Search

Copyright of Al Bashaer Economic Journal is the property of Al Bashaer Economic Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper connects historical and ethnographic research to examine the construction of physical and ideological transnational Pacific spaces within Aotearoa New Zealand’s longest-running Pacific festival and performance competition, the ASB Polyfest (The Auckland Secondary Schools Māori and Pacific Cultural Festival). The festival was established through the self-determination of Māori and Pacific peoples and progressive educational leadership in Auckland during the 1960s and 1970s. First staged in 1976 as a competition amongst four community-driven “Polynesian clubs,” it has grown over four decades to involve approximately 10,000 individual participants and is a significant site for cultural transmission for transnational Pacific youth in Auckland. The origins of the festival are contextualised in the establishment of Māori and transnational Pacific communities in the southern suburbs of Auckland, who migrated for work opportunities during a period of rapid industrial growth and defied socioeconomic and geographic marginalisation. A present-day ethnography of rehearsals for the ASB Polyfest music and dance competition examines the processes by which physical spaces are transformed into socio-temporal spaces where transnational Pacific communities of practice are developed and a place of Pacific belonging is established. Ethnographic vignettes describing key milestones in festival preparation, and the culmination of these preparations at the festival competition, highlight the progression of the formation of communities of practice. These examples support the central argument that ASB Polyfest school cultural groups are uniquely constructed sociotemporal Pacific spaces where transnational Pacific identities are explored and represented.

This research examines the impact of the festival attendee's optimism bias on their perceived risk management, perceived attractiveness, the need for risk control, recommendations, and behavioral intentions. The study also scrutinizes the gender differences on the variables. The research model was tested based on 508 survey responses gathered through an on-site survey. The recorded optimism bias variable was classified into high optimism bias groups (N = 303) and low optimism bias groups (N = 205). The research findings indicate that the festival attendee's need for risk control, recommendations, and behavioral intentions may vary depending on the degree of their optimism bias. For gender, females show higher variations on the variables between low and high optimism bias groups compared to males. In addition, it appears that there are significant interaction effects between optimism bias and gender. The research findings provide meaningful insights into festival risk management by understanding attendees' levels of optimism bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within a burgeoning international festival scholarship South Africa emerges as a major ‘growth pole’ in the literature. It is in this context of vibrant international and local debates that the article offers a modest contribution on a little researched aspect of festival development in South Africa. The focus is upon festive cities and the evolution, management and organizational adaptation of one distinctive cultural festival which is a celebration of German culture in South Africa. The case study is of the evolution and change of the Deutsche Internationale Schule Johannesburg Schulbasar. Within the literature on festival tourism the case study is distinctive because of its history which dates back to 1905 as well as the fact that the institutional organisation of this festival is undertaken by the school as a major fundraising initiative. The organisation of this festival linked to school management which undertook a number of adaptations to how the festival was organised whilst constantly seeking to retain its central objectives of highlighting German traditions. Arguably, the greatest challenge in the over 100 years of the Schulbasar’s existence has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic which changed the festival from a physical event to a virtual event part of which involved a charity fundraising drive.

