2,543 results on '"Cunningham, William"'
Search Results
2. Mobile-Enhanced Prevention Support Study for Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women Leaving Jail: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
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Edwards, Gabriel G, Reback, Cathy J, Cunningham, William E, Hilliard, Charles L, McWells, Charles, Mukherjee, Sukrit, Weiss, Robert E, and Harawa, Nina T
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Medicine ,Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,R858-859.7 - Abstract
BackgroundMen who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women, particularly those who have experienced criminal justice involvement, have particularly high HIV burdens, and a majority of those in jail have substance use disorders (SUDs). MSM and transgender women also experience elevated rates of incarceration. Once community re-entry occurs, individuals are in a critical period for addressing potential risks of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition and negative sequelae of substance use. Further, the impact experienced by one’s social and sexual networks experienced at the time of detention and release have important health implications for MSM and transgender women. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to test a new intervention—Mobile-Enhanced Prevention Support (MEPS)—that involves a GPS-based mobile app called GeoPassport (referred to as GeoPass in practice), incentives, and peer support for promoting HIV prevention, substance use treatment, and use of related services. MethodsA two-arm, unblinded, randomized controlled trial will seek to enroll 300 HIV-negative MSM and transgender women, aged 18-49 years, with SUDs, who are either in jail or have recently left jail. Participants will be enrolled by study staff and randomized to the MEPS intervention group or usual care group. The intervention group will receive customized wellness goals in addition to GeoPass, cash incentives, and the support of a trained peer mentor for 6 months. Data collection will consist of a baseline survey and three follow-up surveys at 3, 6, and 9 months postenrollment, either in person or by phone or videoconference when necessary. The primary outcomes include establishing a primary care provider; being prescribed and adhering to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV; screening for HIV, STIs, and hepatitis C virus; and engagement in recommended treatment for SUDs. Secondary outcomes include obtaining treatment for any identified infections and avoiding recidivism. ResultsEnrollment began in November 2019 and study completion is expected in 2023. ConclusionsThis study will advance our knowledge base on patient navigation and peer mentor interventions. Peer navigation services have been studied for the treatment of HIV, but less often in the context of HIV and STI prevention among sexual and gender minority populations at the time of re-entry into the community from jail. The MEPS study will examine the acceptability and feasibility of combining peer mentor services with a mobile app to facilitate service utilization and participant–peer mentor communication. MEPS will assess patterns of PrEP uptake and utilization in MSM and transgender women leaving jail. The study will provide heretofore unavailable data from persons leaving jail regarding HIV PrEP, STI screening, substance abuse treatment, and service utilization patterns and experiences, including geocoded data for those in the intervention arm. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04036396); https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04036396 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/18106
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- 2020
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3. Generative agent-based modeling with actions grounded in physical, social, or digital space using Concordia
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Vezhnevets, Alexander Sasha, Agapiou, John P., Aharon, Avia, Ziv, Ron, Matyas, Jayd, Duéñez-Guzmán, Edgar A., Cunningham, William A., Osindero, Simon, Karmon, Danny, and Leibo, Joel Z.
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Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Computation and Language - Abstract
Agent-based modeling has been around for decades, and applied widely across the social and natural sciences. The scope of this research method is now poised to grow dramatically as it absorbs the new affordances provided by Large Language Models (LLM)s. Generative Agent-Based Models (GABM) are not just classic Agent-Based Models (ABM)s where the agents talk to one another. Rather, GABMs are constructed using an LLM to apply common sense to situations, act "reasonably", recall common semantic knowledge, produce API calls to control digital technologies like apps, and communicate both within the simulation and to researchers viewing it from the outside. Here we present Concordia, a library to facilitate constructing and working with GABMs. Concordia makes it easy to construct language-mediated simulations of physically- or digitally-grounded environments. Concordia agents produce their behavior using a flexible component system which mediates between two fundamental operations: LLM calls and associative memory retrieval. A special agent called the Game Master (GM), which was inspired by tabletop role-playing games, is responsible for simulating the environment where the agents interact. Agents take actions by describing what they want to do in natural language. The GM then translates their actions into appropriate implementations. In a simulated physical world, the GM checks the physical plausibility of agent actions and describes their effects. In digital environments simulating technologies such as apps and services, the GM may handle API calls to integrate with external tools such as general AI assistants (e.g., Bard, ChatGPT), and digital apps (e.g., Calendar, Email, Search, etc.). Concordia was designed to support a wide array of applications both in scientific research and for evaluating performance of real digital services by simulating users and/or generating synthetic data., Comment: 32 pages, 5 figures
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- 2023
4. Large-scale deep tissue voltage imaging with targeted-illumination confocal microscopy
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Xiao, Sheng, Cunningham, William J., Kondabolu, Krishnakanth, Lowet, Eric, Moya, Maria V., Mount, Rebecca A., Ravasio, Cara, Bortz, Emma, Shaw, Dana, Economo, Michael N., Han, Xue, and Mertz, Jerome
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- 2024
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5. Ethnic and Racial Differences in Long-Term Survival From Hospitalization for HIV Infection
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Cunningham, William E., Mosen, David M., Morales, Leo S., Andersen, Ronald M., Shapiro, Martin F., and Hays, Ron D.
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- 2010
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6. Health Status Measurement Performance and Health Status Differences by Age, Ethnicity, and Gender: Assessment in the Medical Outcomes Study
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Cunningham, William E., Hays, Ron D., Burton, Tanya M., and Kington, Raynard S.
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- 2010
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7. The Impact of Acculturation on Utilization of HIV Prevention Services and Access to Care Among an At-Risk Hispanic Population
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Kinsler, Janni J., Lee, Sung-Jae, Sayles, Jennifer N., Newman, Peter A., Diamant, Allison, and Cunningham, William
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- 2009
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8. Reports and Ratings of Care: Black and White Medicare Enrollees
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Fongwa, Marie N., Cunningham, William, Weech-Maldonado, Robert, Gutierrez, Peter R., and Hays, Ron D.
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- 2008
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9. The Effect of Socioeconomic Status on the Survival of People Receiving Care for HIV Infection in the United States
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Cunningham, William E, Hays, Ron D, Duan, Naihua, Andersen, Ronald, Nakazono, Terry T, Bozzette, Samuel A, and Shapiro, Martin F
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- 2005
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10. Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow at the south well field, Columbus, Ohio
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Cunningham, William L.
