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Despite improvements in the status of Blacks and women over the past 30 years, racial and gender disparities in mortality and morbidity persist. Using General Social Survey (GSS) data from 1974 to 2004, the authors explore the extent to which race, gender, and socioeconomic status converge to produce differences in self-assessed health. The intersectionality paradigm is used to guide this work on health disparities. The authors find that the gender gap in self-assessed health has narrowed significantly over this 30-year time period. This decreased gap is especially pronounced because of the marked improvement over time in Black women's reports of their health. However, Black women continue to report the lowest levels of self-assessed health even in 2004. In fact, Black women who hold a college degree report worse health than White men, White women, and Black men with a high school diploma. Keywords: health; disparity; race; gender; intersectionality

Tibial shaft fractures are the third most common pediatric long bone fractures. Closed reduction and casting (CRC) is considered initial treatment in this population, however, surgical management using elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) is also used in adolescents. This study compared patient-reported outcomes in a cohort of adolescents with tibia fractures treated with ESIN or CRC. This single-center retrospective study gathered adolescent patients 10-18 years of age with closed tibia shaft fractures between the years 2015 and 2021 treated by either CRC or ESIN. Measured outcomes include patient demographics, overall casting time, time to full weight bearing, time to full healing, radiographic healing, complications (loss of reduction, malunion >5° and >10°) and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores. A total of 141 patients (68% male) were included, with 31 receiving ESIN and 110 having CRC. Patient demographics were similar across groups. At follow-up, CRC had a significant shorter time to healing (11 vs. 15 weeks), but an increased casting duration (7 vs. 4 weeks). Finally, the ESIN group had significantly greater pre-intervention angulation, displacement, and shortening. In both interventions, mobility and pain interference scores showed significant improvements from baseline (2 weeks post-op) at 12, 16, and 24 weeks. No statistically significant differences were noted between CRC and ESIN groups across PROMIS domains of pain interference and mobility. CRC and ESIN are effective in improving pain and mobility in adolescent diaphyseal tibia fractures, but neither intervention is superior based on PROMIS scores at 12, 16 and 24+ weeks. From a patient standpoint, we demonstrate that neither treatment is superior in achieving better-perceived mobility or decreasing pain sooner. Level of Evidence: Level III., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The objective of this study was to analyze a multicenter cohort of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) who underwent treatment with closed reduction. We sought to report the effects that severity of hip dysplasia and age have on the development of femoral head avascular necrosis (AVN) and the need for additional procedures. All patients with DDH and minimum 2 years of follow-up who underwent closed reduction were identified. The following variables were recorded: sex, laterality of hip involvement, age, acetabular index (AI), and International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) grade. The effects of patient age and pre-procedure IHDI grade on the rate of AVN and need for additional procedures after the closed reduction were analyzed using an alpha of 0.05. Seventy-eight total hips were included in the final analysis. The average patient age was 12 months. AVN of the femoral head was reported in 24 hips (30.8%) and 32 hips (41.0%) required additional surgery. Higher pre-op IHDI grade was associated with higher risk of developing Bucholz-Ogden grades II-IV AVN of the femoral head ( P = 0.025) and requiring additional surgery ( P = 0.033) regardless of patient age. There were no statistically significant differences for the effect of age on the measured outcomes ( P  > 0.05). These findings suggest that severity of dislocation (IHDI grade) is a significant risk factor for the development of AVN and need for additional procedure., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Acetabular underdevelopment (acetabular dysplasia) is a common finding in children with hip dislocation, and residual acetabular dysplasia can remain after hip reduction. Residual dysplasia leads to unsatisfactory long-term outcomes and osteoarthritis. Dynamics of acetabular dysplasia [measured as Acetabular Index (AI)] in a pediatric cohort that underwent open (OR) or closed reduction are reported. Retrospective data from six tertiary pediatric orthopedic centers were gathered. Hips were classified as having 'Critical', 'Monitoring', or 'Normal' acetabular dysplasia based on age-adjusted normative AI measurements. From 193 hips, 108 (56%) underwent open reduction. Children younger than 24 months had a strong AI decline but children > 24 months did not. Among 78 hips with critical dysplasia at time of OR, 36 (46.2%) remained critical and 19 (24.4%) underwent an acetabular osteotomy (AO) during follow-up. CR hips had a similar AI decline in patients younger and older than 12 months. Among 51 hips with critical dysplasia at the time of CR, 13 (25.5%) remained critical and 21 (41.2%) underwent AO during follow-up. Acetabular dysplasia improves with AI decreasing in children who undergo OR and CR under the age of 2 years with slower acetabular remodeling afterwards. Around 2/3 of patients with AI in the critical range at CR or OR either underwent AO or had significant acetabular dysplasia at final follow-up. Our data supports considering simultaneous AO at the time of OR for hips with AI in the critical range or children who undergo hip open reduction after 24 months of age. Level of Evidence: Level III., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: This retrospective study aimed to assess radiographic and clinical outcomes, characterize demographic, injury, and fracture characteristics, and elucidate the rate of postoperative complications and associated factors in a large cohort of children treated with elastic stable intramedullary nail for diaphyseal tibial fractures at two large pediatric referral centers., Methods: Medical records were reviewed for demographic clinical and radiographic parameters at injury, surgery, and all subsequent clinical visits until radiographic healing was observed and/or for a minimum of 6 months postoperatively., Results: A total of 146 patients (79.5% male) were included. The mean (SD) age was 11.8 (63.0) years. Radiographic union occurred by 3 months in 56.6% of patients. Nine patients had delayed union, and four had nonunion. By 3 months postoperatively, 97.2% of patients had progressed to full weight bearing and 92.5% had full range of motion of the knee and ankle. Subgroup analyses revealed that patients with open fractures were found to be more than eight times at increased risk of developing delayed union (.6 months, odds ratio = 8.71)., Conclusion: Elastic stable intramedullary nail remains a safe and effective treatment of open and closed pediatric diaphyseal tibial fractures. A small yet notable risk of residual angular deformity, delayed union, and nonunion remains, although rates may be better than previously reported., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.)