The schooling of minority assumes a critical part in the financial improvement of a country. Tragically, the Kalash minority in locale Chitral face with various boundaries in the field of schooling. This examination study has attempted to explore the mindful variables influencing the schooling of Kalash minority of the area Chitral of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. For this reason, the subjective exploration technique was utilized to investigate the vital obstructions to Kalash minorities in instruction. The review was done by topical investigation in which 10 example size was chosen through purposive inspecting methods. The significant discoveries of the review portray that the main variables which are influencing the instructive exercises of Kalash minorities in this space incorporates the absence of female instructive foundations, absence of female school personnel, insufficient vehicle framework, low quality of training, ineffectual schooling approaches, and early marriage of females. Additionally, greater part of the respondents has shown uplifting outlooks towards the Kalash instructive offices and they have been requested to give these offices to work on the nature of training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events on Festival Cities and Tourism. It provides a contextualisation of the conversations surrounding the relationship between cities and their festivals during the Covid-19 pandemic. Focussing on the 'festival city' of Edinburgh, we examine how festival organisers reacted to the challenges of the pandemic, and how they strove to maintain contact with audiences and other stakeholders. We then review the different contributions to the special issue, ranging from festivalisation and suburban food festivals in Barcelona to an art festival in Dublin, the European Capital of Culture in Hungary and the festival portfolio of Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural festivals can attract cultural tourists, extend the tourist season and add vibrancy to the cultural scene. However, there is relatively little research on how festivals affect tourist experience of the destination or outcomes such as satisfaction or repeat visitation. This study used the Event Experience Scale to measure tourist experiences at three cultural festivals in Hong Kong – the Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and the Cheung Chau Bun Festival. The findings show that tourist experiences of these festivals are distinct, and they positively affect destination image and behavioural outcomes. Relative to permanent attractions and tours, festival experiences elicit stronger affective, conative and novelty responses. Festivals also convey a stronger impression of Hong Kong as a destination exhibiting Chinese and traditional culture, but less as a global city. The festival experience is associated with positive outcomes, namely greater satisfaction, intention to recommend and intention to return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Northern Cyprus, cultural festivals are increasingly popular. The routinely celebrated festivals transform small villages into colourful celebrations with lots of activities and great culinary experiences, offering opportunities for social contact between members of different generations. People meet in the streets, where traditional food and handicrafts are on display and traditional folk dance performances usually take place. Cultural events provide an important space in which older generations often nostalgically remember the past with others of their generation and share their memories with the young people. Bi‐communal interactions between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots in these public spaces also help leave behind and bury the violence of the past, nationalistic dogma, and intolerance. Drawing on ideas from postcolonial theory, cultural studies, sociology, and scholarship on public art, this article develops a post‐postcolonial approach to explore the politics and value of Turkish Cypriot cultural festivals and the ways in which Turkish Cypriots are bridging differences with Greek Cypriots. Through observations, conversations, and interviews conducted with Turkish Cypriots from June 2014 to October 2017, the article also discusses the ways in which public art encourages dialogue and multicultural tolerance in Cyprus. The article argues that the rise of interest in Turkish Cypriot folk arts and multicultural tolerance, as propagated by Turkish Cypriots, should be understood in more complex terms than simply that of positive inclusion, as an ambivalence closely connected to the East/West division. Accordingly, the article illustrates that the coexistence of inclu‐ sion and exclusion are at the heart of Turkish Cypriot society.

Within a burgeoning international festival scholarship South Africa emerges as a major ‘growth pole’ in the literature. It is in this context of vibrant international and local debates that the article offers a modest contribution on a little researched aspect of festival development in South Africa. The focus is upon festive cities and the evolution, management and organizational adaptation of one distinctive cultural festival which is a celebration of German culture in South Africa. The case study is of the evolution and change of the Deutsche Internationale Schule Johannesburg Schulbasar. Within the literature on festival tourism the case study is distinctive because of its history which dates back to 1905 as well as the fact that the institutional organisation of this festival is undertaken by the school as a major fundraising initiative. The organisation of this festival linked to school management which undertook