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Background: Human myiasis, the infestation of tissues by dipterous larvae, commonly manifests as painful, raised skin lesions, particularly in tropical regions such as Latin America, where Dermatobia hominis (the human botfly) is a frequent cause. With increased international travel, cases of travel-related myiasis have become more prevalent, necessitating awareness among healthcare providers in non-endemic regions. Methods: We present a case of cutaneous myiasis in a 69-year-old male who returned to the United States from Belize. The patient exhibited a painful skin lesion on his right knee, initially suspected to be an insect bite. The diagnosis was confirmed through ultrasound imaging, which revealed the presence of a subcutaneous larva. Conservative larva removal efforts failed, leading to surgical extraction of the larva. Results: The surgical intervention successfully removed the larva in its entirety, with the wound healing well after the procedure. Pathological examination confirmed the larva as Dermatobia hominis. The patient experienced a satisfactory recovery, with no complications observed during follow-up. Conclusions: This case underscores the importance of considering myiasis in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with painful skin lesions following travel to tropical regions. As globalization increases, healthcare providers should be vigilant in recognizing and appropriately treating travel-related diseases such as myiasis to ensure prompt and effective care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Myiasis is infestation of live human tissue by larva. It usually involves immunocompromised people or people living in unsanitary conditions. The cutaneous myiasis is most common type and can enter the skin with a pre-existing wound. Herein we present a case of an 18-year-old girl known case of Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa with cutaneous myiasis affecting the knee managed surgically with full recovery. Such case has not reported previously in the literature, and detailed management plan is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myiasis is defined as the infestation of any part of the body by fly larvae. It is particularly common in tropical and subtropical regions. Cutaneous myiasis is the most common manifestation of this infestation. Here, we report a 21-year-old Syrian female who presented with a 10-day history of painful 2 ulcer-like lesions on her scalp and was diagnosed with furuncular myiasis, which included more than 20 larvae. The patient had no history of international travel to myiasis-endemic areas before the onset of the lesions. She probably acquired the infestation while visiting a cattle farm located in a rural region east of Hama governorate. Seborrheic dermatitis developed on her scalp after the myiasis treatment was performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Breech strike is a serious disease particularly in wool sheep. Skin wrinkle and dags are known predisposing factors for breech strike, although a large part of the variation between sheep is unexplained. Aims: We used sensor buttons to determine whether there were differences in humidity and temperature in the breech area of Merino sheep exposed to blowflies without traditional preventive measures being used in the flock. Methods: Sixty-two Merino rams and 62 Merino ewes that had high or low breeding values for breech strike were each fitted with a sensor button to record hourly temperature and humidity in the breech over 49 days. The sensors were fitted before the onset of the blowfly season. The sensor was tied to a wool staple close to the skin in the breech and was removed when a sheep was struck. All remaining buttons were removed prior to shearing. Breech wrinkle, neck wrinkle, breech cover and faecal soiling (dags) were recorded on all the sheep. A total of 98 213 hourly temperature and humidity records were analysed with cubic smoothing splines to assess how humidity and temperature differed between struck and unstruck sheep, and whether the breech indicator traits affect temperature and humidity in the breech. Results: Time of day and day-to-day variation prior to being struck explained most of the variation of temperature and humidity in the breech of the sheep. Humidity and temperature increased with an increase in breech cover. The humidity in the breech area was, on average, 2% higher in struck sheep prior to being struck. There was a sharp increase in humidity in struck sheep in the 8 days leading up to detection of breech strike relative to unstruck animals, most probably due to exudate from the wound. Conclusions: Sheep prone to be struck have higher humidity in the breech than sheep less prone to be struck. Implications: Temperature in the breech does not qualify as a potential indicator trait for breech strike in wool sheep, whereas humidity needs further research to determine its effectiveness as a potential indicator trait. Sheep were fitted with sensors to record hourly temperature and humidity in the breech over 49 days before the onset of the blowfly season. Sheep susceptible to breech strike had higher humidity in the breech than resistant sheep. Further studies needs to be undertaken to determine whether humidity may qualify as a potential indirect indicator trait to differentiate between sheep resistant and susceptible for breech strike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human myiasis is a neglected disease caused by parasitic infestation of the skin, cavities, and other body parts by larvae (maggots) of a wide variety of dipteran flies. Here, we present a case of multiple furuncular myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga in a 61‐year‐old woman from Northeast Ethiopia. Obligate myiasis by Cordylobia species is common throughout tropical areas from Africa. It can occur at any age of the life and clusters of furuncular lesions in which the white end of a maggot can be seen indicating this infestation. It is self‐limiting but can result in secondary infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myiasis is the infestation of a living vertebrate by a fly's larva, completing its obligate life cycle. Exposed skin remains the most affected site. The botfly, Dermatobia hominis, is the most common cause of cutaneous furuncular myiasis in tropical areas. Few cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia, mainly in the Southern region. A one-year-old medically free child presented to our pediatric surgery clinic with a painful, itchy discharging nodule on the inner aspect of his right forearm for one-week. The patient's mother and sibling had a similar former presentation after visiting Taif city. We dilated the central punctum and extracted the larva fully intact. The larva was identified morphologically as Dermatobia hominis by a parasitologist. The lesion was left to heal secondarily, which resulted in an acceptable cosmetic result and minimal scarring. Raising this clinical entity's awareness between pediatric surgeons will set aside misdiagnosis, delayed management, and possible complications. A high level of suspicion and careful history taking are required to recognize myiasis, particularly in patients with a recent history of global traveling or those with close contact with cattle.

