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Metabolic rate and energy consumption increase through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis when an animal is exposed to a stressor. Residual feed intake (RFI) as a measure of efficiency has been shown to be related to exogenous adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)-stimulated cortisol concentrations, which is indicative of the relationship between an animal's response to stress and the efficiency with which the energy is used for growth and production. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that sheep with low post-ACTH serum cortisol concentration relative to the other sheep in the flock have lower RFI values and lower cortisol concentrations following insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (2.0 microg/kg body weight)-stimulated cortisol concentrations were measured in 100 sheep. The extreme responders were selected (n = 12 high cortisol, n = 12 low cortisol), and feed efficiency and body composition parameters were measured. A second ACTH challenge and an insulin challenge were administered. More efficient sheep (more negative RFI value) were found to have lower (P < 0.05) cortisol concentrations following both an ACTH challenge and an insulin challenge. Low-cortisol sheep (low response to ACTH or insulin) were found to have a lower (P < 0.05) proportion of fat tissue in comparison to the high-cortisol animals. These data clearly indicate that an animal's response to exogenous ACTH or insulin-induced hypoglycemia as a stressor is related (P < 0.05) to efficiency of energy use when measured as RFI. These data have important implications in enabling identification of animals that are superior in terms of feed efficiency and for understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying efficiency of energy use., (Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The reproduction of 2,846 crossbreed ewes with 7,899 records is reported. The ewes were progeny of mainly Merino dams and 91 sires from several maternal sire breeds including Border Leicester, East Friesian, Finnsheep, Coopworth, Corriedale, Booroola Leicester, and several others. There were 3 cohorts of ewes at each of 3 sites that were bred naturally to meat-type rams for each of 3 yr to evaluate reproduction and lamb production. At 2 sites, the ewes were mated in the autumn, first at 7 mo of age, and at 2 sites the ewes were mated in the spring, first at 14 or 17 mo of age. The cohorts of ewes and sites were genetically linked by 3 common sires. Mixed linear models were used to analyze ultrasound scanned pregnancy rate, fetal number, fertility (ewes lambing), litter size, lamb survival, number of lambs born (NLBj), number of lambs weaned (NLWj), and total weight of lamb weaned (TWWj) per ewe bred. Fixed effects included sire breed (1 to 10), environment (1 to 4, site and season of breeding: autumn, spring), breeding (1 to 3), cohort (1 to 3), and their interactions. The REML procedures were used to estimate (co)variance components. Ewe sire breed effects were significant (P < 0.01) for all the reproductive traits and breed means ranged from 0.75 to 0.96 for fertility, 1.22 to 2.08 for litter size, 0.70 to 0.90 for lamb survival, 0.99 to 1.66 for NLBj, 0.87 to 1.26 for NLWj, and 22.9 to 33.8 kg for TWWj, with the ranking of sire breeds varying for different traits. For all traits except lamb survival, the contrast between breeding 1 vs. 2 and 3 was considerably greater than the contrast between breeding 2 vs. 3, with significant environment x breeding interactions (P < 0.01). Estimates of heritability for the components of reproduction ranged from 0.03 +/- 0.02 for lamb survival to 0.19 +/- 0.05 for litter size, and those for the composite traits were 0.17 +/- 0.04 for NLBj, 0.13 +/- 0.04 for NLWj, and 0.17 +/- 0.04 for TWWj, with repeatability ranging from 0.10 to 0.19. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among the traits are reported. The significant variation among sire breeds of the crossbred ewes can be used to improve reproduction, although there was a change in the rank of the breeds for the various traits. There was considerable overlap between the breeds, and additional improvement could be achieved by exploiting the genetic variation between sires within breeds for all the ewe reproductive traits.

An animal's response to a stressor is to increase metabolic rate, and thus energy consumption through the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Changes to energy use by an animal are likely to influence the efficiency with which it is utilised. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that less efficient sheep are more responsive to exogenous administration of adrenocorticotropin hormone. This was done by firstly determining the appropriate dose (0.4, 1.6 or 6.4microg/kg LW) and peak serum cortisol response time (45min) to exogenous administration of adrenocorticotropin hormone in a pilot study (n=3 sheep). Following this, adrenocorticotropin hormone (2.0microg/kg LW) stimulated cortisol levels were measured in a larger group of sheep (n=50) of known feed efficiency (feed conversion ratio and residual feed intake values). Less efficient sheep (more positive residual feed intake values) were found to have a greater (P<0.001) increase in cortisol concentration in comparison to more efficient animals. Those sheep which had higher levels of cortisol also had a greater proportion (P<0.001) of fat tissue. These data clearly demonstrated that efficiency of energy use, when measured as residual feed intake, is significantly related to an animal's stress response. These findings have important implications for understanding the physiological mechanisms underpinning efficiency of energy use, and may be useful in successfully identifying animals which are superior in terms of feed efficiency.

