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Cuora amboinensis Riche in Daudin, 1801— Native. Testudo amboinensis Riche in Daudin, 1801b: 309–313.Type material: None designated; holotype deposited in MNHN, according to Bourret (1941: 149), but Bour (in Rummler & Fritz 1991: 36) reported it was lost at sea en route to MNHN before Daudin ever saw it. Type locality: “à Amboine” (= Kota Ambon), Moluccas, Indonesia. Malayan Box Terrapin (Figure 9B) Singapore records. Cistudo Amboinensis — Gray, 1844: 30–31.— Gray, 1855: 42. Cistudo amboinensis — Cantor, 1847a: 611.— Cantor, 1847c: 1067. Cuora amboinensis — Ģnther, 1864: 12–13.— Gray, 1873: 21.—D.S. Johnson, 1964: 25.—F.L.K. Lim, 1984: 18.—K. Lim, 1988a: 5 (Mandai Road).—K. Lim & F. Lim, 1988a: 28 (MacRitchie).—K. Lim & F. Lim, 1988c: 77 (Bukit Kalang Service Reservoir [SRF]).—K. Lim, 1989b: 21 (Upper Peirce Reservoir).—K. Lim, 1990a: 11 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—K.K.P Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 56.—K.P. Lim & Subharaj, 1991b: 5 (Sentosa).—K.P. Lim & Subharaj, 1991c: 3 (Lower Peirce Reservoir).—D.S. Johnson, 1992: 34.—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 129, 151.— K.K. P. Lim & Subharaj, 1992: 9 (East Coast Park; Jalan Bahar; Lower Peirce Forest; MacRitchie Reservoir; Mandai Road; Serangoon Sludge Works [LH]; Sime Road Forest).—P.K.L. Ng, 1992a: 142.—P.K.L. Ng, 1992b: 142.—Wee, 1992: 74 (Lower Peirce Reservoir).—K.K.P. Lim, 1993b: 3 (Neo Tiew Lane [LKC]).—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 105.—K.K.P. Lim & Subaraj, 1994: 5 (Venus Drive [WNP]).—R. Subaraj, 1994: 14 (Lornie Track; MacRitchie Golf Trail [MNF]; MacRitchie Reservoir Park; Seletar North Forest [USNF]; Thomson Ridge Trail [TRF]).—R. Subaraj et al., 1995: 5 (Kent Ridge Park; MacRitchie Reservoir; Mandai Track 15).— K. Lim, 1995: 19 (MacRitchie Nature Trail [TRF]; Nee Soon Swamp Forest; Serapong Golf Course [Sentosa]).—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 387, 392.— Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 443.— Chan-ard et al., 1999: 39.—B.L. Lim & Das, 1999: 63.—van Dijk, 2000: 20.—Touch et al., 2000: 56.— Anonymous, 2003: 92 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—T.Y. Goh & O’Riordan, 2007: 98.—Ramsay et al., 2007: 166.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 122, 159 (Botanic Gardens; Pulau Ubin).—P.K.A. Ng, 2009: 19, 21, 25, 53, 54, 64, 115, 143, 160, 165, 167, 193, 203.—E.K. Chua, 2010: 102 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— Das, 2010: 168.—T.H. Ng & K.K.P. Lim, 2010: 119, 122 (Pulau Tekong).—M.A.H. Chua, 2011: 281 (Semakau Landfill [PS]).—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 479.—H.T.W. & K.K.P. Lim, 2011: 196.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 122, 159.— M.F.C. Ng, 2012: 68, 146.— Duong et al., 2014: 739.—R. Subaraj, 2015: 13, 38 (Night Safari; Stephen Lee Woods [= RPN]).—S. Subaraj, 2015: 3, 4, 7 (Night Safari; Stephen Lee Woods [= RPN]; Upper Seletar Peninsula [= USNF]).—H.H. Tan, 2015: 99 (Botanic Gardens).—Wijedasa, 2015: 180.—K.K.P. Lim et al., 2016: 176 (Pulau Tekong).—Vogrinc & McCleary, 2016: 121–122 (Pulau Ubin).— Aini et al., 2019: 399.—H.C. Ho et al., 2019: 124 (Clementi Forest).—Riyanto & Mumpuni, 2019: 18.—H.T.W. Tan et al., 2019: 135 (Kent Ridge Park; National University of Singapore Kent Ridge Campus).— Leo et al., 2020: 257.— Andersen et al., 2021: 3. Cyclemys amboinensis — Boulenger, 1889a: 133–134.— Flower, 1896: 859.— Hanitsch, 1898: 8.— Flower, 1899: 614.—Ridley, 1899: 186, 205 (“ground on which is now the Tanglin Market”).—Hanitsch, 1908: 39.— Boulenger, 1912: 21–22.— Hanitsch, 1912b: 14.— de Rooij, 1915: 302–304. Cuora amboinensis kamaroma — Auliya, 2007: 44–45.