a number of adaptations to how the festival was organised whilst constantly seeking to retain its central objectives of highlighting German traditions. Arguably, the greatest challenge in the over 100 years of the Schulbasar’s existence has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic which changed the festival from a physical event to a virtual event part of which involved a charity fundraising drive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology holds interesting possibilities for building novel financial structures around cultural festivals. In this paper we build a conceptual framework for blockchainenabled systems of community governance, risk-pooling, and resource-sharing. We model this framework around the challenges faced by two festivals that closed: City Stages, a music festival held around a large downtown park in Birmingham, Alabama, from 1989-2009, and CMJ Music Marathon, a music festival and conference held across locations within New York City from 1980 to 2015. We focus on difficulties including seasonality, pressure and uncertainty around annual fundraising, gaps between planning and fundraising timelines, and year-to-year fluctuations in revenue. Our conceptual framework could be implemented to create festival networks around blockchain investment trusts and token structures to better support the capacity of these festivals to bring whole communities together, to create careermaking venues for musicians, and to build economic development as well as social inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural festivals have grown in diversity, scale and popularity in many migrant-receiving societies in recent years and schools have increasingly become involved in supporting these for intercultural exchange and celebration. While prior research has found that cultural festivals play a significant role in maintaining and enhancing cultural traditions, much less research has focused on the role that festivals play as sites of conviviality, cross-cultural encounters and solidarity – especially for school-aged young people. In this paper we examine three school-focused cultural festivals held in Aotearoa New Zealand, paying particular attention to how the diverse relational solidarities encouraged through cultural festivals shaped the identities of diasporic youth. A theoretical lens of solidarity was used to analyse the relational bonds formed through festival attendance, and how these might foster new possibilities for identity formation in multicultural nations. Our study revealed how three forms of solidarities (ethnic, trans-ethnic and school-based) served to affirm traditional cultural practices and identities, as well as strategically craft new, often plural identities. We reflect on the productive and inventive nature of such solidarities and how festivals provided a space to articulate counter-narratives about diasporic youth and assertions of status, belonging and citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzed textual representations of Ijaw heritage and cultural festivals on the website of the Bayelsa State Tourism Development Board. It outlines the role of this compendium of heritage sites and cultural festivals as a symbolic resource for constructing a tourist-oriented state to boost its tourism identity and sustainability. Analyzing how heritage sites and cultural festivals focused tourism-oriented discourses can reveal certain economic, sociocultural practices, and ideological belief of the Ijaw people within the Nigerian nation towards attaining the agendas of the United Nation SDGs. The study re-evaluated how tourism brings positive socio-economic change to the people. Results show that prudent utilization of these sites lead to improved livelihood of the inhabitants of these communities. We identified improved cultural and heritage sites as the major sources of attracting local and international patronage. The study recommends government encouragement of banks to provide loans to startups in the tourism sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural festivals help to promote, improve and preserve tourist and cultural heritages, generating business with great economic value for the destination. It is important that festivals organisers verify the visitors' perception about the quality of the festival, and use this information to develop improvement activities. For better understand the overall assessment of participants on festivals, this study compares the results of using linear regression with the results using a non-linear method, PRCA – Penalty-reward Contrast Analysis, to explain participants' general evaluation of the festival. Interviewing 270 participants in the 32nd edition of the Oktoberfest in Blumenau, Brazil, we found that PRCA best explains the overall assessment of the festival by the participants, than using linear regression analysis. The results demonstrate that knowing possible nonlinearities, we can better understand the overall perception of the festival's quality, which allows us better deciding about what to offer or improve on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses cultural festivals organised in the Republic of Cyprus (RoC) and their ideological implications on the national identity of Greek-Cypriots from Independence (1960) until the country's accession in the European Union (2004). Debates and conflicts about national identity in the two ethnic communities coincide with the need for intensifying the relevance between the festivals' artistic content and the concepts of nation, origin and identity on the island. Local cultural festivals functioned as a means of projecting national messages and symbolism, according to the identity