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Groundwater flow -- Mathematical models. -- Ohio -- Columbus ,Hydrogeology -- Ohio -- Columbus. ,Aquifers -- Ohio -- Columbus. ,Water levels -- Ohio -- Columbus. ,Groundwater flow -- Mathematical models. ,Hydrogeology. - Published
- 1996
11. Unequal Norms Emerge Under Coordination Uncertainty in Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning
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Tang, Yikai, Gelpi, Rebekah, and Cunningham, William
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Artificial Intelligence ,Psychology ,Group Behaviour ,Agent-based Modeling - Abstract
Successful social coordination requires being able to predict how the other people that one depends on are likely to behave. One solution to this dilemma is to establish social conventions, which constrain individuals' behavior but make prediction easier. Here, we develop a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning environment to investigate the costs associated with these conventions. In our produce-and-trade task, agents have varying production skills, but their actions must be predictable in order to be rewarded. Stronger norms improve the overall success of the group by improving the average rewards of the majority, but also systematically disadvantage agents whose specialization is in the minority of the group. Critically, this outcome is magnified by population size: as larger groups make it potentially more difficult to develop individualized representations of agents, minority agents become more likely to conform to a norm that is disadvantageous to them.
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- 2023
12. Not Who You Are, But Who You Are With: Re-examining Women’s Less Satisfying Sexual Debuts
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Peragine, Diana E., Kim, James J., Maxwell, Jessica A., Skorska, Malvina N., Impett, Emily A., Cunningham, William A., and VanderLaan, Doug P.
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- 2023
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13. Optimal CV-22 intermediate repair facility locations
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Rowe, Ryan L., LtCol and Cunningham, William A.
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AIRPLANE TYPE - V-22 - Maintenance and Repair ,DEPOTS, SUPPLY - Air Force ,SUPPLY MANAGEMENT ,LOGISTICS - Air Force - United States - Abstract
illus tab
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- 2011
14. Ascorbic acid export from human donor lenses: Is the lens a source of ascorbic acid in the ocular humors?
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Li, Bo, Jiang, Lanpeng, Martis, Renita M., Siemerink, Martin J., Van Severen, Veerle, Cunningham, William J., Donaldson, Paul J., and Lim, Julie C.
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- 2024
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15. If not me then we: Goal tradeoffs in decision-making for the self, ingroup, and outgroup
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Allidina, Suraiya and Cunningham, William A.
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- 2024
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16. Framing Subjective Emotion Reports as Dynamic Affective Decisions
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Teoh, Yi Yang, Cunningham, William A., and Hutcherson, Cendri A.
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- 2023
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17. Air Force MICAP (mission-capable) shipping policies: Are they optimal from a cost standpoint?
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Masciulli, Jason L., Capt and Cunningham, William A., III
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SHIPPING - United States ,LOGISTICS - Air Force - United States ,COST EFFECTIVENESS - Abstract
illus chart bibliog
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- 2001
18. Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries
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Azevedo, Flavio, Pavlović, Tomislav, Rêgo, Gabriel G., Ay, F. Ceren, Gjoneska, Biljana, Etienne, Tom W., Ross, Robert M., Schönegger, Philipp, Riaño-Moreno, Julián C., Cichocka, Aleksandra, Capraro, Valerio, Cian, Luca, Longoni, Chiara, Chan, Ho Fai, Van Bavel, Jay J., Sjåstad, Hallgeir, Nezlek, John B., Alfano, Mark, Gelfand, Michele J., Birtel, Michèle D., Cislak, Aleksandra, Lockwood, Patricia L., Abts, Koen, Agadullina, Elena, Aruta, John Jamir Benzon, Besharati, Sahba Nomvula, Bor, Alexander, Choma, Becky L., Crabtree, Charles David, Cunningham, William A., De, Koustav, Ejaz, Waqas, Elbaek, Christian T., Findor, Andrej, Flichtentrei, Daniel, Franc, Renata, Gruber, June, Gualda, Estrella, Horiuchi, Yusaku, Huynh, Toan Luu Duc, Ibanez, Agustin, Imran, Mostak Ahamed, Israelashvili, Jacob, Jasko, Katarzyna, Kantorowicz, Jaroslaw, Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Elena, Krouwel, André, Laakasuo, Michael, Lamm, Claus, Leygue, Caroline, Lin, Ming-Jen, Mansoor, Mohammad Sabbir, Marie, Antoine, Mayiwar, Lewend, Mazepus, Honorata, McHugh, Cillian, Minda, John Paul, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Olsson, Andreas, Otterbring, Tobias, Packer, Dominic J., Perry, Anat, Petersen, Michael Bang, Puthillam, Arathy, Rothmund, Tobias, Santamaría-García, Hernando, Schmid, Petra C., Stoyanov, Drozdstoy, Tewari, Shruti, Todosijević, Bojan, Tsakiris, Manos, Tung, Hans H., Umbres, Radu G., Vanags, Edmunds, Vlasceanu, Madalina, Vonasch, Andrew, Yucel, Meltem, Zhang, Yucheng, Abad, Mohcine, Adler, Eli, Akrawi, Narin, Mdarhri, Hamza Alaoui, Amara, Hanane, Amodio, David M., Antazo, Benedict G., Apps, Matthew, Ba, Mouhamadou Hady, Barbosa, Sergio, Bastian, Brock, Berg, Anton, Bernal-Zárate, Maria P., Bernstein, Michael, Białek, Michał, Bilancini, Ennio, Bogatyreva, Natalia, Boncinelli, Leonardo, Booth, Jonathan E., Borau, Sylvie, Buchel, Ondrej, Cameron, C. Daryl, Carvalho, Chrissie F., Celadin, Tatiana, Cerami, Chiara, Chalise, Hom Nath, Cheng, Xiaojun, Cockcroft, Kate, Conway, Jane, Córdoba-Delgado, Mateo Andres, Crespi, Chiara, Crouzevialle, Marie, Cutler, Jo, Cypryańska, Marzena, Dabrowska, Justyna, Daniels, Michael A., Davis, Victoria H., Dayley, Pamala N., Delouvée, Sylvain, Denkovski, Ognjan, Dezecache, Guillaume, Dhaliwal, Nathan A., Diato, Alelie B., Di Paolo, Roberto, Drosinou, Marianna, Dulleck, Uwe, Ekmanis, Jānis, Ertan, Arhan S., Farhana, Hapsa Hossain, Farkhari, Fahima, Farmer, Harry, Fenwick, Ali, Fidanovski, Kristijan, Flew, Terry, Fraser, Shona, Frempong, Raymond Boadi, Fugelsang, Jonathan A., Gale, Jessica, Garcia-Navarro, E. Begoña, Garladinne, Prasad, Ghajjou, Oussama, Gkinopoulos, Theofilos, Gray, Kurt, Griffin, Siobhán M., Gronfeldt, Bjarki, Gümren, Mert, Gurung, Ranju Lama, Halperin, Eran, Harris, Elizabeth, Herzon, Volo, Hruška, Matej, Huang, Guanxiong, Hudecek, Matthias F. C., Isler, Ozan, Jangard, Simon, Jorgensen, Frederik J., Kachanoff, Frank, Kahn, John, Dangol, Apsara Katuwal, Keudel, Oleksandra, Koppel, Lina, Koverola, Mika, Kubin, Emily, Kunnari, Anton, Kutiyski, Yordan, Laguna, Oscar Moreda, Leota, Josh, Lermer, Eva, Levy, Jonathan, Levy, Neil, Li, Chunyun, Long, Elizabeth U., Maglić, Marina, McCashin, Darragh, Metcalf, Alexander L., Mikloušić, Igor, El Mimouni, Soulaimane, Miura, Asako, Molina-Paredes, Juliana, Monroy-Fonseca, César, Morales-Marente, Elena, Moreau, David, Muda, Rafał, Myer, Annalisa, Nash, Kyle, Nesh-Nash, Tarik, Nitschke, Jonas P., Nurse, Matthew S., Ohtsubo, Yohsuke, de Mello, Victoria