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In March 2022, a seismic crisis was declared in São Jorge Island. Despite the regular seismotectonic activity observed in the Azores Central Group, São Jorge has not exhibited significant activity since the crisis associated with an eruption in 1964. Between the fall of 2021 and the end of 2022, approximately 12,000 earthquakes (magnitudes up to ML 3.8) have been recorded, with the seismicity and geodetic modelling pointing to a magmatic intrusion. Intrusions cause gas release, fluid circulation, and pressure perturbations in the subsurface volcanic system that often induce changes in seismic velocity. Here, we probe spatial-temporal changes in the seismic velocity structure beneath São Jorge using ambient noise interferometry. In this study, we analyzed data continuously recorded between January 2021 and December 2022 by two permanent stations (PMAN and ROSA) operated by the Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (IPMA) to investigate the presence of subsurface structural changes in response to the seismic crisis. Data were cut into 1-hr length files and filtered between 1 and 3 Hz for autocorrelation, and between 0.1 and 1.0 Hz for cross-correlation. We applied the Phase Auto- and Cross-Correlation (PAC and PCC) method to the filtered data. This method is based on phase coherence and is amplitude-unbiased. PAC and PCC functions were then linearly stacked over three days to achieve a stable noise response. To infer changes in the velocity structure, we analyzed the waveform similarity values for different time lag windows. We compared the waveform similarity results with meteorological data and ground deformation inferred from GPS. Additionally, relative velocity changes have been estimated. The two analyzed stations exhibit different waveform-similarity results. Preliminary interpretation of PMAN results (closer to the island center) show, in the second half of 2022, a very slight recovery of the waveform similarity at shorter lag times (shallower depths) that

We present a new high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity (Vs) model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath Portugal, inferred from ambient seismic noise tomography. We use broad-band seismic data from a dense temporary deployment covering the entire Portuguese mainland between 2010 and 2012 in the scope of the WILAS project. Vertical component data are processed using phase correlation and phase weighted stack to obtain empirical Green functions (EGFs) for 2016 station pairs. Further, we use a random sampling and subset stacking strategy to measure robust Rayleigh-wave group velocities in the period range 7-30 s and associated uncertainties. The tomographic inversion is performed in two steps: First, we determine group-velocity lateral variations for each period. Next, we invert them at each grid point using a new trans-dimensional inversion scheme to obtain the 3-D shear wave velocity model. The final 3-D model extends from the upper crust (5 km) down to the uppermost mantle (60 km) and has a lateral resolution of ∼50 km. In the upper and middle crusts, the Vs anomaly pattern matches the tectonic units of the Variscan Massif and Alpine basins. The transition between the Lusitanian Basin and the Ossa Morena Zone is marked by a contrast between moderate- and high-velocity anomalies, in addition to two arched earthquake lineations. Some faults, namely, the Manteigas-Vilariça-Bragança fault and the Porto-Tomar-Ferreira do Alentejo fault, have a clear signature from the upper crust down to the uppermost mantle (60 km). Our 3-D shear wave velocity model offers new insights into the continuation of the main tectonic units at depth and contributes to better understanding the seismicity of Portugal.

Introduction: In Portugal there have been nutrition education programs aimed at children, using different instruments and methodologies. It is currently agreed that eating habits in early childhood have a strong impact on future health, being a window of opportunity for the modulation of eating habits for adult life. Nutrition education aimed at pre-school children is a very complex subject as it involves the child's development, pedagogy, and behavioral change. Objectives: To understand the development of pre-school children and describe the nutrition education instruments most used in this age as well as their possible impact on knowledge and food behaviour. Methodology: Narrative review of the literature using database search in Pubmed, ISI Web of Knowledge and the Online Knowledge Library. Results: Pre-school children need nutrition education tools that are appropriate to their cognitive abilities and that stimulate their interest. The most used nutrition education tools are food guides, children's stories, or games. Conclusions: Nutrition education instruments to be used at pre-school age should be tools for the realization of playful and meaningful moments of learning. Stories, traditional games, or digital games are thus valid instruments for this purpose and should be explored by educators to approach the topic of food., Introdução: Em Portugal, tem-se assistido à realização de diversos programas de educação alimentar dirigidos a crianças, com utilização de diferentes instrumentos e metodologias. Atualmente é consensual que a alimentação nos primeiros anos de vida tem um forte impacto na saúde futura, sendo uma janela de oportunidade para a modulação de hábitos alimentares para a vida adulta. A educação alimentar dirigida a crianças em idade pré-escolar constitui uma matéria bastante complexa pois envolve o desenvolvimento da criança, a pedagogia e a mudança comportamental. Objetivos: Compreender o desenvolvimento da criança em idade pré-escolar, descrever os instrumentos de educação alimentar e nutricional mais utilizados nesta faixa etária e o seu possível impacto nos conhecimentos e comportamento alimentar. Metodologia: Revisão narrativa da literatura através de pesquisa em bases de dados: Pubmed, ISI Web of Knowledge e Biblioteca do Conhecimento Online. Resultados: Os instrumentos de educação alimentar e nutricional devem ser adequados às capacidades sócio-cognitivas e emocionais das crianças em idade pré-escolar. Os instrumentos mais utilizados para promover atitudes positivas ou hábitos alimentares saudáveis nesta faixa etária são os guias alimentares, as histórias infantis ou os jogos. Conclusões: Os instrumentos de educação alimentar e nutricional a serem utilizados em idade pré-escolar deverão ser potenciadores de momentos lúdicos e significativos de aprendizagem. As histórias, os jogos tradicionais ou digitais deverão ser explorados por educadores para abordagem do tema da alimentação., Introducción: En Portugal, ha habido varios proyectos de educación alimentaria dirigidos a los niños, utilizando diferentes instrumentos y metodologías. Actualmente se acepta que la alimentación en los primeros años de vida tiene un fuerte impacto en la salud futura, siendo una ventana de oportunidad para modular los hábitos alimenticios para la vida adulta. La educación alimentaria para niños en edad preescolar es un tema muy complejo, ya que implica el desarrollo infantil, la pedagogía y el cambio de comportamiento. Objetivos: Comprender el desarrollo de los niños en edad preescolar y describir los instrumentos de educación alimentaria más utilizados en este grupo de edad, así como su posible impacto en el conocimiento y la conducta alimentaria. Metodología: Revisión narrativa de la literatura. Búsqueda en las bases de datos Pubmed, ISI Web of Knowledge y Biblioteca de Conocimiento on-line. Resultados: Los niños en edad preescolar necesitan herramientas de educación alimentaria que sean apropiadas para sus habilidades cognitivas y que estimulen su interés. Los instrumentos más utilizados son guías alimentarias, cuentos infantiles o juegos. Conclusiones: Los instrumentos de educación alimentaria que se utilizarán en edad preescolar deberían ser herramientas para la realización de momentos de aprendizaje divertidos y significativos. Las historias, los juegos tradicionales o digitales son instrumentos válidos para este propósito y los educadores deben explorarlos para abordar el tema de la alimentación.