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The valuation of ecosystem services of pollution regulation in basins with partial monitoring does not have only one consolidated methodology which can be applied in all countries, biomes and across spatio-temporal scales. While different metrics can incorporate elements of uncertainty for decision makers, changes in land use, climate and sectoral demands in basins increase the need for the efficiency and complexity of valuation methods. Here, based on adapting a pre-existing method, we present a new ecosystem service valuation applied to river basins under different characteristics in the biomes of the Atlantic Forest and Brazilian savannah. Our assumptions of ecosystem service valuation concern an analogy based on willingness-to-pay for not marketable services, but adapted by data from the river basins' ecohydrological monitoring. First, the method depicts river ecosystem valuation with probabilistic criteria of both the water yield, as supply, and the grey Water Footprint ( grey WF), as demand. Second, we introduced the comparison between water supply and demand carried out on the continuous flow regime and monitored loads in rivers with different land uses, sizes and biomes. Third, this new ecosystem service valuation method enabled us to quickly visualize the possible stages of sustainability concerning the Brazilian legal framework among different basins. The methodology was applied in 12 Brazilian river basins, with drainage areas between 17 and 26,500 km 2 , and changes in land use with variable percentages of urban (62-92%), forest (51-84%) and agriculture (51-89%) areas. The most polluted basins, with grey WF values far above those allowed, have the most significant, almost asymptotic valuation curves. Results range from a minimum reference value of 61 US$/ha/year for conservation, adapted from the Brazilian Water Producer, to US$ 330 for restoring high polluted basins. The results show the viability of this method and discuss further opportunities for water security, especially for climate change and non-stationary sectorial demands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the intestinal microbiota of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) in different growth stages (adult and fingerlings) and to isolate and identify potential probiotic bacteria., Methods and Results: High-throughput sequencing analysis of the intestinal contents revealed that the majority of sequences belonged to the Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes phyla. At the genus level, the greatest number of sequences belonged to Bradyrhizobium in adult fish, while Cetobacterium was the most abundant in juvenile fish. Twenty-three lactic-acid bacteria (LABs) were isolated on MRS agar from healthy juvenile fish. The isolates were tested in vitro for probiotic properties. Two isolates (identified as strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Enterococcus faecium) displayed antagonism against all 10 pathogens tested, were nonhaemolytic and maintained good viability for at least 3 weeks when supplemented to fish diets. The presence of a number of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), conferring resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, was investigated by PCR., Conclusions: The absence of ARGs investigated the potential to antagonize pathogens, and favourable growth and survival characteristics indicate that these autochthonous isolates have the potential to be considered probiotics, which will be studied in future in vivo experiments., Significance and Impact of the Study: This study has demonstrated, for the first time, the normal microbiota in the A. gigas intestine during different life stages and the presence of LAB strains. It also demonstrated LAB antibiotic resistance and antagonistic behaviour against pathogens isolated from the same fish., (© 2017 The Society for Applied Microbiology.)

Influences of inbreeding on daily milk yield (DMY), age at first calving (AFC), and calving intervals (CI) were determined on a highly inbred zebu dairy subpopulation of the Guzerat breed. Variance components were estimated using animal models in single-trait analyses. Two approaches were employed to estimate inbreeding depression: using individual increase in inbreeding coefficients or using inbreeding coefficients as possible covariates included in the statistical models. The pedigree file included 9,915 animals, of which 9,055 were inbred, with an average inbreeding coefficient of 15.2%. The maximum inbreeding coefficient observed was 49.45%, and the average inbreeding for the females still in the herd during the analysis was 26.42%. Heritability estimates were 0.27 for DMY and 0.38 for AFC. The genetic variance ratio estimated with the random regression model for CI ranged around 0.10. Increased inbreeding caused poorer performance in DMY, AFC, and CI. However, some of the cows with the highest milk yield were among the highly inbred animals in this subpopulation. Individual increase in inbreeding used as a covariate in the statistical models accounted for inbreeding depression while avoiding overestimation that may result when fitting inbreeding coefficients., (Copyright © 2010 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior associated with cadaver organ donation and transplantation among medical students and physicians., Patients and Methods: We randomly selected 350 medical students, 150 physicians, and 150 intensive care unit physicians. Each completed a questionnaire consisting of 9 self-administered items, from which we gathered data about their knowledge about brain death and criteria for the diagnosis of brain death; their hypothetical behaviors, assuming willingness to donate their own or their family's organs; their trust in physicians; and their confidence in a diagnosis of brain death made by physicians., Results: We observed that knowledge about brain death increased with medical education level; the best results were noted in intensive care unit physicians. Agreement to transplant organs from brain-dead donors (odds ratio [OR], 4.58), confidence in brain-death diagnosis by physicians (OR, 2.17), and knowledge about criteria for the diagnosis of brain death (OR, 2.26) were predictors of willingness to donate one's own organs., Conclusion: Enhanced medical knowledge of and involvement in donation are needed to achieve cadaver organ donation.