Unlike in sheep, in which immunization against androstenedione causes mild and reasonably controlled increased ovulation rate, in similar studies cattle showed highly variable responses ranging from increased ovulation rate and fertility through to anovulation/anoestrous or superovulation. As a consequence, interest in manipulation of ovulation rate through this approach has declined and is now focused on immunological manipulation of endogenous inhibin following successful studies in sheep. Studies have concentrated on developing a prototype inhibin-based vaccine to be used for twinning in the Australian beef industry. The prototype vaccine (with recombinant ovine inhibin-alpha.3 fusion protein and Montanide:Marcol adjuvant) has proved to be very potent and control of the degree of ovarian stimulation has not been possible. The proportion of cattle with increased ovulation rate after inhibin immunization is affected by timing of booster vaccination within the ovarian cycle, time after vaccination, vaccine formulation and possibly genotype. Physiological studies show that cattle responding to the inhibin vaccine have increased plasma inhibin binding of native bovine inhibin, high plasma FSH concentrations, greater numbers of large (> or = 8 mm) follicles and fewer small (< 5 mm) follicles during the preovulatory wave of follicular development compared with control or non-responding animals. Significant correlations among the response parameters (i.e. inhibin binding, plasma FSH concentrations, number of large follicles and ovulation rate) have been demonstrated. The results indicate that greater understanding of the various processes of folliculogenesis will be necessary to achieve a controlled increase in ovulation rate in cattle.

Affinity chromatography of bovine follicular fluid using Matrix gel Red A resulted in a 20-fold increase in inhibin-like specific activity assessed in a mouse ovulation inhibition test system. When this material was emulsified with Freund's adjuvant and injected into adult Merino ewes their mean ovulation rate was increased from 1.2 to 2.3 (P less than 0.01). Follicles of diameter greater than or equal to 3.5 mm and 2-3.4 mm were also increased (4.33 vs 2.25 and 5.39 vs 2.44 per ewe respectively). The ovulation rate response was variable and transient. Length of oestrous cycles, number of granulosa cells per follicle and seasonal oestrous patterns were not affected. Plasma from the immunized ewes contained antibodies to the immunogen and reversed the ovulation-inhibiting effects of bovine follicular fluid in mice.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the consequences of attempting to control dystocia in Hereford heifers by restricting nutrition during late pregnancy. Nutritional level was controlled by varying feedlot rations in experiment 1 and by varying pasture availability in experiment 2. In neither experiment was the incidence of dystocia or stillbirths significantly affected by level of nutrition during late pregnancy. Calf birthweight was reduced and dam pelvic growth was retarded when the feed intake of heifers was restricted prior to calving. Clear evidence of the dangers associated with allowing heifers to lose too much weight in late pregnancy was provided by these experiments. The loss of around 0.5 kg/day during the last trimester of pregnancy was associated with weak labour, increase dystocia rates, increased perinatal mortality, reduced calf growth rate, prolonged post partum anoestrus and a reduced pregnancy rate (not all statistically significant differences). These effects were not evident in heifers which were maintaining or gaining weight at a moderate rate during late pregnancy. On the basis of this work it is suggested that heifers should be fed to allow modest rates of bodyweight gain (0--0.5 kg/day) during late pregnancy.

Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of cattle lice on the productivity of young calves. In both experiments the main species present was Linognathus vituli. In the first experiment, treatment of grazing heifers and their suckled calves did not improve the overall bodyweight gain of either the heifers or the calves. The calves experienced a rapid build-up in lice populations during autumn and early winter which was associated with mild transient pathogenic effects, but this was followed by an apparent 'self-cure' reaction and compensatory gain during late winter. In the second experiment young calves were placed in feedlots and fed high and low planes of nutrition. Treatment to remove lice did not result in any improvements in growth rate on either plane of nutrition; however it was clear that untreated, undernourished calves had heavier lice infestation.

Groups of Hereford weaners carrying naturally acquired infestations of L. vituli were allocated to a factorial experiment to examine the effect of lice treatment, sex and nutrition on growth rate during winter and early spring. Plane of nutrition was the only factor influencing growth rate over this period. In untreated groups of cattle, the plane of nutrition influenced the lice score but lice score did not influence growth rate.

The efficacies of fenbendazole and thiabendazole against artifically acquired cattle nematodes and the efficacies of fenbendazole, prabendazole and levamisole against naturally acquired cattle nematodes were studied in western Victoria. Fenbendazole significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced numbers of late and early fourth stage larvae (greater than 96%), artificially acquired Cooperla spp (100%) and naturally acquired adult Ostertagia ostertagi (98%) and Trichostrongylus axei (90%). Thiabendazole significantly reduced numbers of artificially acquired late fourth stage larvae (83%) and parbendazole significantly reduced numbers of adult O. ostertagi (72%) in one group of cattle. Fenbendazole was the most effective anthelmintic.

The inhibin content of ovaries collected from highly fecund Booroola Merino ewes was only one third that of control Merino ewes. Ovariectomized ewes of both strains were treated with charcoal-treated ovine follicular fluid for 2 days. A dose-dependent effect on plasma FSH was observed: maximum FSH suppression was observed on the day after the last injection of follicular fluid. Ewes receiving the highest dose of follicular fluid (total dose 72000 units of inhibin) had FSH levels depressed to only 8% of pre-treatment levels. Booroola ewes showed FSH suppression 1 day earlier than control ewes but otherwise the responses of the two strains to follicular fluid were similar. Plasma LH levels were only slightly depressed with the highest dose of follicular fluid. These results suggest that the feedback relationship of inhibin and FSH in Booroola ewes may be set differently from that in control ewes and this may contribute to the difference in ovulation rate between ewes of the two genotypes.