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1. Genomic insights into the 2022–2023Vibrio cholerae outbreak in Malawi

Author

Chaguza, Chrispin, Chibwe, Innocent, Chaima, David, Musicha, Patrick, Ndeketa, Latif, Kasambara, Watipaso, Mhango, Chimwemwe, Mseka, Upendo L., Bitilinyu-Bangoh, Joseph, Mvula, Bernard, Kipandula, Wakisa, Bonongwe, Patrick, Munthali, Richard J., Ngwira, Selemani, Mwendera, Chikondi A., Kalizang’oma, Akuzike, Jambo, Kondwani C., Kambalame, Dzinkambani, Kamng’ona, Arox W., Steele, A. Duncan, Chauma-Mwale, Annie, Hungerford, Daniel, Kagoli, Matthew, Nyaga, Martin M., Dube, Queen, French, Neil, Msefula, Chisomo L., Cunliffe, Nigel A., and Jere, Khuzwayo C.

Published
2024
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3. Community transmission of rotavirus infection in a vaccinated population in Blantyre, Malawi: a prospective household cohort study

Author

Bennett, Aisleen, Pollock, Louisa, Bar-Zeev, Naor, Lewnard, Joseph A, Jere, Khuzwayo C, Lopman, Benjamin, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, Pitzer, Virginia E, and Cunliffe, Nigel A

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Research, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Digestive Diseases, Biodefense, Pediatric, Infectious Diseases, Immunization, Foodborne Illness, Aetiology, 3.4 Vaccines, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Databases, Factual, Diarrhea, Family Characteristics, Feces, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin A, Incidence, Malawi, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Rotavirus, Rotavirus Infections, Rotavirus Vaccines, Vaccination, Young Adult, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Microbiology, Clinical sciences, Medical microbiology, Epidemiology
Abstract

BackgroundRotavirus vaccine effectiveness is reduced among children in low-income countries. Indirect (transmission-mediated) effects of rotavirus vaccine might contribute to the total population effect of vaccination. We aimed to examine risk factors for transmission of rotavirus to household contacts in Blantyre, Malawi, and estimated the effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in preventing transmission of infection to household contacts.MethodsIn this prospective household cohort study, we recruited children born after Sept 17, 2012, and aged at least 6 weeks (vaccine-eligible children) with acute rotavirus gastroenteritis and their household contacts, in four government health facilities in Blantyre, Malawi. Clinical data, a bulk stool sample, and 1-2 mL of serum were collected from case children at presentation. Clinical data and stool samples were also prospectively collected from household contacts over 14 days from presentation. A single stool sample was collected from control households containing asymptomatic children who were frequency age-matched to case children. Samples were tested for rotavirus using semi-quantitative real-time PCR and for anti-rotavirus IgA using a semi-quantitative sandwich ELISA. Risk factors for household transmission of rotavirus infection and clinical disease, including disease severity and faecal shedding density, were identified using mixed effects logistic regression. Vaccine effectiveness against transmission was estimated as 1 minus the ratio of secondary attack rates in vaccinated and counterfactual unvaccinated populations, using vaccine effectiveness estimates from the associated diarrhoeal surveillance platform to estimate the counterfactual secondary attack rate without vaccination.FindingsBetween Feb 16, 2015, and Nov 11, 2016, we recruited 196 case households (705 members) and 55 control households (153 members). Household secondary attack rate for rotavirus infection was high (434 [65%] of 665 individuals) and secondary attack rate for clinical disease was much lower (37 [5%] of 698). Asymptomatic infection in control households was common (40 [28%] of 144). Increasing disease severity in an index child (as measured by Vesikari score) was associated with increased risk of transmission of infection (odds ratio 1·17 [95% CI 1·06-1·30) and disease (1·28 [1·08-1·52]) to household contacts. Estimated vaccine effectiveness against transmission was 39% (95% CI 16-57).InterpretationRotavirus vaccine has the potential to substantially reduce household rotavirus transmission. This finding should be considered in clinical and health economic assessments of vaccine effectiveness.FundingWellcome Trust, US National Institutes of Health, and US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Published
2021

4. Evaluating strategies to improve rotavirus vaccine impact during the second year of life in Malawi

Author

Pitzer, Virginia E, Bennett, Aisleen, Bar-Zeev, Naor, Jere, Khuzwayo C, Lopman, Benjamin A, Lewnard, Joseph A, Parashar, Umesh D, and Cunliffe, Nigel A

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Immunology, Clinical Research, Immunization, Pediatric, Vaccine Related, Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.4 Vaccines, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Female, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Malawi, Male, Models, Theoretical, Rotavirus, Rotavirus Infections, Rotavirus Vaccines, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Medical biotechnology, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Rotavirus vaccination has substantially reduced the incidence of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis (RVGE) in high-income countries, but vaccine impact and estimated effectiveness are lower in low-income countries for reasons that are poorly understood. We used mathematical modeling to quantify rotavirus vaccine impact and investigate reduced vaccine effectiveness, particularly during the second year of life, in Malawi, where vaccination was introduced in October 2012 with doses at 6 and 10 weeks. We fitted models to 12 years of prevaccination data and validated the models against postvaccination data to evaluate the magnitude and duration of vaccine protection. The observed rollout of vaccination in Malawi was predicted to lead to a 26 to 77% decrease in the overall incidence of moderate-to-severe RVGE in 2016, depending on assumptions about waning of vaccine-induced immunity and heterogeneity in vaccine response. Vaccine effectiveness estimates were predicted to be higher among 4- to 11-month-olds than 12- to 23-month-olds, even when vaccine-induced immunity did not wane, due to differences in the rate at which vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals acquire immunity from natural infection. We found that vaccine effectiveness during the first and second years of life could potentially be improved by increasing the proportion of infants who respond to vaccination or by lowering the rotavirus transmission rate. An additional dose of rotavirus vaccine at 9 months of age was predicted to lead to higher estimated vaccine effectiveness but to only modest (5 to 16%) reductions in RVGE incidence over the first 3 years after introduction, regardless of assumptions about waning of vaccine-induced immunity.

Published
2019

5. Heterogeneous susceptibility to rotavirus infection and gastroenteritis in two birth cohort studies: Parameter estimation and epidemiological implications.

