldwide marine cuttlefish species of high economic value. S. japonica routinely modifying behaviors in reproductive life, such as rapid aging until death after spawning, has been recognized in artificial breeding. However, reproductive behavior at the level of genes is rarely reported, thus, the research on the genetic basis of behavior, reproduction, and artificial breeding was limited. We applied RNA-seq in different stages of reproduction to investigate the reason of rapid aging after spawning, pre-maturity, pre-spawning after maturity, and post-spawning. The retinoid X receptor (RXR) gene family in S. japonica was identified, and 1 343–1 452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in all 3 stages of reproductive life were identified from pairwise mRNA comparisons. Furthermore, through the GO term and KEGG analysis, S. japonica could handle neuronal development and network formation before maturity and have a functional degradation of neural communication, signal transduction, vision, and gene expression after spawning. Eight SjRXRαs have been identified and they played different roles in growth development or reproduction. Therefore, the regulation of several channels and receptors is the intrinsic molecular mechanism of rapid aging after spawning in S. japonica. This study revealed the survival strategy and provided fundamental data on the level of genes for understanding the reproductive behavior and the reproduction of S. japonica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to synthesize hydroxyapatite/alginate (HAp/Alg) composites with varied alginate concentrations using the sol-gel method and evaluate the effect of alginate addition on the features of generated HAp/Alg composites. Calcium precursor was obtained from cuttlefish shell calcined at 900°C for 5 hours. FTIR spectrum demonstrated the presence of hydroxyapatite and alginate functional groups. XRD data revealed the typical peaks of HAp and alg in all of the alginate concentration variation composites, indicating the formation of HAp/Alg composites. The SEM image of HAp/Alg-15 exhibited agglomerated rod-like and spherical-like particles, while EDX results identified the elements Ca, O, P, and C with a Ca/P ratio of 1.77. The TGA-DTA curve demonstrated increased heat resistance and no weight loss above 802°C. Finally, the HAp/Alg-15 composite has the potential to be employed in the biomedical field as a bone implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropeptides are widely distributed in vertebrates and invertebrates, regulating a variety of physiological activities in the organisms, such as metabolism, feeding and reproduction. In this study, to explore the function of neuropeptide LFRFamide in Sepia pharaonis, the full-length cDNA of LFRFamide-like gene (named SpLFRFL, MG869822.1) was identified with rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. The sequence of SpLFRFL was 860 bp in length and encoded 188 amino acids containing 4 different mature peptides: 1 copy of PHTPFRFamide, NSLFRFamide, TIFRFamide, and 3 copies of GNLFRFamide. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis results showed that SpLFRFL shared high identity with LFRFamides of Sepia officinalis and Sepiella japonica and had the closest relationship with them. Through quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), it was found that the SpLFRFL gene was highly expressed in the optic lobe and brain at three different stages during gonad development in both genders. Moreover, the four mature peptides at a concentration of 0.01 µmol L−1 could inhibit the protein synthesis in the Chinese hamster ovary cell strain-K1 (CHO-K1) induced by SpGnRH. These data suggest that SpLFRFL might be involved in the development and reproduction of S. pharaonis. The results can contribute to future studies on neuropeptide evolution and function and benefit the cuttlefish farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • eDNA sorption on carbonized cuttlefish bone greatly exceeds that of most adsorbents. • Excellent sorption of CCB is attributed to carbon film, large pore and fluent channel. • Ligand exchange, Ca2+ bridge and π-π interaction are dominated sorption mechanisms. • A high-efficient, nontoxic and low-cost adsorbent is exploited for eDNA removal. Environmental DNA (eDNA) carrying antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) has attracted a great deal of attention because of its threat to the ecology and human health. Traditional porous adsorbents, such as microporous biochar and natural mineral, are low-effective in removing eDNA from sewage. This study used cuttlefish-bone (CB), a fishery waste, as an anticipated material to adsorb a model compound of eDNA from herring sperm (hsDNA). An interesting result was firstly observed that extremely high DNA adsorption on cuttlefish-bone pyrolysis derivative (CCB) was up to 88.7 mg/g, 3–10 folds higher than that of most other adsorbents in the existing literatures, which was attributed to the carbon film and large pores. To achieve an adsorption rate of 75 %, hsDNA adsorption took 96 h on CB but only 24 h on CCB, which was attributed to the fluent channel of CCB. The ligand exchange, Ca2+ bridge and π-π interaction were identified as dominated adsorption mechanisms, based on FTIR and phosphate competition experiments. This study exploited a high-efficient, environmentally friendly, and low-cost adsorbent for treating ARG-contaminated soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy was applied to detect Tetrodotoxin and analogues (TTXs) on pufferfish (Sphoeroides marmoratus) tissues, accidentally found in the stomach of a cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The cuttlefish tissues were also analysed. Pufferfish (digestive tract, skin, gonads, liver/spleen, muscle) and cuttlefish (mantle, head/visceral mass) tissues were tested positive for TTXs. In pufferfish, the highest concentration of TTX was found in the digestive tract (4.94 mg/ kg), while in cuttlefish