—Ernest et al., 2016: 144–156.—TTWG, 2021: 208. Remarks. Singapore’s population of C. amboinensis consists of wild and released individuals (Teo & Rajathurai 1997). This species is a prime example of a traded species perennially released into the wild in observance of Vesak Day as it was commonly sold in pet shops during the 1990s (Ng & Lim 2010) and placed back on the list of legal pets (Ng 2009). Gray (1844) first reported C. amboinensis for Singapore from a stuffed specimen in the NHMUK collections. Until Hanitsch (1898) listed it in the Raffles Museum’s catalogue, C. amboinensis was known only from this one specimen. Ridley (1899) noted that C. amboinensis was previously considered common in Singapore, but that its numbers were declining. Yet, Hanitsch (1908) described it as common in swamps and paddy fields, a supposition echoed decades later by Johnson (1964). Besides the previous accounts depicting how common C. amboinensis was, the first reported field observation of it was made 24 years after Johnson’s (1964) account (Table 2), on 13 February 1988 when a released individual, signified by red paint on its shell, was spotted at Mandai Road (Lim 1988a). The first field observation of a wild individual was of one seen behind a house around MacRitchie in April 1988 (Lim & Lim 1988a). Certainly, research is needed to verify the extent of wild and released individuals of C. amboinensis. Occurrence. Wide-ranging. Common. Singapore conservation status. Near-Threatened. Conservation priority. Moderate. Population is a mixture of native and released individuals. IUCN conservation status. Endangered [2020]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH 1902.3.26.3–5 (no date), ZRC.2.128 (no date); Nee Soon Swamp Forest : ZRC.2.2585 (30-Mar-1990); Semakau Landfill [PS] : ZRC.2.7025 (19-Feb-2011). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): CAS, SMNS. Singapore localities. Clementi Forest—East Coast Park—Jalan Bahar—Kent Ridge Park—Lim Chu Kang—Lornie Forest—Lorong Halus—Lower Peirce Forest—Lower Peirce Reservoir—MacRitchie—MacRitchie North Forest—MacRitchie Reservoir Park—Mandai Road—Mandai Track 15—National University of Singapore Kent Ridge Campus—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Night Safari—Pulau Semakau—Pulau Tekong—Pulau Ubin—Rainforest Park North—Sentosa—Sime Road Forest—Singapore Botanic Gardens—Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve—Tanglin—Thomson Ridge Forest—Upper Peirce Reservoir—Upper Seletar North Forest—Windsor Nature Park., Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 75-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7960319, {"references":["Bourret, R. (1941) Les Tortues de l'Indochine. Notes Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, 38, 1 - 235.","Gray, J. E. (1844) Catalogue of Tortoises, Crocodilians, and Amphisbaenians in the Collection of the British Museum. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, vii + 80 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1855) Catalogue of Shield Reptiles in the Collection of the British Museum. Part I. Testudinata (Tortoises). Trustees [of the British Museum], London, pp. 1 - 79, 42 pls.","Cantor, T. E. (1847 a) Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and islands, collected or observed by Theodore Cantor, Esq., M. D. Bengal Medical Service. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 16 (Part 2, No. 180), 607 - 656, pl. 20. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5057","Cantor, T. E. (1847 c) Catalogue of reptiles inhabiting the Malayan Peninsula and islands, collected or observed by Theodore Cantor, Esq., M. D. Bengal Medical Service. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 16 (Part 2, No. 183), 1026 - 1078. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5057","Gnther, A. C. L. G. (1864) The Reptiles of British India. Trustees [of the British Museum], London, xxvii + 452 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5012","Gray, J. E. (1873) Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. Eighth Edition. British Museum (Natural History), London, iv + 124 pp.","Johnson, D. S. (1964) An Introduction to the Natural History of Singapore. Rayirath (Raybooks) Publications, Singapore, x + 106 pp.","Lim, F. L. K. (1984) Reptile and amphibian encounters. In: Wee, Y. - C. (Ed.), Nature in an Urban Singapore. Proceedings of the Seminar on Nature in an Urban Singapore. Singapore Branch of the Malayan Nature Society, Singapore, pp. 17 - 19.","Lim, K. & Lim, F. (1988 a) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (2), 27 - 28.","Lim, K. & Lim, F. (1988 c) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 1 (4), 74 - 77.","Lim, K. (1990 a) Reptiles. The Pangolin, 3 (1 - 4), 6 - 12.","Johnson, D. S. (1992) Natural History of Singapore. Revised Edition. Tynron Press, Leicestershire, ix + 142 pp.","Lim, K. K. P. & Lim, F. L. K. (1992) A Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore, 160 pp.","Lim, K. K. P. & Subharaj, R. (1992) Reptiles & Amphibians. The Pangolin, 5 (1 - 4), 5 - 9.","Lim, K. K. P. (1993 b) Reptiles & Amphibians. The Pangolin, 6 (3 - 4), 1 - 4.","Chou L. M., Ng, P. K. L. & Lim, K. K. P. (1994) Animalia. In: Wee, Y. C. & Ng, P. K. L. (Eds.), A First Look at Biodiversity in Singapore. National Council on the Environment, Singapore, pp. 70 - 106.","Lim, K. K. P. & Subaraj, R. (1994) Recent records (1994) - herptiles. The Pangolin, 7 (1 - 4), 5.","Manthey, U. & Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien und Reptilian Sudostasien. Natur und Tier, M ¸ nster, 512 pp.","Lim B. L. & Das, I. (1999) Turtles of Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, 151 pp.","Dijk, P. P. van. (2000) The status of turtles in Asia. Chelonian Research Monographs, 2, 15 - 23.","Anonymous (2003) Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve - A Decade of Wetland Conservation. National Parks Board, Singapore, 98 pp.","Goh, T. Y. & O'Riordan, R. M. (2007) Are tortoises and freshwater turtles still traded illegally as pets in Singapore? Oryx, 41 (1), 97 - 100. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 003060530700155 X","Chua, E. K. (2010) Wetlands in a City: The Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. Simply Green, Singapore, 176 pp.","Das, I. (2010) A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand and South-East Asia. New Holland, London, 376 pp.","Chua, M. A. (2011) The herpetofauna and mammals of Semakau Landfill: A Project Semakau checklist. Nature in Singapore, 4, 277 - 287.","Lim, K. K. P., Leong, T. M. & Lim, F. L. K. (2011) The king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (Cantor) in Singapore (Reptilia: Squamata: Elapidae). Nature in Singapore, 4, 143 - 156.","Duong, L. D., Ngo, C. D. & Nguyen, T. Q. (2014) New records of turtles from Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam. Herpetology Notes, 7, 737 - 744.","Lim, K. K. P., Chua, M. A. H. & Lim, N. T. - L. (2016) Freshwater fishes, terrestrial herpetofauna and mammals of Pulau Tekong, Singapore. Nature in Singapore, 9, 165 - 198.","Aini, Y., Kusrini, M. D. & Prasetyo, L. B. (2019) Pemodelan spasial kesesuaian habitat Kura Kura Ambon (Cuora amboinensis) di Taman Nasional Rawa Aopa Watumohai. In: Prosiding Seminar Nasional Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar (' Riset Sebagai Fondasi Konservasi dan Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan dan Satwa Liar'), Bogor, 27 November (2018). Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, s. n., pp. 398 - 406.","Leo, S., Suherman, M., Permatasari, A., Suganda, D. & Zulamri, W. N. (2020) Herpetofauna diversity in Zamrud National Park, Indonesia: baseline checklist for a Sumatra peat swamp forest ecosystem. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 14 (2), 250 - 263.","Andersen, S. K., Staerk, J., Kalhor, E., Natusch, D. J. D., Silva, R. da, Pfau, B. & Conde, D. A. (2021) Economics, life history and international trade data for seven turtle species in Indonesian and Malaysian farms. Data in Brief, 34, 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. dib. 2020.106708","Boulenger, G. A. (1889 a) Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New edition. Taylor and Francis, London, x + 311 pp.","Flower, S. S. (1896) Notes on a collection of reptiles and batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895 - 96; with a list of the species recorded from that region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1896 (4), 856 - 914, pls. 44 - 46.","Hanitsch, R. (1898) Annual report of the curator and librarian on the Raffles Library and Museum, for the Year Ending 31 st December, 1897. In: Straits Settlements, Annual Reports for the Year 1898. Published by Authority, Singapore, pp. 11 - 22.","Flower, S. S. (1899 b) Notes on a second collection of reptiles made in the Malay Peninsula and Siam, from November 1896 - September 1898, with a list of the species recorded from those countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1899 (4), 600 - 696, pls. 36 - 37.","Boulenger, G. A. (1912) A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore, Including the Adjacent Islands. Reptilia and Batrachia, Taylor and Francis, London, xiii + 294 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10813","Hanitsch, R. (1912 b) List of the Birds, Reptiles and Amphibians in the Raffles Museum, Singapore. Raffles Library and Museum, Singapore, 19 pp.","de Rooij, N. (1915) The Reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. I. Lacertilia, Chelonia, Emydosaura. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xiv + 384 pp.","Auliya, M. (2007) An Identification Guide to the Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles of Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, and Timor Leste. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia, s. n., 99 pp."]}

Genus Cuora Gray, 1856 (1 species) Cuora Gray, 1856a: 198 (type species: Testudo amboinensis Riche in Daudin, 1801, by subsequent designation by Stejneger, 1907: 503; gender feminine)., Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on page 75, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7960319

Cuora galbinifrons Bourret 1939:11 Syntypes (4): Originally NUH T 54 (now MNHN 1948.36), 55, 59 (now in the MHN Toulouse), and 60 (now MNHN 1948.37); T-54 and T-59 illustrated in the original description (Pl. 2, Fig. 2), and reproduced by Obst & Reimann (1994: p. 128, Fig. 1a), Fritz et al. (2002:68), and Bour (2005a:35, Fig. 3). T-55, T-59 and T-60 illustrated in Bourret (1941:Pls. B, C, and X) and reproduced in Fritz et al. (2002:p. 68–69, Figs. 13–15). T-54 and T-60 photographed in Obst & Reimann (1994:p. 128, Figs. 1b, c, and p. 129, Figs. 2a, b, respectively), and Fritz et al. 2002:70–71, Figs. 16–19); MNHN 1948.36 designated lectotype by Obst & Reimann (1994:129, 135); see also Bour (2005a:33, which included photographs of the lectotype, p. 34, Fig. 1–2). Note that the paralectotype MNHN T-60 is also the holotype of Cuora bourreti. Cyclemus flavomarginatus hainanensis Li 1958:234 Holotype: FU 200 (photographed in the original description, p. 234); allotype, CIB (formerly SBRI) 64III6110 (Koshikawa 1982:4)., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441, {"references":["Obst, F. J. & Reimann, M. (1994) Bemerkenswerte Variabilitat bei Cuora galbinifrons Bourret, 1939, mit Beschreibung einer neuen geographischen Unterart: Cuora galbinifrons bourreti subsp. nov. (Reptilia: Testudines: Cryptodira: Bataguridae). Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 48 (7), 125 - 137.","Fritz, U., Ziegler, T., Herrman, H. - W. & Lehr, E. (2002) Intergradation between subspecies of Cuora galbinifrons Bourret, 1939 and Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray, 1862) in southern North Vietnam (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae). Faunistische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 23, 59 - 74.","Bourret, R. (1941) Les Tortues de l'Indochine. Notes Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, 38, 1 - 235.","Koshikawa, A. (1982) Three species of reptiles from Hainan Island, Guangdong Province. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 53, 1 - 9. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 23317515.53.1"]}

Cuora picturata Lehr, Fritz, & Obst 1998:7 Holotype: MTD 34565 (photographed in the original description, p. 6, Fig. 1); paratypes (22), MTD 31859 -63, 33091, 33813, 34561-64, 34566-70, 34628, 35039, 35906, and 39856; and SMF 78371 (formerly MTD 34040)., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441

Cuora mouhotii (Gray 1862:157) Syntypes (7):BMNH1947.3.4.27(formerly1862.8.18.13), 1947.3.4.48 (formerly 1860.2.12.8), 1947.3.4.49 (formerly 1862.8.18.16), 1947.3.4.64 (formerly 1862.8.18.12), 1947.3.4.65 (formerly 1862.8.18. unknown), 1947.3.4.66 (formerly 1862.8.18.15), and 1947.3.4.67 (formerly 1862.8.18.9). BMNH 1947.3.4.27 designated lectotype by Fritz et al. (1998:33), and discussed by Das 2009:2)., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441, {"references":["Fritz, U., Andreas, B. & Lehr, E. (1998) Eine neue Unterart der Dreikiel-Scharnierschildkrote, Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray, 1862) (Reptilia: Testudines: Bataguridae). Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 50 (3), 33 - 43.","Das, I. (2009) The discovery of Indian turtles, with notes on publications, type localities and type repositories. ENVIS Bulletin, 12, 1 - 14."]}

Cuora aurocapitata Luo & Zong 1988:13 Holotype: SNHM 87 /012 (photographed in the original description, p. 14); paratypes (2), SMNH 87/010-11. Cuora aurocapitata dabieshani Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, & Teidemann 2017:382 Holotype: NMW 32987:2 (photographed in the original description, p. 25)., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441

Cuora pani Song 1984:330 Holotype: SIZ 80170 (photographed in the original description; Figs. 1–2); paratype (1), SIZ 80171. Cuora chriskarannarum Ernst & McCord 1987: 624 Holotype: USNM 266162; paratype (1), USNM 266163 (Reynolds et al. 2007:22)., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441, {"references":["Reynolds, R. P., Gotte, S. W. & Ernst, C. H. (2007) Catalog of type specimens of Recent Crocodilia and Testudines in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 626, 1 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.626"]}

Cuora bourreti Obst & Reimann 1994:135 Holotype: MNHN 1948.37 (formerly VNUH = HNUV T-60; photographed in the original description, p. 128, Fig. 1b-c; Fritz et al. 2002, photographed therein, p. 70, Figs. 16–17); and Bour 2005a, photographed therein, p. 34, Figs. 1–2). Note that the holotype is also a paralectotype of Cuora galbinifrons., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441, {"references":["Obst, F. J. & Reimann, M. (1994) Bemerkenswerte Variabilitat bei Cuora galbinifrons Bourret, 1939, mit Beschreibung einer neuen geographischen Unterart: Cuora galbinifrons bourreti subsp. nov. (Reptilia: Testudines: Cryptodira: Bataguridae). Zoologische Abhandlungen, Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 48 (7), 125 - 137.","Fritz, U., Ziegler, T., Herrman, H. - W. & Lehr, E. (2002) Intergradation between subspecies of Cuora galbinifrons Bourret, 1939 and Pyxidea mouhotii (Gray, 1862) in southern North Vietnam (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae). Faunistische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden, 23, 59 - 74."]}