Abstract Human myiasis is a neglected disease caused by parasitic infestation of the skin, cavities, and other body parts by larvae (maggots) of a wide variety of dipteran flies. Here, we present a case of multiple furuncular myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga in a 61‐year‐old woman from Northeast Ethiopia.

Abstract Two cases of cutaneous myiasis diagnosed in 2018 in Emilia‐Romagna region (northern Italy) were reported. The first one, described in a domestic cat Felis silvestris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae) and caused by Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), was the first one of this type ever reported in Italy in cats. The second one was described in a domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris L. (Carnivora: Canidae) and caused by Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and was unusual because it occurred in absence of lesions. An extensive literature search on cutaneous myiasis in these two domestic animal species was performed in order to draw attention to predisposing conditions and risk factors.

In the livestock activity there are setbacks or accidents that cause injuries to the animals. The clips placement to identify the calves requires the application of product that accelerates healing and prevents opportunistic infection (cutaneous myiasis, among others). The lack of veterinary products for this purpose, makes it necessary to search for new alternatives. This work describes the evolution of a clinical calf case from the "Niña Bonita" Livestock Genetic Company, Rearing Unit 907, with an ear wound due to placement identification clip, which was inflamed, with necrotic tissue, abundant infection, excruciating pain and a hole through the auricular labellum. The treatment applied so far was Ivomec®, to eliminating the cutaneous myiasis larvae. The OleoVET was applied inmidiatly, after carrying out a deep mechanical cleaning with HPI product and enough quantity was applied to cover the entire lesion and avoid flies. The cures were carried out every 24 h for five days. The evolution photos of the perforating wound were recorded in which a reduction of the typical infectious secretion is observed, together with the vascular regeneration, in addition to the growth of new bright red blood vessels and the progressive closure of the wound. The germicidal action of OleoVET, its stimulating action on wound healing and its usefulness in Veterinary Medicine were confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myiasis refers to the infestation of living humans and vertebrate animals by dipterous larvae. Many organs can be infested by fly larvae, but cutaneous and wound myiases are the most frequently encountered clinical forms. Persistent ulcer or non-healing wound is one of the symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma which is the second most common skin cancer in the world. Here we report a case of an elderly man with a severe wound myiasis in a squamous cell carcinoma lesion of the scalp. The maggots were confirmed to be Lucilia sericata which are widespread flies in Japan. Human myiasis is rarely reported in Japan, but patients with necrotic, hemorrhaging, or pus-filled wounds are susceptible to infestation. It is necessary for doctors and nurses to ensure that their patients change their dressings daily and keep their wounds clean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Myiasis, as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, is infection with fly larvae commonly occurring in tropical and subtropical areas. Whereas the presentation of skin infection with organisms such as Dermatobia hominis (human botfly) is more easily recognized in these regions, identification of myiasis in the United States is difficult due to its rarity. Due to unspecific signs and symptoms, myiasis may initially be mistaken for other conditions, like cellulitis.Case Report: This case details a patient with pain, swelling, drainage, and erythema of the right second toe. The patient recently returned from Belize and reported an insect bite to the area approximately 1 month prior. She had been seen by health care professionals twice prior to presenting to our Emergency Department (ED) due to increasing pain. At those visits, the patient was prescribed antibiotics, failing to improve her symptoms. In the ED, point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) of the soft tissue was performed and showed evidence of a foreign body consistent with cutaneous myiasis. Given the patient's history of travel to Belize and known insect bite, it is prudent to have an increased suspicion for cutaneous myiasis. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: To prevent a delay in diagnosis and unnecessary antibiotics, clinicians should have a high level of suspicion for botfly if a patient reports recent travel in an endemic region and pain disproportionate to an insect bite. POCUS contributes to a more efficient recognition of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two cases of cutaneous myiasis diagnosed in 2018 in Emilia‐Romagna region (northern Italy) were reported. The first one, described in a domestic cat Felis silvestris catus L. (Carnivora: Felidae) and caused by Calliphora vicina Robineau‐Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), was the first one of this type ever reported in Italy in cats. The second one was described in a domestic dog Canis lupus familiaris L. (Carnivora: Canidae) and caused by Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and was unusual because it occurred in absence of lesions. An extensive literature search on cutaneous myiasis in these two domestic animal species was performed in order to draw attention to predisposing conditions and risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les myiases sont liées au parasitisme d'un être vivant par des larves de mouches ou asticots. Certaines de ces larves sont des parasites obligatoires; d'autres vivent normalement sur des matières organiques en décomposition et se développent accidentellement chez l'homme. Sur le plan clinique, on distingue les myiases cutanées, sous cutanées, cavitaires et profondes. Une clé sommaire d'identification des asticots responsables des myiases les plus fréquentes (uniquement sur les stades III) est proposée tout en sachant que cette identification est affaire de spécialiste. Le traitement se résume à l'extraction manuelle des larves et au décapage minutieux des plaies. Dans l'hypodermose l'ivermectine est active. Myiasis are a living being parasitism with a fly larvae or maggot. Some are obligate parasites, other live in decaying organic matters and accidentally occur on human. Four clinical types can be recognized, cutaneous, subcutaneous, luminal and deep myiasis. A brief identification key for stage III maggots responsible for myiasis is provided, though identification is a specialist matter. Treatment lay on manual removal of fly larvae and wounds careful cleansing. Furthermore, ivermectine is efficient on hypodermosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facultative blowfly species, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) and Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) largely handicap sheep production practices, resulting in immense economic devastation. Through simultaneous mechanical and chemical activity, the larvae largely cause physical damage to the wool and meat. Over the past few decades, myiasis has predominantly been controlled with the use of various synthetic chemicals, in addition to various sheep husbandry practices. However, an increased development of chemical resistance has been noted.With this, the aim of the study was to evaluate and compare various plant extracts for the potential use in the management of Lucilia spp. Through use of inverted funnel choice tests, the repellent action of the plant extracts was assessed.With a commercial citronella spray employed in the control, similarly high repellency was observed with treatments of Zanthoxylum sp. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis. With a minimum of 80 % pesticidal action required for test solutions to be considered successful, both plant extracts implicated potential action against the flies. The phytochemical secondary metabolic properties of the plant extracts were analysed with thin layer chromatography (TLC). Qualitative TLC was employed to differentiate the organic compound profiles of each plant extract, while various spray reagents were utilised to identify specific properties of various chemical groups. Those possibly contributing to the repellent results obtained included triterpenoids, alkaloids, essential oils, coumarin drugs, saponin drugs and flavonoids. With positive management potential and a basic phytochemical evaluation, further investigation into the use of these plant extracts against Lucilia spp. is advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The case report of a 70 years elderly is described. He went to "Ramón Campaña" Health Center in Pangua district, Cotopaxi, Ecuador due to an acute pain in the left dorsal region, a bulging with the feeling that something was eating him from inside and diffuse discomfort. In the physical examination, a 6-7 cm diameter furuncle was detected in the left scapular zone, with erythematosus-edematosus look, hot and painful when touched, with an ulcerated central hole where a larva was observed. A cutaneous myiasis was diagnosed, the larva was removed and local disinfection, antinflammatory drugs and antibiotic therapy were indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"nChrysomya bezziana Villeneuve is the most important fly, which produces myiasis, exists as an obligate ectoparasite in the ani­mals, and afflicts human. Poor hygiene and working in contaminated areas particularly during warm seasons provide a situa­tion to infest by this parasite. Infestation in human and livestock are often observed in wounds, normal body orifices such as eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. The manifestations include pruritus, pain, inflammation, redness, eosinophilia, and secon­dary bacterial infections and rarely death. A 5-year-old boy with severe headache and agitation symptoms was fol­lowed up. After physical examination and endoscopy, larvae of third instar fly were obtained from his scalp. Our precise identifica­tion indicated that the flies were the C. bezziana. This is the second report of the human scalp myiasis caused by C. bezziana in Iran. This study confirmed that the old world screwworm fly was distributed in the southern of Iran and proba­bly could be one of the most important agents of myiasis in this area.