in the mantle (0.21 mg/kg). The presence of TTXs in S. marmoratus was linked to its geographical area of origin while a TTXs cross-contamination of the cuttlefish was hypothesized. Despite the European ban on pufferfish commercialization, campaigns addressed to their morphological identification by consumers and operators might improve its risk management. The risk related to TTXs cross-contamination of edible seafood such as cuttlefish might require specific control measures. Moreover, the collaboration between competent authorities and medical personnel are essential for the monitoring of human poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual display is a crucial aspect of courtship, and their success relies on both display quality and the surrounding environment, such as the visual background. Cephalopods may release ink when attacked by predators or during aggressive interactions with conspecifics. Here, we report that ink is used as a part of the courtship display by males of the cuttlefish species Sepia andreana. Males of this species engage in a highly ritualized multimodal courtship using a pair of markedly long sexually dimorphic arms. At the climax of the courtship, the male releases a diffuse backdrop of ink near himself and then performs the specific courtship display by extending his sexually dimorphic arms and altering his body pattern to pale in front of this ink backdrop, and then proceeds to mate. This novel use of cephalopod ink could make the surroundings darker and more homogeneous, potentially serving as a temporary modification of the visual environment for courtship display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis, is characterized by rapid growth and strong disease resistance, making it an important commercially farmed cephalopod species in the southeastern coastal regions of China. However, in the reproductive process of S. pharaonis, there are challenges such as a low output of eggs, poor quality, and low survival rates of newly hatched juveniles. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian development in this species. In this study, we conducted the first transcriptomic analysis of the ovary at four developmental stages: the undeveloped stage, developing stage, nearly-ripe stage, and ripe stage, and compared the transcriptomics among these four stages using Illumina sequencing technology. The total numbers of clean reads of the four stages ranged from 40,890,772 to 52,055,714 reads. A total of 136,829 DEGs were obtained, GC base ratios of raw data were between 38.44 and 44.59%, and the number of uniquely mapped reads spanned from 88.08 to 95.90%. The Pearson correlation coefficient demonstrated a strong correlation among different samples within the same group, PCA and Anosim analysis also revealed that the grouping of these four stages was feasible, and each stage could be distinguished from the others. GO enrichment analysis demonstrated that ovarian follicle growth, sex differentiation, and transforming growth factor beta receptor, played a foreshadowing role at the early ovarian development stage, and the terms of small molecule metabolic process, peptide metabolic process, and catalytic activity were prominent at the mature stage. Meanwhile, KEGG analysis showed that the early ovarian development of S. pharaonis was mainly associated with the cell cycle, DNA replication, and carbon metabolism, while the mid-late ovarian development was involved with the signal transduction, endocrine system, and reproduction pathway. RT-qPCR further confirmed the consistent expression patterns of genes such as 17β-HSD, GH, VGS, NFR, and NYR in the ovaries of S. pharaonis, exhibiting elevated levels of expression during the maturation stage. Conversely, ER and OM exhibited high expression levels during the early stages of ovarian development. These transcriptomic data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of S. pharaonis ovarian development. The findings of this study will contribute to improving the reproduction and development of cuttlefish and enriching the bioinformatics knowledge of cephalopods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cephalopoda classes are highly valued for their culinary appeal and nutritional value. However, their perishability necessitates careful handling and optimal storage conditions to maintain their quality. This study aimed to investigate the influence of storage temperature on the quality attributes and sensory properties of five commonly consumed cephalopod types: whole squid, whole squid tubes, octopus, Loligo spp. (squid tubes), and Sepia spp. (cuttlefish tubes) classified in five different species (Loligo vulgaris (European squid), Loligo gahi (Japanese squid), Octopus vulgaris (Octopus), Sepia officinalis (Cuttlefish) and Illex argentinus (Argentine shortfin squid)). Lower temperatures (-23°C) significantly prolonged shelf life, delaying spoilage onset and preserving taste. The product named calamar had the fastest spoilage rate, followed by whole squid and tube squid, while Octopus had the slowest spoilage rate. Appropriate storage practices are vital for ensuring the freshness and palatability of frozen cephalopods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, genetic and phylogeographic studies in cephalopods around the world have identified many species complexes and cryptic species. In the present study, Sepiella inermis samples were collected from different landing centres along the Eastern Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal to investigate the distribution of this species in a phylogeographic context. Morphological analysis did not show distinct differences between two populations. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I gene and 16S rRNA gene. In our study, we observed two genetically distinct clades (pair-wise genetic divergence varied between 7.7 and 9.1%) of Sepiella inermis. One clade is composed of individuals collected from the Arabian Sea and the other from the Bay of Bengal (the northern and north-eastern part of the Indian Ocean). The mean intraspecific and interspecific nucleotide distances for COI were 0%–1% and 0%–7%, respectively, while these values for 16S rRNA sequences were 0%–1% and 1–4%. This study led to the identification of potential cryptic speciation within Sepiella inermis. Furthermore, this study also provides evidence of previously undocumented sub-population structuring in the Northern Indian Ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How and why has invertebrate sentience come to be debated by lawmakers, and what does this development tell us about the relationship between scientific knowledge, animal ethics, and the law? This preliminary analysis of this puzzle examines milestones in the production of knowledges about cephalopods (squids, cuttlefish, nautilus, and octopuses) starting in the 1830s and traces the role this knowledge played in the ideas and debates that led to the inclusion of cephalopods in U.K. animal welfare law. New ideas about mind and consciousness emerged from the interplay between interspecies encounters among people and cephalopods and the gradual revision of ethical obligations toward nonhuman animals more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking is a locomotion mode in which animals move over the ground using their appendages. Walking is observed in both terrestrial and aquatic animals, but the morphology and diversity of appendages in the latter group have been less extensively studied. The present paper reports on the “adhesive areas,” which may represent morphological and physiological adaptations for stable aquatic walking, in the paintpot cuttlefish, Ascarosepion tullbergi. This animal employs arm IV as a forelimb and an ambulatory flap as a hindlimb for walking, resulting in a gait‐like manner of movement. The structure of the adhesive area is exclusively located on the ventral skin surface of arm IV and the ambulatory flap, which are in contact with the ground during walking. The “adhesive areas” are characterized by a dense population of adhesive mucus‐secreting cells and the development of numerous wrinkles on the surface. These features may enhance the gripping and sticking capacity of the ground‐contact area, thus improving walking stability. The use of adhesive areas for walking is a unique feature of A. tullbergi, as other cuttlefish with adhesive areas primarily use them for attaching to substrata in strong currents. Our results contribute to the understanding of the locomotion strategy of cuttlefish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The minds of cephalopods have captivated scientists for millennia, yet the extent that we can understand their subjective experiences remains contested. In this article, we consider the sum of our scientific progress towards understanding the inner lives of cephalopods. Here, we outline the behavioral responses to specific experimental paradigms that are helping us to reveal their subjective experiences. We consider evidence from three broad research categories, which help to illuminate whether soft-bodied cephalopods (octopus, cuttlefish, and squid) have an awareness of self, awareness of others, and an awareness of time. Where there are current gaps in the literature, we outline cephalopod behaviors that warrant experimental investigation. We argue that investigations, especially framed through the lens of comparative psychology, have the potential to extend our understanding of the inner lives of this extraordinary class of animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aside from being one of the most fascinating groups of marine organisms, cephalopods play a major role in marine food webs, both as predators and as prey, while representing key living economic assets, namely for artisanal and subsistence fisheries worldwide. Recent research suggests that cephalopods are benefitting from ongoing environmental changes and the overfishing of certain fish stocks (i.e. of their predators and/or competitors), putting forward the hypothesis that this group may be one of the few "winners" of climate change. While many meta-analyses have demonstrated negative and overwhelming consequences of ocean warming (OW), acidification (OA), and their combination for a variety of marine taxa, such a comprehensive analysis is lacking for cephalopod molluscs. In this context, the existing literature was surveyed for peer-reviewed articles featuring the sustained (≥24 h) and controlled exposure of cephalopod species (Cephalopoda class) to these factors, applying a comparative framework of mixed-model meta-analyses (784 control-treatment comparisons, from 47 suitable articles). Impacts on a wide set of biological categories at the individual level (e.g. survival, metabolism, behavior, cell stress, growth) were evaluated and contrasted across different ecological attributes (i.e. taxonomic lineages, climates, and ontogenetic stages). Contrary to what is commonly assumed, OW arises as a clear threat to cephalopods, while OA exhibited more restricted impacts. In fact, OW impacts were ubiquitous across different stages of ontogeny, taxonomical lineages (i.e. octopuses, squids, and cuttlefish). These results challenge the assumption that cephalopods benefit from novel ocean conditions, revealing an overarching negative impact of OW in this group. Importantly, we also identify lingering literature gaps, showing that most studies to date focus on OW and early life stages of mainly temperate species. Our results raise the need to consolidate experimental efforts in a wider variety of taxa, climate regions, life stages, and other key environmental stressors, such as deoxygenation and hypoxia, to better understand how cephalopods will cope with future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While most coastal communities are expected to, or have been, negatively impacted by climate change, cephalopods have generally thrived with shifting ocean