Author

Lewnard, Joseph, Lopman, Benjamin, Parashar, Umesh, Bennett, Aisleen, Bar-Zeev, Naor, Cunliffe, Nigel, Samuel, Prasanna, Guerrero, M, Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo, Kang, Gagandeep, and Pitzer, Virginia

Subjects
Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Gastroenteritis, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Mexico, Risk Factors, Rotavirus Infections
Abstract

Cohort studies, randomized trials, and post-licensure studies have reported reduced natural and vaccine-derived protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in low- and middle-income countries. While susceptibility of children to rotavirus is known to vary within and between settings, implications for estimation of immune protection are not well understood. We sought to re-estimate naturally-acquired protection against rotavirus infection and RVGE, and to understand how differences in susceptibility among children impacted estimates. We re-analyzed data from studies conducted in Mexico City, Mexico and Vellore, India. Cumulatively, 573 rotavirus-unvaccinated children experienced 1418 rotavirus infections and 371 episodes of RVGE over 17,636 child-months. We developed a model that characterized susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE among children, accounting for aspects of the natural history of rotavirus and differences in transmission rates between settings. We tested whether model-generated susceptibility measurements were associated with demographic and anthropometric factors, and with the severity of RVGE symptoms. We identified greater variation in susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE in Vellore than in Mexico City. In both cohorts, susceptibility to rotavirus infection and RVGE were associated with male sex, lower birth weight, lower maternal education, and having fewer siblings; within Vellore, susceptibility was also associated with lower socioeconomic status. Children who were more susceptible to rotavirus also experienced higher rates of rotavirus-negative diarrhea, and higher risk of moderate-to-severe symptoms when experiencing RVGE. Simulations suggested that discrepant estimates of naturally-acquired immunity against RVGE can be attributed, in part, to between-setting differences in susceptibility of children, but result primarily from the interaction of transmission rates with age-dependent risk for infections to cause RVGE. We found that more children in Vellore than in Mexico City belong to a high-risk group for rotavirus infection and RVGE, and demonstrate that unmeasured individual- and age-dependent susceptibility may influence estimates of naturally-acquired immune protection against RVGE.

Published
2019

7. Neonatal rotavirus vaccine (RV3-BB) immunogenicity and safety in a neonatal and infant administration schedule in Malawi: a randomised, double-blind, four-arm parallel group dose-ranging study

Author

Witte, Desiree, Handley, Amanda, Jere, Khuzwayo C, Bogandovic-Sakran, Nada, Mpakiza, Ashley, Turner, Ann, Pavlic, Daniel, Boniface, Karen, Mandolo, Jonathan, Ong, Darren Suryawijaya, Bonnici, Rhian, Justice, Frances, Bar-Zeev, Naor, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, Ackland, Jim, Donato, Celeste M, Cowley, Daniel, Barnes, Graeme, Cunliffe, Nigel A, and Bines, Julie E

Published
2022
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8. Mucosal immunity in upper and lower respiratory tract to MERS-CoV.

Author

Shrwani, Khalid J., Mahallawi, Waleed H., Mohana, Abdulrhman I., Algaissi, Abdullah, Dhayhi, Nabil, Sharwani, Nouf J., Gadour, Eyad, Aldossari, Saeed M., Asiri, Hasan, Kameli, Nader, Asiri, Ayad Y., Asiri, Abdullah M., Sherwani, Alaa J., Cunliffe, Nigel, and Qibo Zhang

Subjects
MERS coronavirus, MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome, KILLER cells, T helper cells, CYTOTOXIC T cells, CORONAVIRUS diseases
Abstract

Introduction: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has emerged as a deadly pathogen with a mortality rate of up to 36.2%. MERS-CoV can cause severe respiratory tract disease and multiorgan failure. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines are urgently needed. This intensive review explores the human immune responses and their immunological mechanisms during MERSCoV infection in the mucosa of the upper and lower respiratory tracts (URT and LRT, respectively). Objective: The aim of this study is to provide a valuable, informative, and critical summary of the protective immune mechanisms against MERS-CoV infection in the URT/LRT for the purpose of preventing and controlling MERS-CoV disease and designing effective therapeutic vaccines. Methods: In this review, we focus on the immune potential of the respiratory tract following MERS-CoV infection. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and Google Scholar using the following terms: "MERS-CoV", "B cells", "T cells", "cytokines", "chemokines", "cytotoxic", and "upper and lower respiratory tracts". Results: We found and included 152 studies in this review. We report that the cellular innate immune response, including macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, produces antiviral substances such as interferons and interleukins to prevent the virus from spreading. In the adaptive and humoral immune responses, CD4+ helper T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, B cells, and plasma cells protect against MERS-CoV infection in URT and LRT. Conclusion: The human nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) could successfully limit the spread of several respiratory pathogens. However, in the case of MERS-CoV infection, limited research has been conducted in humans with regard to immunopathogenesis and mucosal immune responses due to the lack of relevant tissues. A better understanding of the immune mechanisms of the URT and LRT is vital for the design and development of effective MERSCoV vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. Rotavirus-Specific Maternal Serum Antibodies and Vaccine Responses to RV3-BB Rotavirus Vaccine Administered in a Neonatal or Infant Schedule in Malawi.

Author

Morgan, Benjamin, Lyons, Eleanor A., Handley, Amanda, Bogdanovic-Sakran, Nada, Pavlic, Daniel, Witte, Desiree, Mandolo, Jonathan, Turner, Ann, Jere, Khuzwayo C., Justice, Frances, Ong, Darren Suryawijaya, Bonnici, Rhian, Boniface, Karen, Donato, Celeste M., Mpakiza, Ashley, Meyer, Anell, Bar-Zeev, Naor, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, Cunliffe, Nigel A., and Danchin, Margaret

Subjects
ROTAVIRUS diseases, ROTAVIRUS vaccines, ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay, VACCINE effectiveness, ANTIBODY formation
Abstract

High titres of rotavirus-specific maternal antibodies may contribute to lower rotavirus vaccine efficacy in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). RV3-BB vaccine (G3P[6]) is based on a neonatal rotavirus strain that replicates well in the newborn gut in the presence of breast milk. This study investigated the association between maternal serum antibodies and vaccine response in infants administered the RV3-BB vaccine. Serum was collected antenatally from mothers of 561 infants enrolled in the RV3-BB Phase II study conducted in Blantyre, Malawi, and analysed for rotavirus-specific serum IgA and IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infant vaccine take was defined as cumulative IgA seroconversion (≥3 fold increase) and/or stool vaccine shedding. Maternal IgA or IgG antibody titres did not have a negative impact on vaccine-like stool shedding at any timepoint. Maternal IgG (but not IgA) titres were associated with reduced take post dose 1 (p < 0.005) and 3 (p < 0.05) in the neonatal vaccine schedule group but not at study completion (week 18). In LMICs where high maternal antibodies are associated with low rotavirus vaccine efficacy, RV3-BB in a neonatal or infant vaccine schedule has the potential to provide protection against severe rotavirus disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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10. Quantifying the Cost of Shigella Diarrhea in the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study