Oldemburgo, O’Madagain, Cathal, Onderco, Michal, Palacios-Galvez, M. Soledad, Palomöki, Jussi, Pan, Yafeng, Papp, Zsófia, Pärnamets, Philip, Paruzel-Czachura, Mariola, Pavlović, Zoran, Payán-Gómez, César, Perander, Silva, Pitman, Michael Mark, Prasad, Rajib, Pyrkosz-Pacyna, Joanna, Rathje, Steve, Raza, Ali, Rhee, Kasey, Robertson, Claire E., Rodríguez-Pascual, Iván, Saikkonen, Teemu, Salvador-Ginez, Octavio, Santi, Gaia C., Santiago-Tovar, Natalia, Savage, David, Scheffer, Julian A., Schultner, David T., Schutte, Enid M., Scott, Andy, Sharma, Madhavi, Sharma, Pujan, Skali, Ahmed, Stadelmann, David, Stafford, Clara Alexandra, Stanojević, Dragan, Stefaniak, Anna, Sternisko, Anni, Stoica, Augustin, Stoyanova, Kristina K., Strickland, Brent, Sundvall, Jukka, Thomas, Jeffrey P., Tinghög, Gustav, Torgler, Benno, Traast, Iris J., Tucciarelli, Raffaele, Tyrala, Michael, Ungson, Nick D., Uysal, Mete S., Van Lange, Paul A. M., van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, van Rooy, Dirk, Västfjäll, Daniel, Verkoeijen, Peter, Vieira, Joana B., von Sikorski, Christian, Walker, Alexander Cameron, Watermeyer, Jennifer, Wetter, Erik, Whillans, Ashley, White, Katherine, Habib, Rishad, Willardt, Robin, Wohl, Michael J. A., Wójcik, Adrian Dominik, Wu, Kaidi, Yamada, Yuki, Yilmaz, Onurcan, Yogeeswaran, Kumar, Ziemer, Carolin-Theresa, Zwaan, Rolf A., Boggio, Paulo S., and Sampaio, Waldir M.
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- 2023
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19. The dimensional structure of the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q) and predictors of camouflaging in a representative general population sample
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Ai, Wei, Cunningham, William A., and Lai, Meng-Chuan
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- 2024
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20. Common external eye conditions
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Cunningham, William
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- 2011
21. The Autodidactic Universe
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Alexander, Stephon, Cunningham, William J., Lanier, Jaron, Smolin, Lee, Stanojevic, Stefan, Toomey, Michael W., and Wecker, Dave
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High Energy Physics - Theory ,Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ,Computer Science - Machine Learning ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,Physics - History and Philosophy of Physics ,Quantum Physics - Abstract
We present an approach to cosmology in which the Universe learns its own physical laws. It does so by exploring a landscape of possible laws, which we express as a certain class of matrix models. We discover maps that put each of these matrix models in correspondence with both a gauge/gravity theory and a mathematical model of a learning machine, such as a deep recurrent, cyclic neural network. This establishes a correspondence between each solution of the physical theory and a run of a neural network. This correspondence is not an equivalence, partly because gauge theories emerge from $N \rightarrow \infty $ limits of the matrix models, whereas the same limits of the neural networks used here are not well-defined. We discuss in detail what it means to say that learning takes place in autodidactic systems, where there is no supervision. We propose that if the neural network model can be said to learn without supervision, the same can be said for the corresponding physical theory. We consider other protocols for autodidactic physical systems, such as optimization of graph variety, subset-replication using self-attention and look-ahead, geometrogenesis guided by reinforcement learning, structural learning using renormalization group techniques, and extensions. These protocols together provide a number of directions in which to explore the origin of physical laws based on putting machine learning architectures in correspondence with physical theories., Comment: 79 pages, 11 figures
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- 2021
22. A MEMS gravimeter with multi-axis gravitational sensitivity
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Middlemiss, Richard P., Campsie, Paul, Cunningham, William, Douglas, Rebecca, McIvor, Victoria, Hough, James, Rowan, Sheila, Paul, Douglas J., Prasad, Abhinav, and Hammond, G. D.
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Physics - Applied Physics - Abstract
A single-axis Microelectromechanical system gravimeter has recently been developed at the University of Glasgow. The sensitivity and stability of this device was demonstrated by measuring the Earth tides. The success of this device was enabled in part by its extremely low resonant frequency. This low frequency was achieved with a geometric anti-spring design, fabricated using well-established photolithography and dry etch techniques. Analytical models can be used to calculate the results of these non-linear oscillating systems, but the power of finite element analysis has not been fully utilised to explore the parameter space before now. In this article, the results of previous analytical solutions are replicated using finite element models, before applying the same techniques to optimise the design of the gravimeter. These computer models provide the ability to investigate the effect of the fabrication material of the device: anisotropic <100> crystalline silicon. This is a parameter that is difficult to investigate analytically, but finite element modelling is demonstrated here to provide accurate predictions of real gravimeter behaviour by taking anisotropy into account. The finite element models are then used to demonstrate the design of a three-axis gravimeter enabling the gravity tensor to be measured - a significantly more powerful surveying tool than the original single-axis device.
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- 2021
23. The rise of affectivism.
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Dukes, Daniel, Abrams, Kathryn, Adolphs, Ralph, Ahmed, Mohammed E, Beatty, Andrew, Berridge, Kent C, Broomhall, Susan, Brosch, Tobias, Campos, Joseph J, Clay, Zanna, Clément, Fabrice, Cunningham, William A, Damasio, Antonio, Damasio, Hanna, D'Arms, Justin, Davidson, Jane W, de Gelder, Beatrice, Deonna, Julien, de Sousa, Ronnie, Ekman, Paul, Ellsworth, Phoebe C, Fehr, Ernst, Fischer, Agneta, Foolen, Ad, Frevert, Ute, Grandjean, Didier, Gratch, Jonathan, Greenberg, Leslie, Greenspan, Patricia, Gross, James J, Halperin, Eran, Kappas, Arvid, Keltner, Dacher, Knutson, Brian, Konstan, David, Kret, Mariska E, LeDoux, Joseph E, Lerner, Jennifer S, Levenson, Robert W, Loewenstein, George, Manstead, Antony SR, Maroney, Terry A, Moors, Agnes, Niedenthal, Paula, Parkinson, Brian, Pavlidis, Ioannis, Pelachaud, Catherine, Pollak, Seth D, Pourtois, Gilles, Roettger-Roessler, Birgitt, Russell, James A, Sauter, Disa, Scarantino, Andrea, Scherer, Klaus R, Stearns, Peter, Stets, Jan E, Tappolet, Christine, Teroni, Fabrice, Tsai, Jeanne, Turner, Jonathan, Reekum, Carien Van, Vuilleumier, Patrik, Wharton, Tim, and Sander, David
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Humans ,Behavior ,Affect ,Consensus ,Cognition ,Psychological Theory ,Behaviorism ,Behavioral and Social Science - Abstract
Research over the past decades has demonstrated the explanatory power of emotions, feelings, motivations, moods, and other affective processes when trying to understand and predict how we think and behave. In this consensus article, we ask: has the increasingly recognized impact of affective phenomena ushered in a new era, the era of affectivism?