conditions. However, whilst benefitting from the same physiological flexibility that characterizes cephalopods in general, cuttlefish have depth constraints imposed by the presence of a cuttlebone and are limited to specific locations by their particularly low vagility. To evaluate the potential effects of marine climate change on cuttlefish, Species Distribution Models (SDM) were applied to nine species of genus Sepiidae to assess potential changes to their future distribution (2050 and 2100), under four representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (i.e., RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5; CMIP5). We show that future cuttlefish habitat suitability and distribution will potentially decrease. The species with the most extreme impacts, Doratosepion braggi (Verco, 1907), was observed to decline as much as 30.77% in average habitat suitability (from present 55.26% to 24.48% at RCP 8.5 in 2100), to Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 with a low maximum decrease of 1.64% in average habitat suitability (from present 59.62% to 57.98% at RCP 8.5 in 2100). Increases in habitat suitability were projected mostly at higher latitudes, while habitat decrease was predicted for the tropical regions and lower latitudinal limits of species' distributions. As their habitats decrease in terms of habitat suitability, cuttlefish may not benefit from future changes in climate. Additionally, as potential "sea canaries" for coastal ecosystems, we may see many species and habitats from these systems affected by climate change, particularly in tropical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the factors affecting the catch rate of crustaceans and molluscs and to determine the effect of factors affecting the catch rate of blue crab. In this study, data of 14 variables (octopus, lobster, black mussel, etc.), total crustacean and mollusc content and total freshwater fish were examined from the crustaceans and molluscs caught from the TUIK website between 2012-2021. In addition to the comparison of these amounts, variables such as renewable water resources per capita, renewable surface water, total water withdrawal per capita, and water withdrawal for aquaculture were included in the study. Finally, the study was concluded by comparing seafood, aquaculture and freshwater products. The relationships between blue crab and other crustaceans and molluscs, water related statistics, aquaculture statistics were examined by regression analysis. As a result of the analyzes made, other creatures that affect the hunting rates of the blue crab; It was concluded that there is a category of jumbo shrimp, cuttlefish and other. At the same time, it was concluded that the total amount of fresh water and the amount of freshwater products affect the catch rate of the blue crab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of a Half Bridge (HB) Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) for D-STATCOM application is studied in this article. For the control of MMC switches, the Carrier-Based (CB) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) scheme has been selected as the appropriate method. There are two types of CB PWM schemes such as phase shift and level shift. Phase Disposition (PD), Phase Opposition Disposition (POD), and Alternate Phase Opposite Disposition (APOD) are the three different types of PWM that are used in level shifts. The PD CB PWM is projected in this work due to its simplicity and accuracy. The conventional PI Controller (PIC) has its disadvantages, including that it is time-consuming and comes with complexity in the estimation of gain values. Hence, the Cuttlefish Optimization Scheme (COS) is proposed for the online tuning of the PI gain values. The verification of performance parameters, including active power, reactive power, DC voltage balance, and Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), is effectively conducted using the COS method and subsequently compared with the conventional PIC. The suggested research is executed using the Matlab/Simulink software package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, zeolite/sand microfiltration membrane prepared by deposition of a thin layer on a tubular support (active layer/support) was applied for the purification of industrial wastewater. The results were compared to that made by zeolite/zeolite and sand/sand microfiltration membranes. The effect of the membrane support was determined by the estimation of the membrane fouling established during the filtration. Therefore, permeate flux, fouling resistances and treatment efficiencies were thoroughly compared. The utilization of zeolite membrane over sand support (zeolite/sand) instead of the membrane totally on zeolite (zeolite/zeolite) shows an increase in the stabilized permeate flux from 58 to 180 L/h·m² at 1 bar. Whereas, the membrane totally made from sand (sand/sand) displayed a higher stabilized permeate flux of 464 L/h·m². For zeolite membrane, the increase of the flux recovery ratio from 44.94% to 54.62% and the decrease of flux decay ratio from 89.13% to 83.3%, using sand support instead of zeolite, indicate better antifouling properties. The maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) rejection of 97% was achieved using sand/ sand membrane. For zeolite membranes, an increase in COD rejection from 57% to 73% was obtained when the sand support was used instead of zeolite. Overall, the uses of sand support for the zeolite membrane enhanced permeate flux, antifouling properties and separation efficiencies. Therefore, the sand material appears suitable as support for composite membrane elaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few other invertebrates captivate our attention as cephalopods do. Octopods, cuttlefish, and squids amaze with their behavior and sophisticated body plans that belong to the most intriguing among mollusks. Little is, however, known about their body plan formation and the role of Hox genes. The