Author

Morozoff, Chloe, primary, Ahmed, Naveed, additional, Chinkhumba, Jobiba, additional, Islam, Md Taufiqul, additional, Jallow, Abdoulie F, additional, Ogwel, Billy, additional, Zegarra Paredes, Loyda Fiorella, additional, Sanogo, Doh, additional, Atlas, Hannah E, additional, Badji, Henry, additional, Bar-Zeev, Naor, additional, Conteh, Bakary, additional, Güimack Fajardo, Mario, additional, Feutz, Erika, additional, Haidara, Fadima C, additional, Karim, Mehrab, additional, Mamby Keita, Adama, additional, Keita, Youssouf, additional, Khanam, Farhana, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, Maguire, Rebecca, additional, Mbutuka, Ishmail S, additional, Ndalama, Maureen, additional, Ochieng, John Benjamin, additional, Okello, Collins, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Perez Garcia, Karin F, additional, Qamar, Farah Naz, additional, Qudrat-E-Khuda, Syed, additional, Qureshi, Sonia, additional, Rajib, Md Nazmul Hasan, additional, Shapiama Lopez, Wagner Valentino, additional, Sultana, Shazia, additional, Witte, Desiree, additional, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, additional, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Jahangir Hossain, M, additional, Paredes Olortegui, Maribel, additional, Tapia, Milagritos D, additional, Zaman, K, additional, and Means, Arianna Rubin, additional

Published
2024
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11. Exploring Natural Immune Responses to Shigella Exposure Using Multiplex Bead Assays on Dried Blood Spots in High-Burden Countries: Protocol From a Multisite Diarrhea Surveillance Study

Author

Benedicto-Matambo, Prisca, primary, Avolio, Lindsay N, additional, Badji, Henry, additional, Batool, Rabab, additional, Khanam, Farhana, additional, Munga, Stephen, additional, Tapia, Milagritos D, additional, Peñataro Yori, Pablo, additional, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Ceesay, Bubacarr E, additional, Cornick, Jennifer, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Garcia Bardales, Paul F, additional, Heaney, Christopher D, additional, Hotwani, Aneeta, additional, Ireen, Mahzabeen, additional, Taufiqul Islam, Md, additional, Jallow, Ousman, additional, Kaminski, Robert W, additional, Shapiama Lopez, Wagner V, additional, Maiden, Victor, additional, Ikumapayi, Usman Nurudeen, additional, Nyirenda, Ruth, additional, Ochieng, John Benjamin, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Paredes Olortegui, Maribel, additional, Pavlinac, Patricia B, additional, Pisanic, Nora, additional, Qadri, Firdausi, additional, Qureshi, Sonia, additional, Rahman, Nazia, additional, Rogawski McQuade, Elizabeth T, additional, Schiaffino, Francesca, additional, Secka, Ousman, additional, Sonye, Catherine, additional, Sultana, Shazia, additional, Timite, Drissa, additional, Traore, Awa, additional, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, additional, Taufiqur Rahman Bhuiyan, Md, additional, Jahangir Hossain, M, additional, Jere, Khuzwayo C, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, Qamar, Farah Naz, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, and Platts-Mills, James A, additional

Published
2024
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12. The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella Surveillance Study in Malawi

Author

Mategula, Donnie, primary, Ndalama, Maureen, additional, Lefu, Clement, additional, Chinkhumba, Jobiba, additional, Ndeketa, Latif, additional, Munthali, Vitumbiko, additional, Chitala, Clifford, additional, Malemia, Thandizo, additional, Million, Gertrude, additional, Mbutuka, Ishmail, additional, Mhone, Ranken, additional, Makwenda, Ethel, additional, James, Mussa, additional, Bwanali, Cornelius, additional, Kazembe, Gift, additional, Manundo, Abell, additional, Chauluka, Evance, additional, Chitalo, Salama, additional, Alumando, Ethel, additional, Longwe, Dalitso, additional, Matandika, Maggie, additional, Jonasi, Paul, additional, Thindwa, Agra, additional, Phiri, Deborah, additional, Wachepa, Richard, additional, Kawonga, Flywell, additional, Maiden, Victor, additional, Charles, Mary, additional, Kapindula, Ida, additional, Witte, Desiree, additional, Turner, Ann M, additional, Bronowski, Christina, additional, Baker, Kate, additional, Bar-Zeev, Naor, additional, Gordon, Melita A, additional, Dube, Queen, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Jere, Khuzwayo C, additional, and Cornick, Jennifer, additional

Published
2024
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13. Diarrhea Case Surveillance in the Enterics for Global Health Shigella Surveillance Study: Epidemiologic Methods

Author

Atlas, Hannah E, primary, Conteh, Bakary, additional, Islam, Md Taufiqul, additional, Jere, Khuzwayo C, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Sanogo, Doh, additional, Schiaffino, Francesca, additional, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, additional, Ahmed, Naveed, additional, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Badji, Henry, additional, Cornick, Jennifer, additional, Feutz, Erika, additional, Galagan, Sean R, additional, Haidara, Fadima C, additional, Horne, Bri’Anna, additional, Hossen, Md Ismail, additional, Hotwani, Aneeta, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Jallow, Abdoulie F, additional, Karim, Mehrab, additional, Keita, Adama Mamby, additional, Keita, Youssouf, additional, Khanam, Farhana, additional, Liu, Jie, additional, Malemia, Thandizo, additional, Manneh, Alhagie, additional, McGrath, Christine J, additional, Nasrin, Dilruba, additional, Ndalama, Maureen, additional, Ochieng, John Benjamin, additional, Ogwel, Billy, additional, Paredes Olortegui, Maribel, additional, Zegarra Paredes, Loyda Fiorella, additional, Pinedo Vasquez, Tackeshy, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Qudrat-E-Khuda, Syed, additional, Qureshi, Sonia, additional, Hasan Rajib, Md Nazmul, additional, Rogawski McQuade, Elizabeth T, additional, Sultana, Shazia, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, Tickell, Kirkby D, additional, Witte, Desiree, additional, Peñataro Yori, Pablo, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Hossain, M Jahangir, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, Qadri, Firdausi, additional, Qamar, Farah Naz, additional, Tapia, Milagritos D, additional, and Pavlinac, Patricia B, additional

Published
2024
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14. Population Enumeration and Household Utilization Survey Methods in the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH): Shigella Surveillance Study

Author

Dodd, Ryan, primary, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Garcia Bardales, Paul F, additional, Khanam, Farhana, additional, Mategula, Donnie, additional, Onwuchekwa, Uma, additional, Sarwar, Golam, additional, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, additional, Ahmed, Naveed, additional, Atlas, Hannah E, additional, Amirul Islam Bhuiyan, Md, additional, Colston, Josh M, additional, Conteh, Bakary, additional, Diawara, Manan, additional, Dilruba, Nasrin, additional, Elwood, Sarah, additional, Fatima, Irum, additional, Feutz, Erika, additional, Galagan, Sean R, additional, Haque, Shahinur, additional, Taufiqul Islam, Md, additional, Karim, Mehrab, additional, Keita, Belali, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, Lefu, Clement, additional, Mballow, Mamadou, additional, Ndalama, Maureen, additional, Ndeketa, Latif, additional, Ogwel, Billy, additional, Okonji, Caleb, additional, Paredes Olortegui, Maribel, additional, Pavlinac, Patricia B, additional, Pinedo Vasquez, Tackeshy, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Qadri, Firdausi, additional, Qureshi, Sonia, additional, Rogawski McQuade, Elizabeth T, additional, Sultana, Shazia, additional, Traore, Moussa Oumar, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Jahangir Hossain, M, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Qamar, Farah Naz, additional, Tapia, Milagritos D, additional, Peñataro Yori, Pablo, additional, Zaman, K, additional, and McGrath, Christine J, additional