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- 2021
24. Iris melanocytic tumours in New Zealand/Aotearoa: presentation, management and outcome in a high UV exposure environment
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Rapata, Micah E. J., Zhang, Jie, Cunningham, William J., Hadden, Peter W., Patel, Dipika V., and McGhee, Charles N. J.
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- 2023
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25. Ollivier-Ricci curvature convergence in random geometric graphs
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van der Hoorn, Pim, Cunningham, William J., Lippner, Gabor, Trugenberger, Carlo, and Krioukov, Dmitri
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Mathematics - Probability ,Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks ,Computer Science - Social and Information Networks ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,Physics - Physics and Society - Abstract
Connections between continuous and discrete worlds tend to be elusive. One example is curvature. Even though there exist numerous nonequivalent definitions of graph curvature, none is known to converge in any limit to any traditional definition of curvature of a Riemannian manifold. Here we show that Ollivier curvature of random geometric graphs in any Riemannian manifold converges in the continuum limit to Ricci curvature of the underlying manifold, but only if the definition of Ollivier graph curvature is properly generalized to apply to mesoscopic graph neighborhoods. This result establishes the first rigorous link between a definition of curvature applicable to networks and a traditional definition of curvature of smooth spaces.
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- 2020
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26. Tensor network renormalization with fusion charges: applications to 3d lattice gauge theory
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Cunningham, William J., Dittrich, Bianca, and Steinhaus, Sebastian
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High Energy Physics - Theory ,Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons ,General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,High Energy Physics - Lattice - Abstract
Tensor network methods are powerful and efficient tools to study the properties and dynamics of statistical and quantum systems, in particular in one and two dimensions. In recent years, these methods were applied to lattice gauge theories, yet these theories remain a challenge in $(2+1)$ dimensions. In this article, we present a new (decorated) tensor network algorithm, in which the tensors encode the lattice gauge amplitude expressed in the fusion basis. This has several advantages: Firstly, the fusion basis does diagonalize operators measuring the magnetic fluxes and electric charges associated to a hierarchical set of regions. The algorithm allows therefore a direct access to these observables. Secondly the fusion basis is, as opposed to the previously employed spin network basis, stable under coarse graining. Thirdly, due to the hierarchical structure of the fusion basis, the algorithm does implement predefined disentangles, that remove short-scale entanglement. We apply this new algorithm to lattice gauge theories defined for the quantum group $\text{SU}(2)_{\rm k}$ and identify a weak and a strong coupling phase for various levels $\rm k$. As we increase the level $\rm k$, the critical coupling $g_c$ decreases linearly, suggesting the absence of a deconfining phase for the continuous group $\text{SU}(2)$. Moreover, we illustrate the scaling behaviour of the Wilson loops in the two phases., Comment: 43 pages (36 + 7 appendices), 26 figures
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- 2020
27. Pitfalls of the A-76 process
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Lavadour, Justin W., Capt and Cunningham, William A., III
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CONTRACTED SERVICES ,MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT - Abstract
bibliog illus
- Published
- 2001
28. Deciding to be wrong: Optimism and pessimism in motivated information search
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Wheeler, Nathan E and Cunningham, William
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cognitive science - Abstract
In social psychology, a common finding is that people prefer confirmation-biased information. Although this confirmatory information seeking is commonly treated as an error in judgment, we note that biased sources of information can sometimes be more useful than more accurate sources. Such confirmatory sources will only advise someone to deviate from the policy they think is most useful when these sources are sure taking alternative action is correct. For this reason, these sources can allow people to avoid particularly costly errors. Avoiding such costly errors can sometimes be worth the price of inaccurate beliefs, even though these beliefs lead to more errors in total. In two studies, we find initial support for this idea. Within a Partially Observable Markov Decision process, we show that participants prefer optimistically-biased information when they would otherwise miss out on a particularly large reward, and pessimistically-biased information when they would otherwise face particularly strong punishment.
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- 2021
29. Dimensionally Restricted Causal Set Quantum Gravity: Examples in Two and Three Dimensions
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Cunningham, William J. and Surya, Sumati
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General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology ,High Energy Physics - Lattice - Abstract
We study dimensionally restricted non-perturbative causal set quantum dynamics in $2$ and $3$ spacetime dimensions with non-trivial global spatial topology. The causal set sample space is generated from causal embeddings into spacetime lattices with global spatial topology $S^1$ and $T^2$ in $2$ and $3$ dimensions, respectively. The quantum gravity partition function over these sample spaces is studied using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations after analytic continuation. In both $2$ and $3$ dimensions we find a phase transition that separates the dominance of the action from that of the entropy. The action dominated phase is characterised by ``layered'' posets with a high degree of connectivity, while the causal sets in the entropy dominated phase are manifold-like. This phase transition is similar in character to that seen for the sample space of $2$-orders, which are topologically trivial, hence suggesting that this is a generic feature of dimensionally restricted sample spaces. The simulations use a newly developed framework for causal set MCMC calculations. Ours is the first implementation of a causal set dynamics restricted to $3$ dimensions., Comment: 31 pages, 21 figures. Typos corrected, figures corrected, references updated
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- 2019
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30. Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams
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Botvinik-Nezer, Rotem, Holzmeister, Felix, Camerer, Colin F, Dreber, Anna, Huber, Juergen, Johannesson, Magnus, Kirchler, Michael, Iwanir, Roni, Mumford, Jeanette A, Adcock, R Alison, Avesani, Paolo, Baczkowski, Blazej M, Bajracharya, Aahana, Bakst, Leah, Ball, Sheryl, Barilari, Marco, Bault, Nadège, Beaton, Derek, Beitner, Julia, Benoit, Roland G, Berkers, Ruud MWJ, Bhanji, Jamil P, Biswal, Bharat B, Bobadilla-Suarez, Sebastian, Bortolini, Tiago, Bottenhorn, Katherine L, Bowring, Alexander, Braem, Senne, Brooks, Hayley R, Brudner, Emily G, Calderon, Cristian B, Camilleri, Julia A, Castrellon, Jaime J, Cecchetti, Luca, Cieslik, Edna C, Cole, Zachary J, Collignon, Olivier, Cox, Robert W, Cunningham, William A, Czoschke, Stefan, Dadi, Kamalaker, Davis, Charles P, Luca, Alberto De, Delgado, Mauricio R, Demetriou, Lysia, Dennison, Jeffrey B, Di, Xin, Dickie, Erin W, Dobryakova, Ekaterina, Donnat, Claire L, Dukart, Juergen, Duncan, Niall W, Durnez, Joke, Eed, Amr, Eickhoff, Simon B, Erhart, Andrew, Fontanesi, Laura, Fricke, G Matthew, Fu, Shiguang, Galván, Adriana, Gau, Remi, Genon, Sarah, Glatard, Tristan, Glerean, Enrico, Goeman, Jelle J, Golowin, Sergej AE, González-García, Carlos, Gorgolewski, Krzysztof J, Grady, Cheryl L, Green, Mikella A, Guassi Moreira, João F, Guest, Olivia, Hakimi, Shabnam, Hamilton, J Paul, Hancock, Roeland, Handjaras, Giacomo, Harry, Bronson B, Hawco, Colin, Herholz, Peer, Herman, Gabrielle, Heunis, Stephan, Hoffstaedter, Felix, Hogeveen, Jeremy, Holmes, Susan, Hu, Chuan-Peng, Huettel, Scott A, Hughes, Matthew E, Iacovella, Vittorio, Iordan, Alexandru D, Isager, Peder M, Isik, Ayse I, Jahn, Andrew, Johnson, Matthew R, Johnstone, Tom, Joseph, Michael JE, Juliano, Anthony C, Kable, Joseph W, Kassinopoulos, Michalis, Koba, Cemal, and Kong, Xiang-Zhen