latter homeobox genes pattern the anterior–posterior body axis and have only been studied in a single decapod species so far. Here, we study developmental Hox and ParaHox gene expression in Octopus vulgaris.Hox genes are expressed in a near-to-staggered fashion, among others in homologous organs of cephalopods such as the stellate ganglia, the arms, or funnel. As in other mollusks Hox1 is expressed in the nascent octopod shell rudiment. While ParaHox genes are expressed in an evolutionarily conserved fashion, Hox genes are also expressed in some body regions that are considered homologous among mollusks such as the cephalopod arms and funnel with the molluscan foot. We argue that cephalopod Hox genes are recruited to a lesser extent into the formation of non-related organ systems than previously thought and emphasize that despite all morphological innovations molecular data still reveal the ancestral molluscan heritage of cephalopods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coleoid cephalopods (octopus, squid and cuttlefish) have unusually complex nervous systems. The coleoid nervous system is also the only one currently known to recode the majority of expressed proteins through A-to-I RNA editing. The deamination of adenosine by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes produces inosine, which is interpreted as guanosine during translation. If this occurs in an open reading frame, which is the case for tens of thousands of editing sites in coleoids, it can recode the encoded protein. Here, we describe recent findings aimed at deciphering the mechanisms underlying high-level recoding and its adaptive potential. We describe the complement of ADAR enzymes in cephalopods, including a recently discovered novel domain in sqADAR1. We further summarize current evidence supporting an adaptive role of high-level RNA recoding in coleoids, and review recent studies showing that a large proportion of recoding sites is temperature-sensitive. Despite these new findings, the mechanisms governing the high level of RNA recoding in coleoid cephalopods remain poorly understood. Recent advances using genome editing in squid may provide useful tools to further study A-to-I RNA editing in these animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant effect of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) ink (CFI) was analysed in the present study. A model system consisting of minced seabream (Sparus aurata) muscle and different concentrations of an aqueous extract of CFI was subjected to a heat (50 °C) treatment for 12 days. The effects of the CFI content and the heating time on lipid oxidation (conjugated diene (CD), conjugated triene (CT), and peroxide values and fluorescent compound formation), hydrolysis (free fatty acid content) development, and changes in the fatty acid (FA) profile (polyene index (PI), unsaturated FA content, ω3/ω6 ratio) were determined. The addition of the aqueous extract of CFI led to a lower (p < 0.05) development of lipid oxidation (CD, CT, and fluorescent compound determination) and to a higher (p < 0.05) retention of unsaturated FAs (PI determination). More important effects were found with increased CFI concentrations and at advanced heating times. However, a definite effect on lipid hydrolysis development (FFA value) could not be inferred. A new approach for the beneficial use of cuttlefish ink is presented. According to the direct relationship between rancidity stability and nutritional and sensory values, the present study provides a new strategy for the quality enhancement of thermally treated seafood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Visual display is a crucial aspect of courtship, and their success relies on both display quality and the surrounding environment, such as the visual background. Cephalopods may release ink when attacked by predators or during aggressive interactions with conspecifics. Here, we report that ink is used as a part of the courtship display by males of the cuttlefish species Sepia andreana. Males of this species engage in a highly ritualized multimodal courtship using a pair of markedly long sexually dimorphic arms. At the climax of the courtship, the male releases a diffuse backdrop of ink near himself and then performs the specific courtship display by extending his sexually dimorphic arms and altering his body pattern to pale in front of this ink backdrop, and then proceeds to mate. This novel use of cephalopod ink could make the surroundings darker and more homogeneous, potentially serving as a temporary modification of the visual environment for courtship display.

Sepiella japonica is widely distributed on Zhejiang and Fujian coasts and is one of the four major fishery products in the East China Sea. Its meat is delicious, has high nutritional value, and is loved by consumers. Sepia esculenta is widely distributed on the Japanese coasts and South and East China Sea waters, with the advantages of fast growth and development, short life cycle. Hence, it is an important economic cephalopod in China's northern fisheries. With the improvement of people's living standards, there is a higher demand for food quality. Red meat contains high levels of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, which increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and colon cancer when consumed for an extended period. Cephalopods are low-fat and high-protein aquatic products, which are easier to digest and absorb than livestock meat and are widely welcomed by consumers. The quality of cuttlefish muscle is an essential factor affecting the value of cuttlefish products. So far, many scholars have studied the nutritional composition of cuttlefish muscle, but few reports have been made on its quality differences. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nutritional composition and quality differences of two cuttlefish muscles and evaluate their nutritional value. For that, the conventional nutrient composition, textural characteristics, cooking loss rate, formaldehyde (FA) content, amino acid and fatty acid composition, and mineral elements of S. japonica and S. esculenta were analyzed from specimens caught in large quantities in the Zhoushan area. Ten cuttlefish of each species were collected, each as an independent sample. The average carcass length for S. japonica was (104.00±0.24) mm and the average body weight (134.00±0.11) g, while for S. esculenta specimens, the averages were (162.00±0.17) mm and (356.00±0.09) g. The fresh samples were transported to the laboratory within 30 min. The basic nutrients of cuttlefish muscle were determined by the national standard method, texture characteristics by the TPA model, FA content by HPLC, amino acids content using the amino acid autoanalyzer, fatty acid content by gas chromatography, and mineral content by microwave digestion. The results showed that the crude protein and crude fat contents of S. japonica muscles were not significantly different from those of S. esculenta (P > 0.05). The moisture content was significantly lower in S. japonica than that of S. esculenta (P < 0.05), and the crude ash content was significantly higher than that of S. esculenta (P < 0.05). The hardness, elasticity, adhesive, masticatory, and cohesive properties of S. esculenta muscles were significantly higher than those of S. japonica (P < 0.05). The FA contents of the two cuttlefish muscles were 0.56 mg/kg and 1.18 mg/kg, respectively, following the national health standards. Muscles of both cuttlefish species showed 17 hydrolyzed amino acids, and the first limiting amino acid was tryptophan. Also, for both species, the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids was higher than 31%, and the ratio of essential amino acids to non-essential amino acids was higher than 53%. S. esculenta was closer to the ideal protein pattern recommended by the FAO/WHO, and its essential amino acid index (EAAI) was as high as 82.99. Twenty types of fatty acids were detected in the muscles of both cuttlefishes. The total contents of C20:5n-3 (EPA) and C22:6n-3 (DHA) were higher than 40% in S. japonica, which were significantly higher than in S. esculenta (P < 0.05). The muscles of both cuttlefish species were rich in many inorganic elements required by humans. The two cuttlefish muscles were rich in K, P, Mg, and Ca, with the greatest difference observed for P. The P and Zn contents of S. esculenta muscles were significantly higher than those of S. japonica (P < 0.05), while the I content of S. japonica muscles was significantly higher than that of S. esculenta (P < 0.05), reaching 13.6 mg/kg and 9.2 mg/kg, respectively. Macronutrients had the highest content of K and P and the trace elements, Zn and I. Overall, this study showed differences in the nutritional composition and quality of the two cuttlefish muscles, but both were high-quality and low-fat protein sources with good exploitation value. This study provides the scientific basis for utilizing the cephalopod marine resources in the East China Sea.

In the last few decades, the cuttlefish market has grown to approximately 14% of the world’s fisheries, and operators have begun to express concerns about the decline of this resource. In this context, the production of cuttlefish through aquaculture could offer a diversifying and valuable response to the increasing market demand and help alleviate the environmental pressure on this species. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify a dry, cost-effective, and easy-to-administer diet that can successfully support the initial phases of cuttlefish growth and provide a similar performance to a krill-based diet, which closely mimics their natural diet. To achieve this objective, cuttlefish hatchlings were distributed among different experimental tanks, each receiving one of the five different diets (namely Diets A to E). Mortality and morphological parameters were monitored until day 10 post hatching, and the two most effective diets (Diets A and B) were chosen for further trials. The results indicated that Diet B had similar survival and growth rates to Diet A, which was based on frozen krill. Histological analysis revealed a comparable degree of gut maturity between the organisms fed the two diets. Likewise, levels of amylase and trypsin enzymes and hsp70, cat, and sod mRNA did not exhibit significant differences between the two groups. In conclusion, our findings provide preliminary evidence supporting the possibility of cultivating cuttlefish in captivity using a pelleted diet, representing a promising starting point for larger-scale breeding efforts.

Four different concentrations of an aqueous extract of cuttlefish (Sepia spp.) ink (CI) were introduced, respectively, into the packing medium employed during golden seabream (Sparus aurata) canning. The quality parameters of the resulting canned fish were determined and compared to the initial fish and the control canned muscle. An important effect of the CI concentration introduced in the packing medium was proved. The presence in the packing medium of a relatively low CI concentration (CI-2 batch) led to a lower (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation development (fluorescent compound formation), lower (p < 0.05) changes of colour parameters (L* and a* values), and lower (p < 0.05) trimethylamine values in canned fish when compared to control canned samples. Additionally, the two lowest CI concentrations tested led to higher average values of C22:6ω3, ω3/ω6 ratios, and polyene index. On the contrary, the use of the most concentrated CI extract (CI-4 condition) led to a prooxidant effect (higher fluorescence ratio value). In agreement with environmental sustainability and circular economy requirements, the study can be considered the first approach to a novel and valuable use of the current marine byproduct for the quality enhancement of canned fish. On-coming research focused on the optimisation of the CI-extract concentration is envisaged.