Myiasis is defined as the infestation of live vertebrates, either humans or animals, with dipterous larvae. Many organs can be infested by these larvae with cutaneous myiasis being the most common form. Cutaneous myiasis can be divided into three categories: localized furuncular myiasis, migratory myiaisis and wound myiasis, which occurs when fly larvae infest the open wounds of the host. Human myiasis has worldwide distribution, with more species and a heavier burden in tropical and subtropical countries. In recent years with increased travel to the tropics, myiasis has become common in returning travelers from these regions, Furuncular myiasis, mainly Dermatobia homonis becomes the most common form seen among them. Treatment is based on full extraction of the larva and no antibiotic treatment is needed. Understanding the mode of transmission of each type of myiasis may help to prevent the infestation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myiasis is the infestation of a living vertebrate by a fly's larva, completing its obligate life cycle. Exposed skin remains the most affected site. The botfly, Dermatobia hominis , is the most common cause of cutaneous furuncular myiasis in tropical areas. Few cases have been reported in Saudi Arabia, mainly in the Southern region. A one-year-old medically free child presented to our pediatric surgery clinic with a painful, itchy discharging nodule on the inner aspect of his right forearm for one-week. The patient's mother and sibling had a similar former presentation after visiting Taif city. We dilated the central punctum and extracted the larva fully intact. The larva was identified morphologically as Dermatobia hominis by a parasitologist. The lesion was left to heal secondarily, which resulted in an acceptable cosmetic result and minimal scarring. Raising this clinical entity's awareness between pediatric surgeons will set aside misdiagnosis, delayed management, and possible complications. A high level of suspicion and careful history taking are required to recognize myiasis, particularly in patients with a recent history of global traveling or those with close contact with cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There is evidence of genetically determined host resistance mechanisms for most of the sheep parasites evaluated. The mechanisms vary; from no or reduced establishment, early expulsion, to suppression of parasites resulting in reduced size and fecundity. There is a need to integrate breeding for parasite resistance with the genetic improvement of production traits in farm animals, aiming for optimum solutions for potentially conflicting responses. Sustainable parasite control must be based on Integrated Parasite Management utilising an interdisciplinary approach. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The surgical operation of mulesing cuts wool-bearing and wrinkled skin from the perineal region and adjoining hindquarters of Australian Merino sheep, and has been shown in combination with tail docking to provide significantly enhanced protection against flystrike for the remainder of the animal''s life. There is strong evidence that mulesing is a painful procedure, and its medium term future is doubtful in the face of animal welfare campaigns and societal expectations. Post-surgery analgesia for mulesing is available in the form of a topical anaesthetic treatment that provides amelioration of animal behavioural and physiological responses for some hours after the procedure. However, the topical anaesthetic alone does not provide analgesia during the operation, and its duration of action is less than the indicative period of pain and discomfort that follows mulesing. Greater analgesic coverage of mulesing-induced pain would appear to require the use of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug such as carprofen in combination with topical anaesthesia, but most attention on addressing the mulesing issue is now focused on the development of non-surgical mulesing alternatives, breeding sheep that do not require mulesing, and targeting the fly and its larvae through an integrated pest management (IPM) approach. Non-surgical approaches to achieving a similar conformation change to that induced by mulesing have included research on topical and intradermal administration of chemicals and bioactive agents to cause skin scarring, stretching and depilation. Agents incorporating collagenase and quaternary ammonium compounds have been evaluated and rejected, including on animal welfare grounds. Intradermal sodium lauryl sulfate administration appears to induce a relatively mild behavioural and physiological response, but further evaluation and efficacy testing are required. A physical treatment aimed at achieving a similar result to surgical mulesing involves the placement of clips to remove clamped skin folds through ischaemia. The clip treatment is commercially available, and has been shown to induce only minimal animal discomfort and inflammatory responses. Early efficacy research suggests that breech flystrike rates may not be substantially improved by the clip procedure, and its viability as a long-term replacement for mulesing remains to be determined. The availability of chemical preventative treatments that provide sheep with up to 4months’ protection against flystrike, combined with strategies such as increased crutching (shearing dirty wool off the breech), would allow many producers to cease mulesing. However, this would be at a greater cost and with the likely exit of a proportion from the industry, unless wool value reflected a substantive price differential for non-mulesed flocks. The genetic selection of Merino sheep that do not require post-birth modification to their breech skin, in combination with a strategic IPM program, would appear to provide the most sustainable approach to managing breech flystrike in the Australian Merino. Such a breeding program requires a sustained commitment over at least a 10-year period, and is not helped by attitudes of some within the industry that conventional mulesing does not have a finite lifespan as a flystrike control option. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]