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Generic health relevance ,Brain ,Data Analysis ,Data Science ,Datasets as Topic ,Female ,Functional Neuroimaging ,Humans ,Logistic Models ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,Male ,Meta-Analysis as Topic ,Models ,Neurological ,Reproducibility of Results ,Research Personnel ,Software ,General Science & Technology - Abstract
Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses1. The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset2-5. Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed.
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- 2020
31. Crowdsourcing hypothesis tests: Making transparent how design choices shape research results.
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Landy, Justin F, Jia, Miaolei Liam, Ding, Isabel L, Viganola, Domenico, Tierney, Warren, Dreber, Anna, Johannesson, Magnus, Pfeiffer, Thomas, Ebersole, Charles R, Gronau, Quentin F, Ly, Alexander, van den Bergh, Don, Marsman, Maarten, Derks, Koen, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Proctor, Andrew, Bartels, Daniel M, Bauman, Christopher W, Brady, William J, Cheung, Felix, Cimpian, Andrei, Dohle, Simone, Donnellan, M Brent, Hahn, Adam, Hall, Michael P, Jiménez-Leal, William, Johnson, David J, Lucas, Richard E, Monin, Benoît, Montealegre, Andres, Mullen, Elizabeth, Pang, Jun, Ray, Jennifer, Reinero, Diego A, Reynolds, Jesse, Sowden, Walter, Storage, Daniel, Su, Runkun, Tworek, Christina M, Van Bavel, Jay J, Walco, Daniel, Wills, Julian, Xu, Xiaobing, Yam, Kai Chi, Yang, Xiaoyu, Cunningham, William A, Schweinsberg, Martin, Urwitz, Molly, The Crowdsourcing Hypothesis Tests Collaboration, and Uhlmann, Eric L
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conceptual replications ,crowdsourcing ,forecasting ,research robustness ,scientific transparency ,Crowdsourcing Hypothesis Tests Collaboration ,Crowdsourcing ,stimulus sampling ,replication ,Psychology ,Cognitive Sciences ,Marketing ,Social Psychology - Abstract
To what extent are research results influenced by subjective decisions that scientists make as they design studies? Fifteen research teams independently designed studies to answer five original research questions related to moral judgments, negotiations, and implicit cognition. Participants from 2 separate large samples (total N > 15,000) were then randomly assigned to complete 1 version of each study. Effect sizes varied dramatically across different sets of materials designed to test the same hypothesis: Materials from different teams rendered statistically significant effects in opposite directions for 4 of 5 hypotheses, with the narrowest range in estimates being d = -0.37 to + 0.26. Meta-analysis and a Bayesian perspective on the results revealed overall support for 2 hypotheses and a lack of support for 3 hypotheses. Overall, practically none of the variability in effect sizes was attributable to the skill of the research team in designing materials, whereas considerable variability was attributable to the hypothesis being tested. In a forecasting survey, predictions of other scientists were significantly correlated with study results, both across and within hypotheses. Crowdsourced testing of research hypotheses helps reveal the true consistency of empirical support for a scientific claim. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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- 2020
32. Adherence to the SEP-1 Sepsis Bundle in Hospital-Onset v. Community-Onset Sepsis: a Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
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Baghdadi, Jonathan D, Wong, Mitchell D, Uslan, Daniel Z, Bell, Douglas, Cunningham, William E, Needleman, Jack, Kerbel, Russell, and Brook, Robert
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Sciences ,Clinical Research ,Health Services ,Infectious Diseases ,Sepsis ,Hematology ,Prevention ,Infection ,Inflammatory and immune system ,Adolescent ,Aged ,Guideline Adherence ,Hospital Mortality ,Hospitals ,Humans ,Medicare ,Retrospective Studies ,United States ,health services research ,performance measurement ,critical care ,infectious disease ,hospital medicine ,General & Internal Medicine ,Clinical sciences ,Health services and systems ,Public health - Abstract
BackgroundSepsis is the leading cause of in-hospital death. The SEP-1 sepsis bundle is a protocol for early sepsis care that requires providers to diagnose and treat sepsis quickly. Limited evidence suggests that adherence to the sepsis bundle is lower in cases of hospital-onset sepsis.ObjectiveTo compare sepsis bundle adherence in hospital-onset vs. community-onset sepsis.DesignRetrospective cohort study using multivariable analysis of clinical data.ParticipantsA total of 4658 inpatients age 18 or older were identified by diagnosis codes consistent with sepsis or disseminated infection.SettingFour university hospitals in California between 2014 and 2016.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was adherence to key components of the sepsis bundle defined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in their core measure, SEP-1. Covariates included clinical characteristics related to the patient, infection, and pathogen.Key resultsCompared with community-onset, cases of hospital-onset sepsis were less likely to receive SEP-1 adherent care (relative risk 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.38, p
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- 2020
33. Reducing cardiovascular risk among people living with HIV: Rationale and design of the INcreasing Statin Prescribing in HIV Behavioral Economics REsearch (INSPIRE) randomized controlled trial
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Takada, Sae, Ober, Allison J, Currier, Judith S, Goldstein, Noah J, Horwich, Tamara B, Mittman, Brian S, Shu, Suzanne B, Tseng, Chi-Hong, Vijayan, Tara, Wali, Soma, Cunningham, William E, and Ladapo, Joseph A
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology ,Prevention ,Dissemination and Implementation Research ,Heart Disease ,Sexually Transmitted Infections ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Health Services ,Comparative Effectiveness Research ,HIV/AIDS ,Clinical Research ,Cardiovascular ,Social Determinants of Health ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,Infectious Diseases ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Anti-HIV Agents ,Attitude of Health Personnel ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Drug Prescriptions ,Economics ,Behavioral ,Education ,Medical ,Continuing ,HIV Infections ,HIV Long-Term Survivors ,Health Knowledge ,Attitudes ,Practice ,Health Status ,Humans ,Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ,Implementation Science ,Inservice Training ,Los Angeles ,Medication Adherence ,Multicenter Studies as Topic ,Patient Education as Topic ,Practice Patterns ,Physicians' ,Preventive Health Services ,Protective Factors ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ,Risk Assessment ,Risk Factors ,Time Factors ,Treatment Outcome ,Viral Load ,Cardiovascular disease ,HIV ,Statins ,Behavioral economics ,Implementation science ,Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology ,Cardiovascular System & Hematology ,Cardiovascular medicine and haematology - Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity among people living with HIV (PLWH). Statins can safely and effectively reduce CVD risk in PLWH, but evidence-based statin therapy is under-prescribed in PLWH. Developed using an implementation science framework, INcreasing Statin Prescribing in HIV Behavioral Economics REsearch (INSPIRE) is a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial that addresses organization-, clinician- and patient-level barriers to statin uptake in Los Angeles community health clinics serving racially and ethnically diverse PLWH. After assessing knowledge about statins and barriers to clinician prescribing and patient uptake, we will design, implement and measure the effectiveness of (1) educational interventions targeting leadership, clinicians, and patients, followed by (2) behavioral economics-informed clinician feedback on statin uptake. In addition, we will assess implementation outcomes, including changes in clinician acceptability of statin prescribing for PLWH, clinician acceptability of the education and feedback interventions, and cost of implementation.