Cuora trifasciata (Bell 1825:305) Holotype: OUM 8557 (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:14; illustrated in the original description, Pl. XIV suppl., illustration reproduced and type photographed in Blanck et al. 2006:32, Fig. 14; sampled genetically in Blanck et al. 2006 and Tiedemann et al. 2014). Cuora trifasciata luteocephala Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Li, Crow, & Tiedemann 2017:379 Holotype: CIB 64III5279 (photographed in the original description, Fig. 21); paratypes (43), AMNH 30126-30153; CIB 64 III6083, 6532-6533, and 6845; FMNH 6614-6621; MCZ 20689; and MVZ 23932., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441, {"references":["Nowak-kemp, M. & Fritz, U. (2010) Chelonian type specimens at the Oxford University Museum. Zootaxa, 2604, 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2604.1.1","Blanck, T., McCord, W. P. & Le, M. (2006) On the variability of Cuora trifasciata (Bell, 1825); the rediscovery of the type specimen, with descriptions of a new Cuora species and subspecies, and remarks on the distribution, habitat and vulnerability of these species (Reptilia: Testudines: Geoemydidae). Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 153 pp."]}

Cuora mccordi Ernst 1988:446 Holotype: USNM 281850; no paratypes were designated in the original description, but USNM 285129 was apparently among the specimens examined by Ernst (Reynolds et al. 2007:23)., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441, {"references":["Reynolds, R. P., Gotte, S. W. & Ernst, C. H. (2007) Catalog of type specimens of Recent Crocodilia and Testudines in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 626, 1 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.626"]}

Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802:309) Holotype: MNHN, according to Bourret (1941:149); although Bour (in Rummler & Fritz 1991:36) reported that the type was lost at sea before Daudin ever saw it. Testudo melanocephala Van-Ernest in Daudin 1801:128 Holotype: Not located; possibly originally in the MNHN, but apparently lost (Bour, pers. comm.). Emys melanogaster Bleeker in Gray 1864:12 Holotype: three specimens in the BMNH are registered as purchased from Bleeker (1863.12.4.48, 1863.12.4.121, and 1863.12.11.139), one of which is presumably the type; BMNH 1863.12.4.121 listed as this taxon by Gray (1873:21). Emys hypselonotus Bleeker in Gray 1864:12 Holotype: three specimens in the BMNH are registered as purchased from Bleeker (1863.12.4.48, 1863.12.4.121, and 1863.12.11.139), one of which is presumably the type; BMNH 1863.12.4.139 listed as this taxon by Gray (1873:22). Emys gastrotaenia Bleeker in Gray 1873:21 Holotype: three specimens in the BMNH are registered as purchased from Bleeker (1863.12.4.48, 1863.12.4.121, and 1863.12.11.139), one of which is presumably the type; BMNH 1863.12.4.48 listed as this taxon by Gray (1873:21). Cuora amboinensis couro (Lechenault in Schweigger 1812:315) Holotype: MNHN 7931 (Rummler & Fritz 1991:43, photographed therein, Figs. 6, 7, 10; Ceríaco & Bour 2012:19); illustrated in Oppel (1811: Pl. 21– 22; reproduced in Bour & Schmidtler 2014:27), and photographed in Bour & Schmidtler (2014:27). Terrapene bicolor Bell 1826:485 Syntypes (2): Not located; presumably originally in the OUM (Nowak-Kemp & Fritz 2010:6, 8); one illustrated in the original description (Pl. XVI). Emys (Cistuda) amboinensis leveriana Gray 1830: 7 Holotype: Not located; presumably originally in the BMNH. Cuora amboinensis kamaroma Rummler & Fritz 1991:39 Holotype: ZMH 277 (photographed in the original description, Figs. 6, 7, 10, 12; Hallerman 1998:211); paratypes (12), MNHN 2032:1- 2; RMNH 14902:1-2; SMF 64641 and 68190; SMNS 5480, 5484:1-2, and 7493; and ZMH 276 and 278. Cuora amboinensis lineata McCord & Philippen 1998:54 Holotype: USNM 122189; paratypes (at least 46), ZMA 19223 -24 (but never deposited there; Reynolds et al. 2007:22), two live specimens in Philippen’s private collection (intended for deposit in the MTDK) and 42 live specimens in the McCord’s private collection (intended for deposit in the UF or PCHP collections)., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 21, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441, {"references":["Bourret, R. (1941) Les Tortues de l'Indochine. Notes Institut Oceanographique de l'Indochine, 38, 1 - 235.","Rummler, H. - J. & Fritz, U. (1991) Geographische Variabilitat der Amboina-Scharnierschildkrote Cuora amboinensis (Daudin, 1802), mit Beschreibung einer neuen Unterart, C. a. kamaroma subsp. nov. Salamandra, 27 (1), 17 - 45.","Daudin, F. M. (1801) Histoire Naturelle, Generale et Particuliere des Reptiles. Tome Second. Imprimerie F. Dufart, Paris, 432 pp.","Gray, J. E. (1873) Hand-List of the Specimens of Shield Reptiles in the British Museum. British Museum, London, 124 pp.","Schweigger, A. F. (1812) Prodromus monographiae Cheloniorum. Konigsberger Archiv fur Naturwissenschaft und Mathematik, 1, 271 - 368, 406 - 462.","Ceriaco, L. M. P. & Bour, R. (2012. Schweigger's (1812) chelonian types from the extinct eighteenth century Portuguese \" Royal cabinet of natural history of Ajuda \": some contributions for their identification and nomenclatural implications. Zootaxa, 3395, 18 - 32. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3395.1.2","Oppel, M. (1811) Die Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen der Reptilien als Prodrom einer Naturgeshichte derselben. J. Lindauer, Munchen, 86 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 4911","Bour, R. & Schmidtler, J. (2014) Les Dessins et Aquarelles de Nikolaus Michael Oppel. 2. Les Tortues. Privately printed, Munchen and Paris, 48 pp.","Nowak-kemp, M. & Fritz, U. (2010) Chelonian type specimens at the Oxford University Museum. Zootaxa, 2604, 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2604.1.1","Reynolds, R. P., Gotte, S. W. & Ernst, C. H. (2007) Catalog of type specimens of Recent Crocodilia and Testudines in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 626, 1 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.626"]}

Cuora mouhotii obsti Fritz, Andreas, & Lehr 1998:35 Holotype: MTD 31458 (photographed in the original description, p. 34, Fig. 1); paratypes (5), MTD 30992, 31855, 31856 and 40416; and NMW 33505., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on page 22, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441