Published
2024
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15. Shigella Detection and Molecular Serotyping With a Customized TaqMan Array Card in the Enterics for Global Health (EFGH): Shigella Surveillance Study

Author

Liu, Jie, primary, Garcia Bardales, Paul F, additional, Islam, Kamrul, additional, Jarju, Sheikh, additional, Juma, Jane, additional, Mhango, Chimwemwe, additional, Naumanga, Queen, additional, Qureshi, Sonia, additional, Sonye, Catherine, additional, Ahmed, Naveed, additional, Aziz, Fatima, additional, Bhuiyan, Md Taufiqur Rahman, additional, Charles, Mary, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Abdou, Mahamadou, additional, Galagan, Sean R, additional, Gitteh, Ensa, additional, Guindo, Ibrehima, additional, Jahangir Hossain, M, additional, Jabang, Abdoulie M J, additional, Jere, Khuzwayo C, additional, Kawonga, Flywell, additional, Keita, Mariama, additional, Keita, Noumou Yakhouba, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, Shapiama Lopez, Wagner V, additional, Munga, Stephen, additional, Paredes Olortegui, Maribel, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Pavlinac, Patricia B, additional, Qadri, Firdausi, additional, Qamar, Farah Naz, additional, Azadul Alam Raz, S M, additional, Riziki, Laura, additional, Schiaffino, Francesca, additional, Stroup, Suzanne, additional, Traore, Sarata Nassoun, additional, Pinedo Vasquez, Tackeshy, additional, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, additional, Antonio, Martin, additional, Cornick, Jennifer E, additional, Kabir, Furqan, additional, Khanam, Farhana, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Ochieng, John Benjamin, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, and Houpt, Eric R, additional

Published
2024
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16. Evaluation of Fecal Inflammatory Biomarkers to Identify Bacterial Diarrhea Episodes: Systematic Review and Protocol for the Enterics for Global Health Shigella Surveillance Study

Author

Babb, Courtney, primary, Badji, Henry, additional, Bhuiyan, Md Taufiqur Rahman, additional, Cornick, Jennifer, additional, Qureshi, Sonia, additional, Sonye, Catherine, additional, Shapiama Lopez, Wagner V, additional, Adnan, Mehreen, additional, Atlas, Hannah E, additional, Begum, Kehkashan, additional, Brennhofer, Stephanie A, additional, Ceesay, Bubacarr E, additional, Ceesay, Abdoulie K, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Garcia Bardales, Paul F, additional, Haque, Shahinur, additional, Horne, Bri’Anna, additional, Hossain, M Jahangir, additional, Iqbal, Junaid, additional, Islam, Md Taufiqul, additional, Islam, Sadia, additional, Khanam, Farhana, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, Malemia, Thandizo, additional, Manzanares Villanueva, Katia, additional, Million, Gertrude Malola, additional, Munthali, Vitumbiko, additional, Ochieng, John Benjamin, additional, Ogwel, Billy, additional, Paredes Olortegui, Maribel, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Pavlinac, Patricia B, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Sears, Khandra T, additional, Secka, Ousman, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, Peñataro Yori, Pablo, additional, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, additional, Jere, Khuzwayo C, additional, Kosek, Margaret N, additional, Munga, Stephen, additional, Ikumapayi, Usman N, additional, Qadri, Firdausi, additional, Qamar, Farah Naz, additional, and Rogawski McQuade, Elizabeth T, additional

Published
2024
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17. Impact and effectiveness of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on population incidence of vaccine and non-vaccine serotype invasive pneumococcal disease in Blantyre, Malawi, 2006–18: prospective observational time-series and case-control studies

Author

Bar-Zeev, Naor, Swarthout, Todd D, Everett, Dean B, Alaerts, Maaike, Msefula, Jacquline, Brown, Comfort, Bilima, Sithembile, Mallewa, Jane, King, Carina, von Gottberg, Anne, Verani, Jennifer R, Whitney, Cynthia G, Mwansambo, Charles, Gordon, Stephen B, Cunliffe, Nigel A, French, Neil, and Heyderman, Robert S

Published
2021
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19. Impact of maternal antibodies and microbiota development on the immunogenicity of oral rotavirus vaccine in African, Indian, and European infants

Author

Parker, Edward P. K., Bronowski, Christina, Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan C., Babji, Sudhir, Benny, Blossom, Carmona-Vicente, Noelia, Chasweka, Nedson, Chinyama, End, Cunliffe, Nigel A., Dube, Queen, Giri, Sidhartha, Grassly, Nicholas C., Gunasekaran, Annai, Howarth, Deborah, Immanuel, Sushil, Jere, Khuzwayo C., Kampmann, Beate, Lowe, Jenna, Mandolo, Jonathan, Praharaj, Ira, Rani, Bakthavatsalam Sandya, Silas, Sophia, Srinivasan, Vivek Kumar, Turner, Mark, Venugopal, Srinivasan, Verghese, Valsan Philip, Darby, Alistair C., Kang, Gagandeep, and Iturriza-Gómara, Miren

Published
2021
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20. Microbiological Methods Used in the Enterics for Global Health Shigella Surveillance Study.

Author

Horne, Bri'Anna, Badji, Henry, Bhuiyan, Md Taufiqur Rahman, Cachique, Lucero Romaina, Cornick, Jennifer, Hotwani, Aneeta, Juma, Jane, Ochieng, John Benjamin, Abdou, Mahamadou, Apondi, Evans, Atlas, Hannah E, Awuor, Alex O, Baker, Kate S, Ceesay, Bubacarr E, Charles, Mary, Cunliffe, Nigel A, Feutz, Erika, Galagan, Sean R, Guindo, Ibrehima, and Hossain, M Jahangir

Subjects
SHIGELLA, VACCINE trials, CLINICAL trials, WORLD health, RESOURCE-limited settings
Abstract

Background Shigella is a major cause of diarrhea in young children worldwide. Multiple vaccines targeting Shigella are in development, and phase 3 clinical trials are imminent to determine efficacy against shigellosis. Methods The Enterics for Global Health (EFGH) Shigella surveillance study is designed to determine the incidence of medically attended shigellosis in 6- to 35-month-old children in 7 resource-limited settings. Here, we describe the microbiological methods used to isolate and identify Shigella. We developed a standardized laboratory protocol for isolation and identification of Shigella by culture. This protocol was implemented across all 7 sites, ensuring consistency and comparability of results. Secondary objectives of the study are to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of Shigella , compare isolation of Shigella from rectal swabs versus whole stool, and compare isolation of Shigella following transport of rectal swabs in Cary-Blair versus a modified buffered glycerol saline transport medium. Conclusions Data generated from EFGH using culture methods described herein can potentially be used for microbiological endpoints in future phase 3 clinical trials to evaluate vaccines against shigellosis and for other clinical and public health studies focused on these organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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21. Draft genomes of Aeromonas caviae from patients with cholera-like illness during the 2022–2023 cholera outbreak in Malawi