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- 2020
34. ImPlementation REsearCh to DEvelop Interventions for People Living with HIV (the PRECluDE consortium): Combatting chronic disease comorbidities in HIV populations through implementation research
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Gamble-George, Joyonna Carrie, Longenecker, Christopher T, Webel, Allison R, Au, David H, Brown, Arleen F, Bosworth, Hayden, Crothers, Kristina, Cunningham, William E, Fiscella, Kevin A, Hamilton, Alison B, Helfrich, Christian D, Ladapo, Joseph A, Luque, Amneris, Tobin, Jonathan N, Wyatt, Gail E, and Consortium, Implementation Research to Develop Interventions for People Living with HIV
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology ,Lung ,Heart Disease ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Aging ,Infectious Diseases ,HIV/AIDS ,Cardiovascular ,Clinical Research ,Prevention ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Aged ,Anti-HIV Agents ,Antihypertensive Agents ,Chronic Disease ,Comorbidity ,Diffusion of Innovation ,Female ,HIV Infections ,HIV Long-Term Survivors ,Health Behavior ,Health Status ,Humans ,Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ,Implementation Science ,Male ,Middle Aged ,Noncommunicable Diseases ,Preventive Health Services ,Protective Factors ,Respiratory Therapy ,Risk Assessment ,Risk Factors ,Risk Reduction Behavior ,Translational Research ,Biomedical ,Viral Load ,Young Adult ,Implementation science ,HIV ,Cardiovascular disease ,COPD ,Antiretroviral therapy ,Comorbidities ,Implementation Research to Develop Interventions for People Living with HIV (PRECluDE) Consortium ,Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology ,Cardiovascular System & Hematology ,Cardiovascular medicine and haematology - Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) prevented premature mortality and improved the quality of life among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), such that now more than half of PLWH in the United States are 50 years of age and older. Increased longevity among PLWH has resulted in a significant rise in chronic, comorbid diseases. However, the implementation of guideline-based interventions for preventing, treating, and managing such age-related, chronic conditions among the HIV population is lacking. The PRECluDE consortium supported by the Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute catalyzes implementation research on proven-effective interventions for co-occurring heart, lung, blood, and sleep diseases and conditions among PLWH. These collaborative research studies use novel implementation frameworks with HIV, mental health, cardiovascular, and pulmonary care to advance comprehensive HIV and chronic disease healthcare in a variety of settings and among diverse populations.
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- 2020
35. Impact of Abstinence and of Reducing Illicit Drug Use Without Abstinence on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Viral Load.
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Nance, Robin M, Trejo, Maria Esther Perez, Whitney, Bridget M, Delaney, Joseph AC, Altice, Fredrick L, Beckwith, Curt G, Chander, Geetanjali, Chandler, Redonna, Christopoulous, Katerina, Cunningham, Chinazo, Cunningham, William E, Del Rio, Carlos, Donovan, Dennis, Eron, Joseph J, Fredericksen, Rob J, Kahana, Shoshana, Kitahata, Mari M, Kronmal, Richard, Kuo, Irene, Kurth, Ann, Mathews, W Chris, Mayer, Kenneth H, Moore, Richard D, Mugavero, Michael J, Ouellet, Lawrence J, Quan, Vu M, Saag, Michael S, Simoni, Jane M, Springer, Sandra, Strand, Lauren, Taxman, Faye, Young, Jeremy D, and Crane, Heidi M
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Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences ,Medical Microbiology ,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Drug Abuse (NIDA only) ,Methamphetamine ,Clinical Research ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Infectious Diseases ,HIV/AIDS ,Prevention ,Substance Misuse ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being ,HIV ,HIV Infections ,Humans ,Illicit Drugs ,Longitudinal Studies ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Viral Load ,substance use ,drug use ,heroin ,viral suppression ,abstinence ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Microbiology ,Clinical sciences - Abstract
BackgroundSubstance use is common among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) and a barrier to achieving viral suppression. Among PLWH who report illicit drug use, we evaluated associations between HIV viral load (VL) and reduced use of illicit opioids, methamphetamine/crystal, cocaine/crack, and marijuana, regardless of whether or not abstinence was achieved.MethodsThis was a longitudinal cohort study of PLWH from 7 HIV clinics or 4 clinical studies. We used joint longitudinal and survival models to examine the impact of decreasing drug use and of abstinence for each drug on viral suppression. We repeated analyses using linear mixed models to examine associations between change in frequency of drug use and VL.ResultsThe number of PLWH who were using each drug at baseline ranged from n = 568 (illicit opioids) to n = 4272 (marijuana). Abstinence was associated with higher odds of viral suppression (odds ratio [OR], 1.4-2.2) and lower relative VL (ranging from 21% to 42% by drug) for all 4 drug categories. Reducing frequency of illicit opioid or methamphetamine/crystal use without abstinence was associated with VL suppression (OR, 2.2, 1.6, respectively). Reducing frequency of illicit opioid or methamphetamine/crystal use without abstinence was associated with lower relative VL (47%, 38%, respectively).ConclusionsAbstinence was associated with viral suppression. In addition, reducing use of illicit opioids or methamphetamine/crystal, even without abstinence, was also associated with viral suppression. Our findings highlight the impact of reducing substance use, even when abstinence is not achieved, and the potential benefits of medications, behavioral interventions, and harm-reduction interventions.