bi-pole, Hellenocentric and Cypriotcentric, prevalent in Greek-Cypriot community. Later, in the 1990s, political changes inaugurated a need for the emergence of Eurocentrism with respect to the Greek-Cypriots' cultural identity, this led to a significant increase of European artistic product via hosting of arts festivals. Despite the domination of ethnocentric approaches in the local cultural management model, the participation of other stakeholders – besides the state – contributed to the consolidation of the Eurocentric identity. This development had also strengthened the cosmopolitan ambiance, altered the repertoire of local festivals and differentiated the role and importance of artistic creation in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities have always been hubs for celebration and festivity, bringing people together to escape temporarily from the mundane nature of everyday routines. Festivals have often been bridges between people and places, linking personal geography with collective experiences and therefore increasingly of interest to cultural geographers. However, festivals also have social, economic and political aspects that are constructed by societal influences of the time and place. This article presents some of the key debates ongoing in academic literature across disciplines to demonstrate the contested role that cultural festivals play in urban settings and suggests that urban geography is critical to developing these debates. It is simply no longer possible to say that festivity is a simple rupture in the mundanity of everyday life of urban citizens; rather, contemporary cultural festivals now often exhibit complex and uneasy tensions between the socio‐economic strategies of commercialized neoliberal cities and the cultural needs of diverse communities to gather and celebrate. By reviewing the development of festivals as part of the urban cultural economy utilising a geographic lens, this article sets out how cultural festivals are now more often employed by cities for marketing, tourism and other socio‐economic benefits. We demonstrate that cultural festivals and cities have an ongoing relationship, which is now mainly commercialized and politicized, and this has diverse impacts on communities, urban spaces and cultural identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural events have become a significant component within the strategies of destination branding of a place. Territories are increasingly using events and cultural festivals to enhance their image and boost tourism development. Many destinations worldwide have built events portfolios as a strategic initiative to attract visitors and to develop their own brand. A destination brand represents a dynamic interaction between the destination’s core assets and the way in which potential visitors perceive them. Thus, the visitor perspective is considered as fundamental in triggering processes of destination branding. This paper investigates how the visitors assess the impact of cultural events and festivals in enhancing the image of a tourist destination. The Stresa Festival (Stresa, Lake Maggiore, Italy) has been selected as a case study. Stresa Festival is undoubtedly one of the best-known European classical music festivals that every year offers performances by internationally famous artists to its audiences. Structured questionnaires have been used as the methodology to carry out the research. Online questionnaires have been handed out to residents and non-resident visitors to the Stresa Festival to extract the opinions and experience from the public on the image effects of this festival. Findings reveal that there is a positive relationship between this cultural event and the enhancement of the city image and its territory.

Volunteer tourism has become a global phenomenon with future market predictions indicating growth. Despite the fact that certain features of volunteer tourism in Slovakia appeared after the Second World War, in domestic literature, the issue that includes the volunteerism was not addressed in an appropriate manner. The aim of the paper is also to evaluate the activity and management of volunteers participating in selected cultural festivals as a part of a tourism product in selected destinations in Slovakia. The number of volunteers at festivals is high and mostly consists of young people. The volunteers gain many extraordinary and valuable experiences applicable in various ways of life. The results of structured interviews with volunteers’ coordinators management in the Nitra Theatre Festival, Pohoda and Uprising Reggae Festival confirmed the idea that volunteers play a major role in planning and organizing festivals in selected destinations. The degree of coordination of their activity is relatively high. An optimal amount of involvement of volunteers in organizing events may contribute to the generation of positive effects for the destination.