Author

Jere, Khuzwayo C., primary, Chibwe, Innocent, additional, Chaima, David, additional, Kasambala, Watipaso, additional, Mhango, Chimwemwe, additional, Bitilinyu-Bangoh, Joseph, additional, Mvula, Bernard, additional, Kipandula, Wakisa, additional, Kamng'ona, Arox W., additional, Steele, A. Duncan, additional, Chauma-Mwale, Annie, additional, Hungerford, Daniel, additional, Kagoli, Matthew, additional, Nyaga, Martin M., additional, Dube, Queen, additional, French, Neil, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Msefula, Chisomo L., additional, and Chaguza, Chrispin, additional

Published
2023
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22. List of Contributors

Author

Acosta, Anna M., primary, Acuin, Jose M., additional, Adam, Rodney D., additional, Afroze, Farzana, additional, Ahmed, Nadia, additional, Ahmed, Sabeena, additional, Ahmed, Tahmeed, additional, Ahmed, A.M. Shamsir, additional, Ali, S. Asad, additional, Ali, Ibne K., additional, Alroy, Karen A., additional, Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N., additional, Ansong, Daniel, additional, Anstead, Gregory M., additional, Appleby, Laura J., additional, Armah, George E., additional, Aronson, Naomi E., additional, Aston, Stephen J., additional, Barnett, Elizabeth D., additional, Bartelt, Luther A., additional, Bates, Imelda, additional, Bausch, Daniel G., additional, Beadling, Charles W., additional, Beeching, Nicholas J., additional, Bennish, Michael L., additional, Bern, Caryn, additional, Bernstein, Wendy B., additional, Bird, Brian H., additional, Bloom, Allyson K., additional, Bodeker, Gerard, additional, Boyer Chammard, Timothée, additional, Bradsher, Robert W., additional, Brooker, Simon J., additional, Brooks, W. Abdullah, additional, Brouqui, Philippe, additional, Brown, Michael, additional, Brown, Michael R., additional, Broyles, Laura N., additional, Bruschi, Fabrizio, additional, Bundy, Donald A.P., additional, Burton, Matthew, additional, Cabrera-Sosa, Luis, additional, Callahan, Michael V., additional, Carapetis, Jonathan R., additional, Cardemil, Cristina V., additional, Carrol, Enitan D., additional, Caswell, Rachel, additional, Caumes, Eric, additional, Cavalheiro, Ana P., additional, Chan, Abner L., additional, Charunwatthana, Prakaykaew, additional, Checkley, Anna M., additional, Chen, Lin H., additional, Chher, Tepirou, additional, Chiong, Charlotte M., additional, Chisti, M. Jobayer, additional, Christiani, David C., additional, Clark, Taryn N., additional, Connor, Bradley A., additional, Conway, Devin J., additional, Cooper, Philip J., additional, Cope, Jennifer R., additional, Coughlin, R. Richard, additional, Coulibaly, Yaya I., additional, Coyle, Christina M., additional, Crozier, Ian, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Cupido, Blanche, additional, Curren, Emily J., additional, Danta, Mark, additional, Day, Nicholas P.J., additional, Debboun, Mustapha, additional, DeFraites, Robert F., additional, Dekumyoy, Paron, additional, del Castillo, Maria, additional, den Hoed, Caroline M., additional, de Silva, Nilanthi, additional, Deye, Gregory, additional, Dillingham, Rebecca A., additional, Drancourt, Michel, additional, Durward, Callum S., additional, Eddleston, Michael, additional, El-Kamary, Samer S., additional, Elshaboury, Ramy H., additional, Endtz, Hubert P., additional, Endy, Timothy P., additional, Fang, Shona C., additional, Fawzi, Wafaie, additional, Feasey, Nicholas A., additional, Field, Vanessa K., additional, Fischer, Marc, additional, Forsyth, Kevin, additional, Fournier, Pierre-Edouard, additional, Friedlander, Arthur M., additional, Furin, Jennifer J., additional, Gandhi, Ronak G., additional, Garcia, Hector H., additional, Garcia, Lynne S., additional, Geretti, Anna Maria, additional, Gikas, Achilleas, additional, Gilman, Robert H., additional, Giri, Sidhartha, additional, Gkika, Meropi, additional, Gordon, Melita A., additional, Gosselin, Richard A., additional, Gotuzzo, Eduardo, additional, Gould, Carolyn V., additional, Graeff-Teixeira, Carlos, additional, Graham, Stephen M., additional, Grant, Alison D., additional, Graybill, John R., additional, Graz, Bertrand, additional, Green, Stephen T., additional, Griffiths, Jeffrey K., additional, Griffiths, Michael J., additional, Gryseels, Bruno, additional, Gubler, Duane J., additional, Guhadasan, Rathi, additional, Hall, Aron J., additional, Hamer, Davidson H., additional, Hand, Robert M., additional, Harley, David, additional, Harris, Jason B., additional, Hassall, Oliver, additional, Hay, Roderick J., additional, Hickey, Patrick, additional, Hill, David R., additional, Hills, Susan L., additional, Hobdell, Martin H., additional, Hochberg, Natasha S., additional, Hopkins, Donald R., additional, Hossain, M. Iqbal, additional, Hotez, Peter J., additional, Howard, Cynthia R., additional, Hu, Victor, additional, Hung, Chien-Ching, additional, Islam, Munirul, additional, Iturriza-Gómara, Miren, additional, Joekes, Elizabeth, additional, Johnston, Victoria, additional, Jose, Jo-Ann, additional, Junghanss, Thomas, additional, Kamgno, Joseph, additional, Kampondeni, Sam, additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Kazanjian, Powel, additional, Keshtkar-Jahromi, Maryam, additional, Keshtkar-Jahromi, Marzieh, additional, Keystone, Jay S., additional, Kim, Arthur Y., additional, Kim, Sung-Han, additional, King, Christopher L., additional, Kittitrakul, Chatporn, additional, Kleine, Christian, additional, Klion, Amy D., additional, Knight, Richard, additional, Koren, Michael, additional, Kottilil, Shyamasundaran, additional, Krause, Peter J., additional, Krishna, Sanjeev, additional, Kuhn, Jens H., additional, Kuipers, Ernst J., additional, LaBeaud, Angelle D., additional, Labra, Patrick John P., additional, Lalloo, David G., additional, Lambert, Saba, additional, Lanternier, Fanny, additional, LaRocque, Regina C., additional, Last, Anna, additional, Lawrenson, John, additional, Le, Thuy, additional, Lee, Keun Hwa, additional, Lewis, David A., additional, Libraty, Daniel H., additional, Lo, Nathan C., additional, Lockwood, Diana N.J., additional, Lockwood, Stephen J., additional, Lommerse, Kinke, additional, López-Vélez, Rogelio, additional, Lortholary, Olivier, additional, Mabey, David, additional, Magill, Alan J., additional, Maguiña, Ciro P., additional, Manji, Hadi, additional, Marks, Michael, additional, Maurin, Max, additional, Mayaud, Philippe, additional, Mayosi, Bongani M., additional, M'baya, Bridon, additional, McCarthy, Matthew W., additional, McCartney, Daniel, additional, McCormick, Joseph B., additional, McKew, Stephen, additional, McLellan, Susan L.F., additional, McMinn, Peter C., additional, Mertz, Gregory, additional, Milner, Danny A., additional, Molyneux, Elizabeth M., additional, Montgomery, Susan P., additional, Moonah, Shannon, additional, Moss, William J., additional, Murrell, K. Darwin, additional, Nanda, Neha, additional, Navarro, Eileen E., additional, Ndayizeye, Leonard, additional, Neafie, Ronald C., additional, Negroni, Ricardo, additional, Nelson, Ann M., additional, Newton, Paul N., additional, Nichol, Stuart T., additional, Norman, Francesca F., additional, Nunes, Marcio R.T., additional, Nutman, Thomas B., additional, Nyirenda, Tonney S., additional, Ochoa, Theresa J., additional, O'Farrell, Nigel, additional, Olayemi, Edeghonghon, additional, Oldfield, Edward C., additional, Omidian, Zahra, additional, Ordaya, Eloy E., additional, Paddock, Christopher D., additional, Paessler, Slobodan, additional, Papanikolaou, Ilias C., additional, Paris, Luc, additional, Parry, Christopher M., additional, Patel, Pragna, additional, Peacock, Sharon J., additional, Peeling, Rosanna W., additional, Persson, Hans, additional, Phillips, Jonathan J., additional, Phillips, Richard O., additional, Poovorawan, Kittiyod, additional, Powers, Ann M., additional, Qamar, Farah Naz, additional, Qureshi, Sonia, additional, Rabe, Ingrid B., additional, Rahman, Atif, additional, Rahmati, Elham, additional, Raizes, Elliot, additional, Ramalho-Ortigao, Marcelo, additional, Raoult, Didier, additional, Rein, Michael F., additional, Retik, Alan B., additional, Reynes, Jean-Marc, additional, Rhatigan, Joseph J., additional, Rickard, Jennifer, additional, Riddle, Mark S., additional, Rimoin, Anne W., additional, Riviello, Robert, additional, Robert, Leon L., additional, Rodrigues, Ema G., additional, Rodriguez, Rubens, additional, Ronald, Allan R., additional, Rosenthal, Benjamin M., additional, Rosmarin, David, additional, Ryan, Edward T., additional, Saavedra, Arturo, additional, Schiaffino, Francesca, additional, Schumacher, Sandra K., additional, Sejvar, James J., additional, Sethi, Aisha, additional, Seung, Kwonjune J., additional, Seydel, Karl B., additional, Shah, Melisa M., additional, Shakoor, Sadia, additional, Shankar, Anuraj H., additional, Sharp, Trueman W., additional, Shin, Sonya S., additional, Shirley, Debbie-Ann, additional, Silachamroon, Udomsak, additional, Smith, Catherine C., additional, Snelling, Thomas L., additional, Solomon, Tom, additional, Staat, Mary Allen, additional, Staples, J. Erin, additional, Steiger, Samantha N., additional, Stewart, Robert C., additional, Stich, August, additional, Strickman, Daniel, additional, Suh, Kathryn N., additional, Suhrbier, Andreas, additional, Sutcliffe, Catherine G., additional, Tappe, Dennis, additional, Taylor, Terrie E., additional, Thanh, Nguyen Tat, additional, Thanh, Nguyen Thi, additional, Thwaites, C. Louise, additional, Thwaites, Guy E., additional, Tiwari, Tejpratap S.P., additional, Tsenempi, Xenia A., additional, Turner, Angus W., additional, van den Broek, Nynke R., additional, van Doorn, H. Rogier, additional, Van Sickels, Nicholas J., additional, Vannier, Edouard, additional, Varda, Briony K., additional, Vasconcelos, Pedro F.C., additional, Vega-López, Francisco, additional, Vietri, Nicholas J., additional, Vinetz, Joseph M., additional, Visvesvara, Govinda S., additional, Vyas, Keyur S., additional, Walsh, Thomas J., additional, Wansbrough-Jones, Mark H., additional, Warraich, Haider J., additional, Warrell, David A., additional, Warrell, Mary J., additional, Watt, George, additional, Wattanagoon, Yupaporn, additional, Watthanakulpanich, Dorn, additional, Weaver, Scott C., additional, Weil, Ana A., additional, Weiss, Louis M., additional, White, Nicholas J., additional, Whitty, Christopher J.M., additional, Wilson, Mary E., additional, Xavier, Ramnik J., additional, Xiao, Lihua, additional, Yoon, In-Kyu, additional, Yu, Hongjie, additional, and Zaidi, Anita K.M., additional