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- 2020
36. Mobile-Enhanced Prevention Support Study for Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender Women Leaving Jail: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)
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Edwards, Gabriel G, Reback, Cathy J, Cunningham, William E, Hilliard, Charles L, McWells, Charles, Mukherjee, Sukrit, Weiss, Robert E, and Harawa, Nina T
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Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*) ,Substance Misuse ,Drug Abuse (NIDA only) ,Clinical Research ,Health Services ,Infectious Diseases ,Sexually Transmitted Infections ,HIV/AIDS ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,Prevention ,Mental Health ,Prevention of disease and conditions ,and promotion of well-being ,3.1 Primary prevention interventions to modify behaviours or promote wellbeing ,Infection ,Good Health and Well Being - Abstract
BACKGROUND Men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women, particularly those who have experienced criminal justice involvement, have particularly high HIV burdens, and a majority of those in jail have substance use disorders (SUDs). MSM and transgender women also experience elevated rates of incarceration. Once community re-entry occurs, individuals are in a critical period for addressing potential risks of HIV and sexually transmitted infection (STI) acquisition and negative sequelae of substance use. Further, the impact experienced by one’s social and sexual networks experienced at the time of detention and release have important health implications for MSM and transgender women. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to test a new intervention—Mobile-Enhanced Prevention Support (MEPS)—that involves a GPS-based mobile app called GeoPassport (referred to as GeoPass in practice), incentives, and peer support for promoting HIV prevention, substance use treatment, and use of related services. METHODS A two-arm, unblinded, randomized controlled trial will seek to enroll 300 HIV-negative MSM and transgender women, aged 18-49 years, with SUDs, who are either in jail or have recently left jail. Participants will be enrolled by study staff and randomized to the MEPS intervention group or usual care group. The intervention group will receive customized wellness goals in addition to GeoPass, cash incentives, and the support of a trained peer mentor for 6 months. Data collection will consist of a baseline survey and three follow-up surveys at 3, 6, and 9 months postenrollment, either in person or by phone or videoconference when necessary. The primary outcomes include establishing a primary care provider; being prescribed and adhering to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV; screening for HIV, STIs, and hepatitis C virus; and engagement in recommended treatment for SUDs. Secondary outcomes include obtaining treatment for any identified infections and avoiding recidivism. RESULTS Enrollment began in November 2019 and study completion is expected in 2023. CONCLUSIONS This study will advance our knowledge base on patient navigation and peer mentor interventions. Peer navigation services have been studied for the treatment of HIV, but less often in the context of HIV and STI prevention among sexual and gender minority populations at the time of re-entry into the community from jail. The MEPS study will examine the acceptability and feasibility of combining peer mentor services with a mobile app to facilitate service utilization and participant–peer mentor communication. MEPS will assess patterns of PrEP uptake and utilization in MSM and transgender women leaving jail. The study will provide heretofore unavailable data from persons leaving jail regarding HIV PrEP, STI screening, substance abuse treatment, and service utilization patterns and experiences, including geocoded data for those in the intervention arm. CLINICALTRIAL ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04036396); https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04036396 INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT PRR1-10.2196/18106
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- 2020
37. Life Chaos is Associated with Reduced HIV Testing, Engagement in Care, and ART Adherence Among Cisgender Men and Transgender Women upon Entry into Jail
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Takada, Sae, Ettner, Susan L, Harawa, Nina T, Garland, Wendy H, Shoptaw, Steve J, and Cunningham, William E
- Subjects
Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Clinical Research ,Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*) ,Infectious Diseases ,Prevention ,HIV/AIDS ,Mental Health ,7.1 Individual care needs ,Management of diseases and conditions ,Peace ,Justice and Strong Institutions ,Adult ,Anti-HIV Agents ,Anti-Retroviral Agents ,Continuity of Patient Care ,Criminal Law ,Female ,HIV Infections ,Humans ,Los Angeles ,Male ,Mass Screening ,Medication Adherence ,Middle Aged ,Prisoners ,Prisons ,Social Stigma ,Social Support ,Transgender Persons ,HIV ,AIDS ,Life chaos ,Social support ,HIV-related stigma ,Incarceration ,Public Health and Health Services ,Social Work ,Public health - Abstract
Life chaos, the perceived inability to plan for and anticipate the future, may be a barrier to the HIV care continuum for people living with HIV who experience incarceration. Between December 2012 and June 2015, we interviewed 356 adult cisgender men and transgender women living with HIV in Los Angeles County Jail. We assessed life chaos using the Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale (CHAOS) and conducted regression analyses to estimate the association between life chaos and care continuum. Forty-eight percent were diagnosed with HIV while incarcerated, 14% were engaged in care 12 months prior to incarceration, mean antiretroviral adherence was 65%, and 68% were virologically suppressed. Adjusting for sociodemographics, HIV-related stigma, and social support, higher life chaos was associated with greater likelihood of diagnosis while incarcerated, lower likelihood of engagement in care, and lower adherence. There was no statistically significant association between life chaos and virologic suppression. Identifying life chaos in criminal-justice involved populations and intervening on it may improve continuum outcomes.
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- 2020
38. The Effect of Knowledge about a Group on Perceived Group Variability andCertainty about Stereotype-Based Inferences
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Vrantsidis, Thalia H. and Cunningham, William A.
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Categories ,Inference ,Stereotypes ,Variability ,Homogeneity ,Certainty ,Bias - Abstract
People often learn about categories, particularly socialcategories, based on biased information. Unless people areable to correct for this, they may develop biased beliefs andinferences about these categories. The current researchexamines if potentially biased information about social groupsmakes groups appear more homogeneous, and makes peoplemore confident in their inferences about group members. Twosources of biases are considered: due to lacking first-handexperience with a group, or due to having second-handinformation from the media or other people. Both sourcesmade groups appear more homogeneous, suggesting thatinformation biases were present and not corrected for.However, only second-hand knowledge led to greaterconfidence about group members, because, when peoplelacked first-hand knowledge, their uncertainty about thegroup average counteracted this effect. This highlights theimportance of understanding biases present in people’sinformation, and corrective processes that may allow peopleto continue to make unbiased inferences.