One of the potential marine resources in Tanah Laut Regency which has a very high selling value is the cephalopod fish, namely cuttlefish. One of the companies engaged in the processing and marketing of cuttlefish in Tanah Laut Regency, namely CV. Surya Baru. The research aims to analyze the supply chain management of cuttlefish (Sepia sp) CV. Surya Baru, Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan. The research took place at CV. Surya Baru, Tanah Laut Regency. The research location was chosen deliberately because it is a CV. Surya Baru is a fishery product processing company in the export sector. Data analysis techniques to answer the research objectives used descriptive qualitative and quantitative analyzes from producers, marketing agencies, to the final consumers. Cuttlefish supply chain management at CV. Surya Baru, Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan Province which includes socio-economic interactions and contributions between the business actors involved, namely from fishermen, collectors, to CV. Surya Baru. Stages of cuttlefish supply chain management at CV. Surya Baru, Tanah Laut Regency consists of several stages, namely mapping production flows, mapping financial flows and mapping the flow of information on the cuttlefish supply chain.

Recent studies have revealed that octopuses and cuttlefish are intelligent creatures with the ability to learn and use tools. These cephalopods have the largest brains among invertebrates and demonstrate their intelligence through behaviors like camouflage and play. They can change their skin color and texture to blend in with their surroundings and have been observed using objects like coconut shells for protection. Cuttlefish also possess episodic memory, allowing them to remember past events and make future-oriented decisions. Additionally, cuttlefish have displayed impressive self-control in experiments similar to the marshmallow test. These findings are aiding scientists in understanding the evolution of intelligence and may have implications for the development of camouflage technology. [Extracted from the article]

In Die Another Day , James Bond receives an Aston Martin that can render itself invisible by dynamically reproducing the surroundings on the car's "polymer skin". In what is widely regarded as the worst Bond movie ever, the invisible car scene is cited as the moment the plot plunges into the truly absurd. But what if nature had actually invented such a technology, and did so hundreds of millions of years ago? The coleoid cephalopods — octopus, cuttlefish and squid — are living examples of dynamic camouflage. Their skin is covered with a high-resolution array of 'cellular pixels' (chromatophores) that are controlled by the brain. To disappear into their surroundings, cephalopods recreate an approximation of their environment on their skin by activating different combinations of colored chromatophores. However, unlike the fictional Bond car, whose surface is coated in tiny cameras to detect the environment, cephalopods don't see the world with their skin. Instead, the visual world is detected by the eyes, processed in the brain, and then used to activate motor commands that direct the skin's camouflage pattern. Thus, cephalopod skin patterns are an external manifestation of their internal perception of the world. How do cephalopods approximate the world with their skin? What can this teach us about how brains work? And which neurobiological tools will be needed to uncover the neural basis of camouflage? Tessa Montague introduces the dynamic camouflage of cephalopods and how it is controlled by the nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underlying all animal behaviors, from the simplest reflexive reactions to the more complex cognitive reasoning and social interaction, are nervous systems uniquely adapted to bodies, environments, and challenges of different animal species. Coleoid cephalopods — octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish — are widely recognized as the most behaviorally complex invertebrates and provide exciting opportunities for studying the neural control of behaviour. These unusual molluscs evolved over 400 million years ago from slow-moving armored forms to active predators of coastal and open ocean ecosystems. In this primer we will discuss how, during cephalopod evolution, the relatively simple ganglion-based molluscan nervous system has been extensively transformed to control the complex bodies and process extensive visual, tactile, and chemical sensory inputs, and summarize some recent findings about their fascinating behaviors. Gutnick and colleagues discuss the evolution of coleoid cephalopods and the adaptation of their behavior and the nervous systems to different habitats and behavioral processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explored the feasibility of using the beaks of the African cuttlefish Sepia bertheloti for age estimation and growth analysis. The rostrum sagittal section (RSS) of the lower beak was the most suitable region in the species. It was applied in samples caught off Morocco and Guinea-Bissau between June 2018 and January 2020. A maximum life expectancy of around 14 months was observed (specifically 419 days for cuttlefishes from Morocco and 433 from Guinea-Bissau). The males presented greater longevity, as the maximum age of the females was between 9 and 11 months. Sepia bertheloti showed a negative allometric growth; however, the exponential model better describes each population growth. By sexes, the males of both locations followed an asymptotic growth model while the females exhibited a non-asymptotic growth. The growth rates were different between locations, with the highest values in Guinea-Bissau. The males, in turn, grew faster for both study locations. In Guinea-Bissau, these growth differences were influenced by the hatching season since individuals born between autumn and winter were the fastest-growing. Samples from Morocco did not show growth differences between the hatching season and other seasons. These results indicate that the RSS of lower beaks are suitable for estimating the age, growth pattern, and population structure of Sepia bertheloti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to elucidate the capture mechanism of B. brandaris and H. trunculus in two métiers of the Greek small-scale fisheries (SSF) that use trammel. The commercial and discarded catch from three commercial SSF boats