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This paper introduces BioScript, a domain-specific language (DSL) for programmable biochemistry which executes on emerging microfluidic platforms. The goal of this research is to provide a simple, intuitive, and type-safe DSL that is accessible to life science practitioners. The novel feature of the language is its syntax, which aims to optimize human readability; the technical contributions of the paper include the BioScript type system and relevant portions of its compiler. The type system ensures that certain types of errors, specific to biochemistry, do not occur, including the interaction of chemicals that may be unsafe. The compiler includes novel optimizations that place biochemical operations to execute concurrently on a spatial 2D array platform on the granularity of a control flow graph, as opposed to individual basic blocks. Results are obtained using both a cycle-accurate microfluidic simulator and a software interface to a real-world platform.

Context: In developing countries, fish data might be lacking and expensive to collect. Fisher's local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been identified as important to complement scientific data gaps. However, consensus and divergences between both methods have not been extensively studied. Aims: This paper compares local fishers' LEK and scientifically sampled data on fish species composition, ecological preferences, and wellbeing in the Lower Komati River, South Africa. Methods: Key informant interviews (n = 6), field tracking (n = 5) and participatory mapping (n = 22) were undertaken to capture fishers' LEK and produce maps showing fishing points. Two science-led fish surveys in six sites were also undertaken between August 2019 and December 2019 by using an electrofishing method. Key results: The fishers' LEK and survey data showed similar patterns of occurrence of Micralestes acutidens , Coptodon rendalli , Oreochromis mossambicus and Labeo cylindricus. Comparing fishers' catch estimates and survey catch showed that there is no significant difference (P > 0.05) in abundance on the two most sampled species by using ANOVA. Conclusion: Differences between the two methods were observed in assessing the river and fish's wellbeing. Implication: The similarities and differences were identified as opportunities for small-scale fisheries and scientists to co-identify ecosystem management strategies that are congruent to the local environment. Local ecological knowledge (LEK) has been identified as important to be co-used with scientific knowledge to enhance management of fisheries and local ecosystems. The paper compares local fishers' LEK and sampled data on fish species composition, ecological preferences, and wellbeing. The fishers' LEK and survey data showed similar patterns of occurrence of fish species, catch estimates and survey catches. There were also complementary differences in assessing fish wellbeing. The similarities and differences were identified as opportunities to co-identify management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed energy intake and expenditure of international female touch players during an international tournament. Energy intake (food diary) and expenditure (accelerometer, global positioning system) were recorded for 16 female touch players during a four-day tournament, competing in 8.0 ± 1.0 matches; two on Days 1, 2, and 4, and three on Day 3. Total daily energy expenditure (43.6 ± 3.1 Kcal⋅kg-1 body mass (BM)) was not different (p > .05) from energy intake (39.9 ± 9.4 Kcal⋅kg-1 BM). Carbohydrate intakes were below current recommendations (6-10 g⋅kg-1 BM) on Days 1 (4.4 ± 0.6 g⋅kg-1 BM) and 3 (4.7 ± 1.0 g⋅kg-1 BM) and significantly below (p < .05) on Day 2 (4.1 ± 1.0 g⋅kg-1 BM). Protein and fat intakes were consistent with recommendations (protein, 1.2-2.0 g⋅kg-1 BM: fat, 20-35% total Kcal) across Days 1-3 (protein, 1.9 ± 0.8, 2.2 ± 0.8, and 2.0 ± 0.7 g⋅kg-1 BM; fat, 35.6 ± 6.8, 38.5 ± 6.4, and 35.9 ± 5.4% total Kcal). Saturated fat intakes were greater (p < .05) than recommendations (10% total Kcal) on Days 1-3 (12.4 ± 2.9, 14.2 ± 5.1, and 12.7 ± 3.5% total Kcal). On average, female touch players maintained energy balance. Carbohydrate intakes appeared insufficient and might have contributed to the reduction (p < .05) in high-intensity running on Day 3. Further research might investigate the applicability of current nutrition recommendations and the role of carbohydrate in multimatch, multiday tournaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroid resistance is becoming widespread in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, coinciding with expanded use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) throughout Africa. To investigate whether nets in use are still protective, we conducted [...]

Abstract: The rate of bitumen extraction in northeastern Alberta, Canada, is outpacing the state of ecological understanding of the region, so that the extent of potential disturbances caused by atmospheric [...]