Published
2020
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24. Impact of monovalent rotavirus vaccine on diarrhoea-associated post-neonatal infant mortality in rural communities in Malawi: a population-based birth cohort study

Author

Nakagomi, Osamu, Verani, Jennifer R, Whitney, Cynthia G, Bar-Zeev, Naor, King, Carina, Phiri, Tambosi, Beard, James, Mvula, Hazzie, Crampin, Amelia C, Heinsbroek, Ellen, Lewycka, Sonia, Tate, Jacqueline E, Parashar, Umesh D, Costello, Anthony, Mwansambo, Charles, Heyderman, Robert S, French, Neil, and Cunliffe, Nigel A

Published
2018
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25. Vaccine Effectiveness against DS-1-Like Rotavirus Strains in Infants with Acute Gastroenteritis, Malawi, 2013-2015

Author

Jere, Khuzwayo C., Bar-Zeev, Naor, Chande, Adams, Bennett, Aisleen, Pollock, Louisa, Sanchez-Lopez, Pedro F., Nakagomi, Osamu, Tate, Jacqueline E., Parashar, Umesh D., Heyderman, Robert S., French, Neil, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, and Cunliffe, Nigel A.

Subjects
Vaccines, Infants, Viral proteins, Medical research, Gastroenteritis, Diarrhea, Death, Proteins, Intelligence gathering, Health, University of Liverpool, Rotarix (Vaccine)
Abstract

Rotavirus remains a major cause of severe dehydration, diarrhea, and death among children Both of the globally available rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix and RotaTeq (Merck & Co., https://www.merckvaccines.com), have been shown [...]