Cuora yunnanensis (Boulenger, 1906:567) Syntypes (6, five photographed in Blanck 2005:11– 12, 17, 20, 21, 24): BMNH 1946.1.22.97 (formerly 1905.5.30.34), 1946.1.22.98 (formerly 1905.5.29.2), 1946.1.22.99 (formerly 1905.5.29.3) and 1946.1.23.1 (formerly 1905.5.29.4),1946.1.23.2(formerly1905.5.29.5), and 1946.1.23.3 (formerly 1905.5.29.6; now SSTM/SNHM unnumbered, though not registered as such in the BMNH catalogue). BMNH 1946.1.22.97 designated as lectotype by Blanck et al. (2005:11). Cuora zhoui Zhao, 1990: 213 in Zhao, Zhou, & Ye 1990:213 Holotype: NTM 9001 (genotyped by Tiedemann et al. 2014); paratypes (2), NTM 9002, and 9003. Cuora pallidicephala McCord & Iverson 1991: 414 Holotype: UF 77230; paratype (1), UF 77253. Cyclemys atripons Iverson & McCord 1997:632 Holotype: USNM 81865 (Reynolds et al. 2007:23; photographed in Fritz et al. 2001:34; sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008); paratypes (9), KU 47171 (formerly MCZ 29558), MCZ 29571 -72, UF 105992 -93; USNM 53423 (photographed in Fritz et al. 2001:35; sampled genetically by Stuart & Fritz 2008 and Fritz et al. 2008), 53424, 79515, 94745 (Reynolds et al. 2007:23). USNM 94745 photographed in Fritz et al. (2008:380)., Published as part of Iverson, John B., 2022, A review of Chelonian type specimens (order Testudines), pp. 1-85 in Megataxa 7 (1) on pages 22-23, DOI: 10.11646/megataxa.7.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5964441, {"references":["Blanck, T. (2005) Cuora yunnanensis (Boulenger, 1906), the Yunnan box turtle, rediscovered after one-hundred years? Radiata, 14 (2), 10 - 33.","Iverson, J. B. & McCord, W. P. (1997) Redescription of the Arakan forest turtle Geoemyda depressa Anderson 1875 (Testudines: Bataguridae). Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 2 (3), 384 - 389.","Reynolds, R. P., Gotte, S. W. & Ernst, C. H. (2007) Catalog of type specimens of Recent Crocodilia and Testudines in the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 626, 1 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.626","Fritz, U., Guicking, D., Wink, M. & Lehr, E. (2001) Sind Cyclemys atripons Iverson and McCord, 1997 und Cyclemys pulchristriata Fritz, Gaulke & Lehr, 1997 identisch? Sauria, 23, 33 - 38.","Stuart, B. L. & Fritz, U. (2008) Historical DNA from museum type specimens clarifies diversity of Asian leaf turtles (Cyclemys). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 94, 131 - 141. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2008.00966. x","Fritz, U., Guicking, D., Auer, M., Sommer, R. S., Wink, M. & Hundsdorfer, A. K. (2008) Diversity of the Southeast Asian leaf turtle genus Cyclemys: how many leaves on its tree of life? Zoologica Scripta, 37 (4), 367 - 390. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2008.00332. x"]}

The Asian box turtle genus Cuora currently comprises 13 species with a wide distribution in Southeast Asia, including China and the islands of Indonesia and Philippines. The populations of these species are rapidly declining due to human pressure, including pollution, habitat loss, and harvesting for food consumption. Notably, the IUCN Red List identifies almost all species of the genus Cuora as Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR). In this study, we explore the karyotypes of 10 Cuora species with conventional (Giemsa staining, C-banding, karyogram reconstruction) and molecular cytogenetic methods (in situ hybridization with probes for rDNA loci and telomeric repeats). Our study reveals a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 52 chromosomes in all studied species, with karyotypes of similar chromosomal morphology. In all examined species, rDNA loci are detected at a single medium-sized chromosome pair and the telomeric repeats are restricted to the expected terminal position across all chromosomes. In contrast to a previous report, sex chromosomes are neither detected in Cuora galbinifrons nor in any other species. Therefore, we assume that these turtles have either environmental sex determination or genotypic sex determination with poorly differentiated sex chromosomes. The conservation of genome organization could explain the numerous observed cases of interspecific hybridization both within the genus Cuora and across geoemydid turtles.