was recorded in parallel to in-situ SCUBA diving observations and video analyses of the entangled catch at net retrieval. The abundance of gastropods in the nets was correlated with the abundance of captured fish in both métiers. This correlation was undoubtedly caused by the scavenging activity of gastropods on organisms captured in the lower portion of the net, such as combers, wrasses, and cuttlefish. Underwater observations revealed that the number of scavengers per fish increased gradually with the degree of fish consumption, whereas on-deck observations revealed that the foraging groups became malformed as soon as the flesh consumption was complete, as evidenced by the presence of fish bones in the absence of scavengers. Only a small percentage of the gastropods in the catch became entangled on the net, and that the majority of the gastropods were carried on deck by attaching to their entangled prey. The current study provided a clear explanation of the capture mechanism of the two muricids, as well as critical knowledge for their conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis, is an Indo - Pacific organism, and one of the most economic species in the Suez Canal fisheries. Despite its economic value, there is a shortage of taxonomical information on the species. A total of 50 specimens of cuttlefish were collected from the Suez Canal. The sampling was during the period from winter to autumn 2021. Samples were identified morphologically and genetically by using COI gene. The species showed a genetic variation between the different populations of the same species and a genetic variation from the other species of cephalopods. The molecular identification method showed great reliability in the identification of the cuttlefish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis, is an Indo-Pacific organism and is one of the most economic species in the Suez Canal fisheries. Despite its economic value, there is a shortage of taxonomical information on the species. A total of 50 specimens of cuttlefish were collected from the Suez Canal. The sampling was during the period from winter to autumn 2021. Samples were identified morphologically and genetically by using COI gene. The species showed a genetic variation between the different populations of the same species and a genetic variation from the other species of cephalopods. The molecular identification method showed a great reliability in the identification of the cuttlefish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the absence of cuttlefish in Aotearoa New Zealand waters, cuttlebones and cuttlebone fragments have been reported and collected in the country since the early twentieth century. Not all could be reliably identified. As such, here we review all cuttlebone material collected from New Zealand shores available in natural history collections, as well as literature and online records. Species were identified, through morphological features and, for the first time, DNA barcoding, as: the Australian endemic Sepia apama Gray, 1849 (and possibly S. grahami A. Reid, 2001) and the widely distributed Indo-Pacific S. latimanus Quoy & Gaimard, 1832. In addition, the predation/scavenging marks (praedichnia) left on the cuttlebones by other organisms are assigned to four major types and attributed to albatrosses, sharks, and dolphins. The successful extraction of DNA from cuttlebones has potential future applications, including the examination of type specimens, since species were described based only on cuttlebones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This retrospective study examines pathologic findings in 593 captive cephalopods (340 octopuses, 130 cuttlefish, 33 squid, and 90 nautiluses; 22 species in total) submitted to International Zoo Veterinary Group Pathology between May 2003 and August 2022. Common octopus, European common cuttlefish, hummingbird bobtail squid, and chambered nautilus were the most numerous species from the included orders of Octopoda, Sepiida, Sepiolida, and Nautilida, respectively. Commonly identified conditions included coccidiosis and renal dicyemid mesozoan infection in octopuses, amebiasis in squid, bacterial infections in cuttlefish, and idiopathic multisystemic inflammatory disease in nautiluses. Coccidiosis was most frequent in common octopuses, giant Pacific octopuses, and California 2-spot octopuses (present in 68.4%, 46.3%, and 23.8% of these species, respectively) and was the attributed cause of death in 32.3%, 36.0%, and 60.0% of such cases, respectively. Ulcerative dermatitis (UD) was common, affecting squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses, while many nautiluses exhibited black shell disease and/or UD. Notable differences in the prevalence of UD were detected between laboratory and aquaria-housed decapodiforms; 52.2% for laboratory squid versus 20.0% in aquaria; 51.3% in laboratory cuttlefish versus 11.0% in aquaria. All octopuses and nautiluses in the study were derived from aquaria. Semelparity-associated death in Coleoidea species was identified in 22.4% of octopuses, 11.5% of cuttlefish, and 6.1% of squid. This report aims to provide an overview and reassessment of species-specific disease patterns under aquarium and laboratory management as a starting point for future developments in husbandry and disease investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular lesions are uncommonly reported and described in invertebrate species. In this study, cases from 2 diagnostic laboratories, in which lesions were noted in 33 diagnostic specimens from various species of cephalopods, including octopuses, squid, nautiluses, and cuttlefish, were reviewed. Clinical information and gross lesions were described in a minority of cases. The most common lesion was inflammation of varying severity and was most commonly within the anterior uvea (iris and ciliary papilla), followed by the posterior chamber and lens. More than half of the cases with inflammation had concurrent hyperplastic lesions of the iris and ciliary papilla, including posterior iris epithelial hyperplasia, cystic adenomatous hyperplasia, and/or posterior epithelial cysts. The most common clinical observation was cloudy eyes, which correlated histologically to anterior uveitis in all cases where it was documented. Dermatitis and cutaneous ulceration were the most frequent comorbidities in cases where clinical information was available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]