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- 2020
39. Self-reported antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral load in criminal justice-involved populations
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Cunningham, William E, Nance, Robin M, Golin, Carol E, Flynn, Patrick, Knight, Kevin, Beckwith, Curt G, Kuo, Irene, Spaulding, Anne, Taxman, Faye S, Altice, Fredrick, Delaney, Joseph A, Crane, Heidi M, and Springer, Sandra A
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Public Health ,Clinical Sciences ,Health Sciences ,Medical Microbiology ,Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities ,HIV/AIDS ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Infectious Diseases ,Patient Safety ,Clinical Research ,7.1 Individual care needs ,Management of diseases and conditions ,Infection ,Peace ,Justice and Strong Institutions ,Adult ,Anti-Retroviral Agents ,Antiretroviral Therapy ,Highly Active ,CD4 Lymphocyte Count ,Cohort Studies ,Criminal Law ,Criminals ,Female ,HIV ,HIV Infections ,Health Status ,Humans ,Logistic Models ,Male ,Medication Adherence ,Middle Aged ,Self Report ,Viral Load ,Young Adult ,Antiretroviral therapy ,Medication adherence ,Viral load ,Incarceration ,Criminal justice-involved populations ,Microbiology ,Clinical sciences ,Medical microbiology ,Public health - Abstract
BackgroundSelf-reported antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence measures that are associated with plasma viral load (VL) are valuable to clinicians and researchers, but are rarely examined among groups vulnerable to dropping out of care. One-seventh of all those living with HIV pass through incarceration annually and criminal-justice (CJ) involved people living with HIV (PLH) are vulnerable to falling out of care. We examined the association of self-reported ART adherence with VL in a criminal-justice sample compared to a routine-care sample.MethodsSamples: We examined data from a multisite collaboration of studies addressing the continuum of HIV care among CjJ involved persons in the Seek, Test, Treat, and Retain cohort. Data pooled from seven CJ- studies (n = 414) were examined and compared with the routine-care sample from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems' seven sites (n = 11,698).MeasuresIn both samples, data on self-reported percent ART doses taken were collected via the visual analogue scale adherence measure. Viral load data were obtained by blood-draw.AnalysisWe examined the associations of adherence with VL in both cohorts using mixed effects linear regression of log-VL, and mixed effects logistic regression of binary VL (≥ 200 copies/mL) outcomes. Interactions by CD4 count and self-reported health status were also tested.ResultsAmong the CJ sample, the coefficient for log-VL was - 0.31 (95% CI = - 0.43, - 0.18; P
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- 2019
40. A modeling framework to inform preexposure prophylaxis initiation and retention scale-up in the context of 'Getting to Zero' initiatives.
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Khanna, Aditya S, Schneider, John A, Collier, Nicholson, Ozik, Jonathan, Issema, Rodal, di Paola, Angela, Skwara, Abigail, Ramachandran, Arthi, Webb, Jeannette, Brewer, Russell, Cunningham, William, Hilliard, Charles, Ramani, Santhoshini, Fujimoto, Kayo, and Harawa, Nina
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Biomedical and Clinical Sciences ,Public Health ,Health Sciences ,Prevention ,Pediatric ,HIV/AIDS ,Behavioral and Social Science ,Sexual and Gender Minorities (SGM/LGBT*) ,Infectious Diseases ,Infection ,Adolescent ,Adult ,Black People ,Disease Transmission ,Infectious ,HIV Infections ,Humans ,Illinois ,Incidence ,Male ,Models ,Statistical ,Patient Compliance ,Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis ,Sexual and Gender Minorities ,Treatment Outcome ,Young Adult ,computer simulation ,data mining ,HIV infections ,preexposure prophylaxis ,preventive medicine ,sexual and sex minorities ,BARS Study Group and Getting to Zero IL Research Evaluation and Data (RED) Committee ,Biological Sciences ,Medical and Health Sciences ,Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,Virology ,Biomedical and clinical sciences ,Health sciences - Abstract
Objective(s)'Getting to Zero' (GTZ) initiatives aim to eliminate new HIV infections over a projected time frame. Increased preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake among populations with the highest HIV incidence, such as young Black MSM, is necessary to accomplish this aim. Agent-based network models (ABNMs) can help guide policymakers on strategies to increase PrEP uptake.DesignEffective PrEP implementation requires a model that incorporates the dynamics of interventions and dynamic feedbacks across multiple levels including virus, host, behavior, networks, and population. ABNMs are a powerful tool to incorporate these processes.MethodsAn ABNM, designed for and parameterized using data for young Black MSM in Illinois, was used to compare the impact of PrEP initiation and retention interventions on HIV incidence after 10 years, consistent with GTZ timelines. Initiation interventions selected individuals in serodiscordant partnerships, or in critical sexual network positions, and compared with a controlled setting where PrEP initiators were randomly selected. Retention interventions increased the mean duration of PrEP use. A combination intervention modeled concurrent increases in PrEP initiation and retention.ResultsSelecting HIV-negative individuals for PrEP initiation in serodiscordant partnerships resulted in the largest HIV incidence declines, relative to other interventions. For a given PrEP uptake level, distributing effort between increasing PrEP initiation and retention in combination was approximately as effective as increasing only one exclusively.ConclusionSimulation results indicate that expanded PrEP interventions alone may not accomplish GTZ goals within a decade, and integrated scale-up of PrEP, antiretroviral therapy, and other interventions might be necessary.
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- 2019
41. Corporate Pledges to Black Lives Matter : A Source of Capital?
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
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- 2021
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42. What Now? : Our Perspective
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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43. Selected Laws, Programs, and Regulations : A Few of the Laws and Regulations Designed to Support Minority Businesses
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
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- 2021
- Full Text
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44. New Perspectives from Black and Brown Entrepreneurs : Where We Are Now
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
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- 2021
- Full Text
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45. The State of Minority Business : Challenges and Opportunities
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Public Sector Institutions : Federal, State, and Local Minority Business Programs
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
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- 2021
- Full Text
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47. Business Networking : National and International Chambers of Commerce and Major Supplier Diversity Organizations
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
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- 2021
- Full Text
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48. Money: Digital Payment Services, Credit, Banks, Venture Capital, and Other Resources : How to Get Money for Your Minority Business
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
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- 2021
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49. Minority Business Now : Defining Minority Business
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Cunningham, William Michael and Cunningham, William Michael
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- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Predicting Task and Subject Differences with Functional Connectivity and BOLD Variability
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Gaut, Garren, Li, Xiangrui, Turner, Brandon, Cunningham, William A., Lu, Zhong-Lin, and Steyvers, Mark
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Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition - Abstract
Previous research has found that functional connectivity (FC) can accurately predict the identity of a subject performing a task and the type of task being performed. We replicate these results using a large dataset collected at the OSU Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Brain Imaging. We also introduce a novel perspective on task and subject identity prediction: BOLD Variability (BV). Conceptually, BV is a region-specific measure based on the variance within each brain region. BV is simple to compute, interpret, and visualize. We show that both FC and BV are predictive of task and subject, even across scanning sessions separated by multiple years. Subject differences rather than task differences account for the majority of changes in BV and FC. Similar to results in FC, we show that BV is reduced during cognitive tasks relative to rest.
- Published
- 2018
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