This article explores the urban fabric of three cities in Chile based on the history of the cultural festivals held there in recent decades. Taking as a background a series of cultural milestones that marked public space in Santiago, Valparaíso, and Concepción in the transition to the twenty-first century, I investigate the broader city projects that have resulted in the Santiago a Mil International Festival, the Thousand Drums Carnival, and the Rock en Conce (REC) Festival. Focusing on the urban tensions and conflicts that emerge in this type of event, I analyse the public discourses that arise around these festivals, the uses of the city that they promote, and their ways of mobilising a particular mode of understanding and exercising cultural policy in their territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 1966 thousands of artists, musicians, performers, and writers from across Africa and its diaspora gathered in the Senegalese capital, Dakar, to take part in the First World Festival of Black and African Culture (Premier Festival Mondial des arts nègres). The festival constituted a highly symbolic moment both in the era of decolonization and the push for civil rights for African Americans in the United States. In essence, the festival sought to perform an emerging Pan-African culture, to give concrete cultural expression to the ties that would bind the African “homeland” to black people in the diaspora. On the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the 1966 event, the editors of this special issue held a conference at Florida State University that sought to examine the festival and its multiple legacies, with the aim of promoting a better understanding of both the utopianism of the period following World War II and the “festivalization” of Africa that has occurred in recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present empirical work was carried out in situ and using a questionnaire it tries to analyze the demand of the “Inti Raymi” cultural festival, the motivations and satisfaction of its visitors. This festival is held once a year at the Archaeological Complex of Ingapirca located in the province of Cañar in Ecuador. It is a symbol of gratitude of the Andean community to the “Taita Inti” (Father Sun) and the “Paccha Mama” (Mother Earth) for the kindness to allow a good production and harvest of traditional products. During the investigation it was found that the main motivations for attending were: enjoy the culture of Ingapirca, attend an Andean Folk Festival, fun and relaxation. In addition, the results show a high satisfaction of the tourists in the Festival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how cultural festivals are used as both symbols and instruments for producing and claiming citizenship in Kenya. It analyses in particular the Obama K'Ogelo Cultural Festival, held in 2008 and 2010, to commemorate the election and presidency of Barack Obama as the 44th president of the United States of America (U.S.A.). The two events were used in the first place to position President Obama in Kenya. More importantly, I argue in this paper, the Luo people of K'Ogelo used it in documenting their ethnographies and as an instrument of positioning themselves in Kenya's body politic, contesting narratives of exclusion as well as claiming their human rights. This paper develops an interpretation of the K'Ogelo Cultural Festival in the light of the Kenyan Constitution-making debate on the subject of 'culture' and the public comments of the U.S. ambassador to Kenya at the time (Michael Ranneberger). At the local level in K'Ogelo, these festivals are primarily used by local intellectuals and their courtiers to develop an ethnography of Luos and Luoness. In addition, the festivals were used to claim the presidency of Obama in support of the argument that Luos are good enough to be leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, one of the bases of economic development is the presence of technology. However, not all communities and groups can have an access to the different technologies created by man. And one of these groups is the Aetas of Northern Philippines. This study was conducted to determine the different economic activities, and seasonal activities for survival of the Aetas. The participants of the study were the 25 Aeta families of a rural community in Northern Philippines. In-depth interview, observation, and community immersion were the instruments used by the researcher. Moreover, key informants and the elders were identified to validate the data gathered by the researcher. Results showed that the economic activities of the Aeta community are foraging, livestock and poultry production, making and selling hard brooms, farming and agriculture, and some families are recipients of the Pantawid Pampamilya Program of the Government. Moreover, seasonal activities for survival included fishing, paid labor, tour guiding inside the Callao cave, being recipients of the different outreach and extension activities conducted by Non-Government organizations and schools and universities located in Tuguegarao City and in Peñablanca, Cagayan, Philippines; and some of them were compensated during cultural festivals and other festive events by presenting theTalip, the Aetas community and indigenous dance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on how Sub-Saharan Africans present themselves as musicians in Chemnitz, an Eastern German town of around 200,000 citizens that is situated on the periphery of existing immigrant musicians' networks in Europe. Generally, immigration to Chemnitz has been rather limited; the quota of foreign nationals is 2.9 % for the whole city. I will explore what purposes Sub-Saharan African music and dance performances serve in this context both for the majority society as well as for the immigrants, individually and as a community. In so doing, I use a case study on the yearly local "intercultural festival" and analyze what kind of local power structures, institutional and informal, economic and political, influence the Nigerian cultural association's festival performance. This analysis shows how immigrant networks or associations relate to expectations and ascriptions of "authenticity" in a small-scale city. With its focus on the local situation and its effects on the representation of immigrant groups, this paper builds on the work that Nina Glick Schiller and Ayse Caglar (2006, 2009) have done on the importance of locality for research on migration and immigrant incorporation.