Patients with a diagnosis of arthrogryposis often present with various orthopedic conditions, one of which is congenital vertical talus (CVT). This is the first study of this specific subset of syndromic patients to evaluate the medium-term outcomes of CVT correction using the minimally invasive Dobbs method. All patients with vertical talus and distal arthrogryposis who received treatment at our institution between January 2006 and June 2021 were identified. Radiographs, clinical notes and Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scores (when available) were retrospectively reviewed. An alpha of 0.05 was used for all statistical analyses. In total 12 patients (19 feet) met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. By the time of the most recent visit, the average lateral Talar-Axis First Metatarsal Base Angle of the entire cohort increased from 13.73 ± 9.75 degrees 2 weeks postoperatively to 28.75 ± 23.73 degrees ( P  = 0.0076). Radiographic recurrence of the talonavicular deformity was seen in nine feet (47.4%), 4 (21.1%) of which required additional unplanned surgery, The average PROMIS scores of the entire cohort in the pain interference, mobility and peer relationship domains were 48.97 ± 9.56, 47.9 ± 11.60 and 52.87 ± 8.31, respectively. Despite a higher radiographic recurrence rate of talonavicular deformity in this specific subset of syndromic patients, these patients still report PROMIS scores near the population average in the pain interference, mobility and peer relationships domains. We believe that the minimally invasive Dobbs method should be recommended as the first-line treatment method for these patients. Level of evidence: Level III., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

There is sparse literature evaluating the outcomes in toddlers with congenital vertical talus (CVT) deformity who undergo treatment with the recently introduced minimally invasive Dobbs Method. We present the first study of this patient cohort to determine the efficacy of this method in patients 18 months of age and older. A list of all patients over 18 months of age who underwent CVT correction at our institution was created. Retrospective chart review was performed, and all follow-up notes were reviewed for clinical outcomes and complications. Eligible patients completed Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) questionnaires. Statistical analysis was performed using an alpha of 0.05. Sixteen children (24 feet) met all inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Initial radiographic correction of all measured angles was seen, but by the latest follow-up, the average lateral TAMBA had increased from 12.04 degrees immediately postoperatively to 28.8 degrees at the latest follow-up ( P = 0.0012). Radiographic recurrence of deformity was seen in 9 (37.5%) feet and additional unplanned surgery was required in 3 (12.5%) feet. Residual radiographic pes planus was seen in 5 (20.8%) feet. PROMIS pain interference and peer relationship scores were near the population mean. Although the recurrence rate in this patient population seems to be higher than that of younger patients, the majority of toddlers who undergo treatment with this method do experience successful outcomes. We recommend attempting this treatment method in toddlers before performing extensive soft tissue releases or salvage procedures., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)