Published
2019
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27. Association Between Maternal Breastmilk Microbiota Composition and Rotavirus Vaccine Response in African, Asian, and European Infants: A Prospective Cohort Study

Author

Mandolo, Jonathan, primary, Parker, Edward P K, additional, Bronowski, Christina, additional, Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan C, additional, Darby, Alistair C, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Iturriza-Gómara, Miren, additional, Kamng’ona, Arox W, additional, and Jere, Khuzwayo C, additional

Published
2023
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28. Acute rotavirus infection is associated with the induction of circulating memory CD4+ T cell subsets

Author

Malamba-Banda, Chikondi, primary, Mhango, Chimwemwe, additional, Benedicto-Matambo, Prisca, additional, Mandolo, Jonathan J., additional, Chinyama, End, additional, Kumwenda, Orpha, additional, Barnes, Kayla G., additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, additional, Jambo, Kondwani C., additional, and Jere, Khuzwayo C., additional

Published
2023
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29. Respiratory Virus–Associated Severe Acute Respiratory Illness and Viral Clustering in Malawian Children in a Setting With a High Prevalence of HIV Infection, Malaria, and Malnutrition

Author

Peterson, Ingrid, Bar-Zeev, Naor, Kennedy, Neil, Ho, Antonia, Newberry, Laura, SanJoaquin, Miguel A., Menyere, Mavis, Alaerts, Maaike, Mapurisa, Gugulethu, Chilombe, Moses, Mambule, Ivan, Lalloo, David G., Anderson, Suzanne T., Katangwe, Thembi, Cunliffe, Nigel, Nagelkerke, Nico, McMorrow, Meredith, Widdowson, Marc-Allain, French, Neil, Everett, Dean, and Heyderman, Robert S.

Published
2016
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32. Viral gastroenteritis in children with and without HIV infection in Blantyre, Malawi

Author

Cunliffe, Nigel Andrew

Subjects
610, AIDS, Africa
Abstract

Diarrhoeal disease is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. A large part of this disease burden is attributed to enteric viruses. This was a two-year study of viral gastroenteritis among children (outpatients and inpatients) receiving care at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Enzyme immunoassays were used to examine faecal samples obtained from children with acute, dehydrating gastroenteritis for the presence of rotavirus, as well as two other recognised viral causes of paediatric gastroenteritis, astrovirus and enteric adenovirus (serotypes 40 and 41). Maternal infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is common in Malawi, and maternal-infant transmission of HIV has resulted in the birth of large numbers of HIV-infected infants. A group of children with rotavirus gastroenteritis, with and without HIV infection, was selected for short-term follow-up (maximum 1 month) after discharge from hospital. The effect of HIV infection on the duration of rotavirus shedding in stool, and serum immuneresponse to rotavirus, could therefore be determined. Furthermore, the effect of rotavirus on host HIV disease (measured by CD4 T lymphocyte counts and plasma HIV load) was explored. A second major objective of this work was to examine the extent of rotavirus strain diversity in Blantyre. Rotaviruses were therefore examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for rotavirus electropherotype, and by hemi-nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for rotavirus VP7 genotype (G type) and VP4 genotype (P type). Between July 1997 and June 1999, a total of 1186 children were enrolled into the study, comprising 786 inpatients and 400 outpatients. Rotavirus was detected equally among inpatients (35.8%) and outpatients (35.0%), but was identified less frequently among HIV-infected children (98/336, 29.2%) than among HIV-uninfected children (323/850, 38.0%) [p = 0.005]. Significant differences in rotavirus severity were not observed between hospitalised children with and without HIV infection. Astrovirus and adenovirus 40/41 were each detected in less than 5% of children, and their distribution did not differ by HIV status. Among children with rotavirus gastroenteritis selected for follow-up, HIV-infected children were significantly more likely to die than HIV-uninfected children, and death was related to low CD4 count at presentation. Of 74 children with rotavirus infection who completed follow-up, HIV-infected children shed rotavirus longer than HIV-uninfected children, but this was not associated with diarrhoea. Three-quarters of children exhibited a four-fold rise of IgG or IgA to rotavirus, which did not vary by HIV status. The duration of shedding, and seroresponse to rotavirus, were unrelated to CD4 count and HIV load. In addition, neither CD4 count nor HIV load were significantly affected by rotavirus infection. A total of 414 rotaviruses were characterised by electropherotype, G type and P type. The following strain types were identified: P[8], G1 (n= 111, 26.8%), P[6], G8 (n = 110, 26.6%), P[8], G3 (n = 93, 22.5%), P[4], G8 (n = 31, 7.5%), P[8], G4 (n = 21, 5.1%), P[6], G3 (n = 12, 2.9%), P[6], G1 (n=7, 1.7%), P[6], G9 (n = 3, 0.7%), P[6], G4 (n = 3, 0.7%), P[4], G3= 1, 0.2%), mixed (n = 15, 3.6%) and non-typeable (n = 7, 1.7%). The majority of serotype G8 strains, and all serotype G9 strains, had short electropherotype profiles. All remaining typeable strains had long electropherotypes. Surprisingly, G8 was the most frequently identified VP7 type (n =144, comprising 34.8% of strains) and was associated with VP4 types P[6] and P[4], thus representing novel combinations of the two, surface neutralisation proteins VP7 and VP4. Two short electropherotype, serotype G8 strains were therefore characterised further. The VP7 gene of a representative P[6], G8 strain (MW23) and of a representative P[4], G8 strain (MW333) exhibited greatest homology to human and bovine serotype G8 rotaviruses. The VP4 gene of MW23 was closely related to genotype P[6] rotaviruses identified recently in the United States, and the MW333 VP4 gene was most closely related to published genotype P[4] strains from the Philippines and Australia. The gene encoding NSP4 of both strains was classified in NSP4 genetic group I. Antigenic analysis by subgrouping and virus neutralisation confirmed complete antigenic characterisation of MW23 as subgroup I, P2A[6], G8 and MW333 as subgroup I, P1B[4], G8. Both prototype strains may have been derived by genetic reassortment between rotaviruses of human and bovine origin. Considerable diversity was also identified within other G and P types. Because of multiple mutations in the typing primer binding regions of the VP7 gene of type G1 strains, and the VP4 gene of type P[8] strains, alternative primers were designed to type many divergent strains in this collection. In particular, extensive diversity was recognised among the VP8* gene fragment of P[8] strains, which clustered phylogenetically into three distinct lineages. While children infected with P[6],G8 rotaviruses were younger than children excreting other rotavirus strains, other features (HIV status, diarrhoea severity, duration of virus shedding, and seroresponse), did not differ significantly by strain type. However, these data are of great epidemiological importance since current rotavirus vaccines are not designed to protect against disease caused by serotype G8 strains. Furthermore, the ability of HIV-infected children to clear rotavirus from the stool and mount an immune response to the infection, regardless of immune status and strain type, should encourage the evaluation of rotavirus vaccines in this vulnerable group of children. This would represent a significant step forward in attempts to reduce the dreadful burden of diarrhoeal disease that afflicts children in Malawi and other developing countries.