Controversial findings in COO (Country of Origin Effect) research state that it influenced consumer behaviour while others stated the opposite. However, no research has been conducted to study the impact of emotional engagement in regards of consumer purchase behaviour during Festivals. This research aims thus to study COO effect on consumption behaviour thanks to emotional engagement as well as its residual effect in the case of Italian Week in Australia. This research was composed of two studies. Thanks to a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews generated a list of key factors leading respondents to establish emotional engagement with Italian culture. Next, the key factors generated by the qualitative phase of our research were quantified through an online survey with 282 respondents. Results from this research indicate that thanks to COO, Italian Week is able to generate emotional engagement which in turn enhances the residual effect of the festival and its impact on attendees' consumption behaviour. The positive country of origin effect towards Italy enables Festivals such as Italian Week to target Italy lovers thanks to marketing activities highlighting Italian brands and services and developing emotional engagement. This research explores an unstudied field in international marketing, more specifically in the COO effect field. Research about COO has focused on products and brand consumption to date and none has analysed the impact of COO in services, specifically regarding cultural festivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, Toronto hosts some of the biggest and most celebrated cultural festivals in the world. However, getting to these festivals is often easier said than done, and usually requires careful planning and orchestration. This study describes the design process of "Get to the Fest!" (GTTF). GTTF is an app that offers a one-stop solution to the logistical problems surrounding the attendance of Toronto festivals and events. Drawing from the literature regarding cultural festivals and citizen engagement, GTTF was designed using a mash-up of open datasets made available by the City of Toronto. By using open data along with geo-mapping data, we created a model for an app that enables users to quickly and easily find the best routes to Toronto festivals. We created low-fidelity, paper-and-pencil prototypes to take users through the full experience of using the GTTF app following a design-based research approach (Wang & Hannafin 2005). Finally, we conducted seven user trials for GTTF and evaluated feedback from the users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the Afrikaners as a politicised ethnic group that captured the state, under the leadership of the National Party, and of Afrikaans as a public language was one of the most prominent features of twentieth century South African history. During the 1970s NP rule started to come under severe pressure as a result of its apartheid policy and it handed over power in 1994. Over the next twenty years the civil service was radically transformed, English became the de facto official language. Afrikaners not only had to deal with the sudden loss of state power but a declining demograpic base. Afrikaans-medium secondary schools and universities had to admit large numbers who preferred to receive their instruction in English. An opportunity in 2001 to safeguard Afrikaans at two universities was squandered. In technical and educational colleges the state simply phased out Afrikaans instruction . Whites in the upper echelons became largely selfemployed, while those in the lower echelons managed to find a job but not necessarily at the level required for the traditional "white" standard of living. Afrikaans-speakers represent more than half of the Democratic Alliance's support base, but the party's efforts to capture the black vote made it unwilling to speak up on Afrikaans as a public language or aggressive affirmative action in the public sector and large corporations. While Afrikaans has flourished in the cultural sphere, particularly at festivals, the publication of fiction, and in pay television channels, it is losing ground steadily at university level in face of the cultural totalitarianism of the ruling party and the failure of senior academics, administrators and university coucils to back up the language. The demise of both Afrikaans as public language and the Afrikaners as an ethnic group has become a real possibilty over the medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few attempts have been made to find out if the loyalty process for residents and tourists in the context of cultural festivals is the same. This study investigated the influence of involvement on satisfaction as factors contributing to the likelihood of returning to an annual festival for residents and tourists. A sample of 412 attendees of a cultural and historic festival in the Midwest region of the USA was surveyed. The results showed that both residents and tourists who were more involved with the festival had higher satisfaction levels. However, only residents who were highly satisfied with the festival were more likely to attend again, whereas tourists' satisfaction level did not significantly influence their likelihood of returning. For tourists, it is likely that their quest for novelty is influential in shaping their future intentions. Implications of this result for the sustainability of cultural festivals are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first to analyse economic time series of one of the world's most pre-eminent traditional events, the most popular beer festival and the largest regular fair in the world: Munich Oktoberfest. People from around the world have attended this cultural festival since the early decades of the 20th century, and so it represents a unique opportunity to analyse elasticities of consumption in the short and medium runs (that is, at business cycle frequencies) and in the long run. Against the backdrop of two secularly increasing demand factors - a rise in real disposable incomes and an increased amount of leisure time - the authors use a novel data set to study elasticities of the consumption of beer and food and the revenues of breweries. To account for asymmetries they apply partial sum decompositions in an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to estimate elasticities for state, national, European and world GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In recent years, the concept of cultural heritage has undergone a twofold change vis-à-vis adapting content. First, it has broadened the scope and nature of the tangible elements open to inclusion by reaching out beyond isolated examples thereof. Second, it has widened its range to incorporate goods that are also intangible and are able to express the idiosyncrasy of a particular group, reflect the recognition of an identity, or convey the value of a tradition. Cultural festivals thus provide one emblematic example of immaterial cultural heritage, since they are experience goods which expire at the moment they are produced and not only express artistic innovations in the field but also draw on previous cultural background, perceived as accumulated cultural capital. Based on this premise, the present paper seeks to posit a methodological proposal for evaluating cultural festivals, adopting a threefold analytical approach: calculating the value allocated by individuals, estimating economic impact, and gauging the efficiency of the managing institutions. Each analytical profile sets out the main problems and technical challenges, and reviews comparative cases. The conclusions to emerge from the study evidence the existence of increasingly refined and sophisticated techniques for dealing effectively with the hurdles to arise, yet also highlights the thus far scant number of applied case studies addressing cultural festival evaluation, particularly as regards efficiency evaluation and estimating economic value. The most immediate challenge is integrating the findings from the three analytical profiles so as to ensure the social and economic viability of these cultural projects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT Cultural festivals are one of the most common representations of diversification strategies in tourist demand in cities boasting abundant historical heritage. The goal of this work is to estimate the economic value allocated by tourists and local residents to a classical music festival in the emblematic city of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). The contingent valuation method is used to ascertain whether there are any significant differences between the value declared and to study the sensitivity of the findings in a range of socio-economic variables. Finally, the problems of hypothetical bias are explored, as are the possible implications for management of pricing policies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural festivals can assist local communities in showcasing cultural attributes and can offer the chance to strengthen a sense of identity. The Pasifika Festival, held annually in Auckland, New Zealand, is a celebration of the city's Pacific Island communities. Drawing on audience and stallholder surveys, and interviews/meetings with festival organizers, this article provides a multiple stakeholder perspective on the festival experience and what it means to those who are part of it. The article also addresses the important question of how to conduct robust, cost-effective research in large festival settings, focusing on the use of online survey tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management team of the world-famous Sidmouth Festival resigned in 2004, after failing to secure bad-weather underwriting worth £200,000, and amidst widespread fears that the Festival was doomed. While claims of a local economic impact of £5 million are seriously flawed, it is highly likely that the local economy did benefit by at least several times the amount of the required insurance. Failure to capture these net positive benefits is linked to ill-defined property rights, rising transaction costs, incomplete information from unreliable sources, and actual or feared free riding. These conditions prevented the type of efficient bargaining solution in the face of externalities envisioned by the Coase Theorem. Practically all of the problems preventing the ideal Coasean solution could have been addressed by granting key stakeholders'' individual ownership rights. Hence, while the Coase solution was not applicable, the Theorem''s predictions (or its corollary''s predictions) were confirmed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Examining a database of 2,856 festivals in Australia and survey results from 480 festival organizers, we consider how nonmetropolitan cultural festivals provide constraints as well as opportunities for economic planners. Cultural festivals are ubiquitous, impressively diverse, and strongly connected to local communities through employment, volunteerism, and participation. Despite cultural festivals being mostly small-scale, economically modest affairs, geared around community goals, the regional proliferation of cultural festivals produces enormous direct and indirect economic benefits. Amidst debates over cultural and political issues (such as identity, exclusion, and elitism), links between cultural festivals and economic development planning are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural festivals are often planned as part of place marketing, image branding, and civic boosterism to aid in the regeneration of urban areas. While complexities surrounding place, marketing, and festivals have been acknowledged with regard to large scale events, little is known about ethnic festivals in urban neighborhoods. It is important to understand festival places and the factors that challenge place marketing in urban neighborhood spaces. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the multiple realities of place with respect to ethnic festivals. It is a case study approach of four neighborhoods and their street festivals in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. A discussion reveals such key realities as politics and image, social identity and representation, cultural authenticity and neighborhood differentiation as concerns for festival promotion and place marketing. In order to ensure ethnic festivals instill strong meanings of place and belonging for community members, place marketing must acknowledge the complexities of places and market and manage them properly relative to the developing community. The multiple realities of places at the scale of festival, neighborhood, and city need to be acknowledged in order to address the deeper meanings and complexities that exist with regard to these unique and evolving ethnic spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]