Published
2001
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33. Comparative whole genome analysis reveals re-emergence of human Wa-like and DS-1-like G3 rotaviruses after Rotarix vaccine introduction in Malawi.

Author

Mhango, Chimwemwe, primary, Banda, Akuzike, additional, Chinyama, End, additional, Mandolo, Jonathan J, additional, Kumwenda, Orpha, additional, Malamba-Banda, Chikondi, additional, Barnes, Kayla G, additional, Kumwenda, Benjamin, additional, Jambo, Kondwani, additional, Donato, Celeste M, additional, Esona, Mathew D, additional, Mwangi, Peter N, additional, Steele, A Duncan, additional, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A, additional, Ndze, Valentine N, additional, Kamng’ona, Arox W, additional, Dennis, Francis E, additional, Nyaga, Martin M, additional, Chaguza, Chrispin, additional, and Jere, Khuzwayo C, additional

Published
2023
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35. Histo-blood group antigen profile of Australian Aboriginal children and seropositivity following oral rotavirus vaccination

Author

Middleton, Bianca F., primary, Danchin, Margie, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Jones, Mark A., additional, Boniface, Karen, additional, Kirkwood, Carl D., additional, Gallagher, Sarah, additional, Kirkham, Lea-Ann, additional, Granland, Caitlyn, additional, McNeal, Monica, additional, Donato, Celeste, additional, Bogdanovic-Sakran, Nada, additional, Handley, Amanda, additional, Bines, Julie E., additional, and Snelling, Thomas L., additional

Published
2023
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38. Population Impact and Effectiveness of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccination in Urban Malawian Children 3 Years After Vaccine Introduction: Ecological and Case-Control Analyses

Author

Vaccine Effectiveness and Disease Surveillance Programme, Malawi (VACSURV) Consortium, Bar-Zeev, Naor, Jere, Khuzwayo C., Bennett, Aisleen, Pollock, Louisa, Tate, Jacqueline E., Nakagomi, Osamu, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, Costello, Anthony, Mwansambo, Charles, Parashar, Umesh D., Heyderman, Robert S., French, Neil, and Cunliffe, Nigel A.

Published
2016

41. Histo-blood Group Antigen status of Australian Aboriginal children and seropositivity following oral rotavirus vaccination

Author

Middleton, Bianca F., primary, Danchin, Margie, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Jones, Mark A., additional, Boniface, Karen, additional, Kirkwood, Carl D., additional, Gallagher, Sarah, additional, Kirkham, Lea-Ann, additional, Granland, Caitlyn, additional, McNeal, Monica, additional, Donato, Celeste, additional, Bogdanovic-Sakran, Nada, additional, Handley, Amanda, additional, Bines, Julie E., additional, and Snelling, Thomas L., additional

Published
2022
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42. Circulating cytokine-producing VP6-specific CD4+ T cells are rarely detectable in Rotarix -vaccinated Malawian children with severe rotavirus diarrhoea

Author

Banda, Chikondi Malamba-, primary, Mhango, Chimwemwe, additional, Benedicto-Matambo, Prisca, additional, Mandolo, Jonathan J., additional, Chinyama, End, additional, Kumwenda, Orpha, additional, Barnes, Kayla G., additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, additional, Jambo, Kondwani C., additional, and Jere, Khuzwayo C., additional

Published
2022
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43. Association between maternal breastmilk microbiota composition and rotavirus vaccine response in African, Asian, and European infants: a prospective cohort study

Author

Mandolo, Jonathan, primary, Parker, Edward P. K., additional, Bronowski, Christina, additional, Sindhu, Kulandaipalayam Natarajan C., additional, Darby, Alistair C., additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Kang, Gagandeep, additional, Iturriza-Gómara, Miren, additional, Kamng’ona, Arox W., additional, and Jere, Khuzwayo C., additional

Published
2022
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44. Comparative whole genome analysis reveals re-emergence of typical human Wa-like and DS-1-like G3 rotaviruses after Rotarix vaccine introduction in Malawi

Author

Mhango, Chimwemwe, primary, Banda, Akuzike, additional, Chinyama, End, additional, Mandolo, Jonathan J., additional, Kumwenda, Orpha, additional, Malamba-Banda, Chikondi, additional, Barnes, Kayla G., additional, Kumwenda, Benjamin, additional, Jambo, Kondwani, additional, Donato, Celeste M., additional, Esona, Mathew D., additional, Mwangi, Peter N., additional, Steele, A. Duncan, additional, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Ndze, Valentine N., additional, Kamng’ona, Arox W., additional, Dennis, Francis E., additional, Nyaga, Martin M., additional, Chaguza, Chrispin, additional, and Jere, Khuzwayo C., additional

Published
2022
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45. Acute rotavirus infection is associated with the induction of circulating memory CD4+ T cell subsets.

Author

Malamba-Banda, Chikondi, Mhango, Chimwemwe, Benedicto-Matambo, Prisca, Mandolo, Jonathan J., Chinyama, End, Kumwenda, Orpha, Barnes, Kayla G., Cunliffe, Nigel A., Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, Jambo, Kondwani C., and Jere, Khuzwayo C.

Subjects
ROTAVIRUS diseases, T cells, IMMUNOLOGIC memory, T helper cells, SYMPTOMS, CHILD development
Abstract

Strong CD4+ T cell-mediated immune protection following rotavirus infection has been observed in animal models, but its relevance in humans remains unclear. Here, we characterized acute and convalescent CD4+ T cell responses in children who were hospitalized with rotavirus-positive and rotavirus-negative diarrhoea in Blantyre, Malawi. Children presenting with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection had higher proportions of effector and central memory T helper 2 cells during acute infection i.e., at disease presentation compared to convalescence, 28 days post-infection defined by a follow-up 28 days after acute infection. However, circulating cytokine-producing (IFN-γ and/or TNF-α) rotavirus-specific VP6-specific CD4+ T cells were rarely detectable in children with rotavirus infection at both acute and convalescent stages. Moreover, following whole blood mitogenic stimulation, the responding CD4+ T cells were predominantly non-cytokine producers of IFN-γ and/or TNF-α. Our findings demonstrate limited induction of anti-viral IFN-γ and/or TNF-α-producing CD4+ T cells in rotavirus-vaccinated Malawian children following the development of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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50. Leveraging Beneficial Off-Target Effects of Live-Attenuated Rotavirus Vaccines

Author

Benedicto-Matambo, Prisca, primary, Bines, Julie E., additional, Malamba-Banda, Chikondi, additional, Shawa, Isaac T., additional, Barnes, Kayla, additional, Kamng’ona, Arox W., additional, Hungerford, Daniel, additional, Jambo, Kondwani C., additional, Iturriza-Gomara, Miren, additional, Cunliffe, Nigel A., additional, Flanagan, Katie L., additional, and Jere, Khuzwayo C., additional

Published
2022
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