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The practices of intangible cultural heritage are central to the cultural heritage of humanity, which comprises practices from a plethora of different cultures as well as monuments listed as world cultural heritage. These oeuvres and practices play an important role in the cultural identity of human beings. They are an expression of cultural diversity; they can promote inter-human processes of mediation and initiate educational development on many levels that conveys cultural heritage to the next generation. Engaging with these practices under the conditions of globalisation permits us to make important experiences of heterogeneity and otherness. The importance of the monuments listed by UNESCO as world cultural heritage for the cultural self-understanding of man is undisputed. By contrast, the role of the practices of intangible cultural heritage is subject to more controversial debate. This is all the more surprising given that the monuments have arisen out of man’s intangible cultural practices. In the context of the growing influence in modern societies of individualisation and personal autonomy, we are at times confronted with the view that many practices of intangible cultural heritage have become superfluous and could be replaced by other practices. Just like in the old days, however, communal life is impossible without the practices of intangible cultural heritage. They are historical and cultural products, and in studying them, the cultural determination of the phenomena themselves and the culturally determined character of the research perspectives brought to them come to be superimposed upon one another. This article in turn discusses seven aspects highlighting the specific character and relevance of practices of intangible cultural heritage: the human body as medium, practices of communication and interaction, mimetic learning and practical knowledge, the performativity of cultural practices, central structural and functional elements, difference and otherness, and inter-cultural learning.

The article is devoted to the main methodological problems of qualitative research in the psychology of culture. Methods of ethnographic (field) observation were borrowed by psychology from social and cultural anthropologists in the first half of the twentieth century, and in modern research practices there is a special ethnographic direction that claims to analyze behavior and lifestyle in various subcultures and communities. According to the disciplinary structure proposed by T.G. Stefanenko, ethnopsychology includes the following areas: psychological anthropology, cross-cultural, cultural, and indigenous psychology. Qualitative methods are more typical for cultural and indigenous psychology, while quantitative and mixed methods are more typical for cross-cultural research. The prospects of a qualitative approach in ethnopsychology are discussed in the example of the study of the cultural determination of coping. The results of thematic analysis of narratives and free-form interviews of respondents from Moscow and Tashkent allow us to conclude that the key cross-cultural difference in coping behavior is the degree of its individualization: representatives of Uzbek culture are focused on receiving support and care from significant Others, and not on independent internal work (unlike Russian respondents). At the same time, they are not satisfied with the traditional prescriptions that come from the family environment, which forces them to “invent” coping practices that go beyond the boundaries of normative social (often religious) ideas. This can be interpreted from the point of view of the process of modernization of Uzbek culture, which is gradually becoming individualistic, and the latter circumstance requires the construction of flexible coping strategies in the situation of social and cultural changes.

Non-verbal communication is a very important aspect of communication which plays a very crucial role in interpersonal relationship. Its role in the accentuation of verbal communication cannot be overemphasized. Existing literature has not given enough attention to side code as a form of non-verbal communication in the Yorùbá novel. This study fills the gap as it examines side codes, the contexts in which they occur in Yoruba novels with a view to establishing its communicative value. The study adopts semiotic theories of Saussure and Charles Sanders Peirce. Four Yorùbá novels: Ìrìnkèrindò Nínú Igbó Elégbèje and Ògbójú Ọdẹ Nínú Igbó Irúnmo̩lẹ̀. By D.O. Fagunwa, Ojú rí́́́ by Kola Oni and Ṣaworoidẹ by Akinwumi Isola were purposively selected because they have elements of side code and were subjected to semiotic and textual analyses. Side code helps in cultural determinism in the codification of disaster, chaos, lopsidedness, disappointment, success, identification of prince and complementarity. Key Words: Side code; Semiotics; Purposive sample; Yorùbá novels

The explanatory gap between the life sciences and the humanities that is present in the study of human phenomena impedes productive interdisciplinary examination that such a complex subject requires. Manifested as epistemological tensions over reductionism vs. holism, nature vs. nurture, and the study of micro vs. macro context, the divergent research approaches in the humanities and the sciences produce separate bodies of knowledge that are difficult to reconcile. To remedy this incommensurability, the article proposes to employ the complex adaptive systems approach, which allows to study specific cultural systems in their ecologies and to account for the myriads of factors that constitute such systems, including nonlinear interactions between these factors and their evolution. On a specific example of religious systems, we show that by studying cultural systems in their contextual variability, mechanistic composition, and evolutionary history, the humanities and the sciences should be able to fruitfully collaborate while avoiding previous pitfalls of excessive reductionism, genetic determinism, and sweeping overgeneralizations, on the one hand, and pitfalls of excessive holism, cultural determinism, and aversion to any generalizations, on the other hand.

The concept of technological determinism has been a mainstay of discussions in history of technology and especially in science and technology studies (sts) for about half a century, yet military history as a field has generally sidestepped the idea as a category of analysis. Military historians, however, would do well to consider some of the insights from these other fields, for they can fall prey to (tacitly) deterministic analyses. Although the emphasis on tactical and strategic factors, as well as leadership and soldiers’ experience, sometimes insulates technological explanations from appearing to be causal, a casual reading of both military history and contemporary military policy seems to show that warfighters and political leaders often see technology as transformative. This is all the more evident in the discussion of military revolutions and especially revolutions in military affairs (RMAs), where technology is a least a leg of the stool, and at “best” a transformative agent.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é discutir o comportamento do autor de violência sexual a partir dospressupostos da Análise do Comportamento, bem como as possíveis contribuições dessa perspectiva para acompreensão desse fenômeno. Entender o abuso sexual infantojuvenil, como qualquer outro comportamentohumano, significa compreender sua determinação filogenética, ontogenética e cultural, modelo que recebe onome de seleção por consequências. Nesse modelo, os comportamentos não são “causados” por eventos únicose necessários, mas são selecionados por suas consequências. Identificar quais contingências relacionam-se aocomportamento em questão – entre elas, as características em comum entre abusadores e as variáveis culturaisrelacionadas ao abuso – pode possibilitar o desenvolvimento de estratégias mais seguras de prevenção doscasos de abuso e de intervenção com o perpetrador.

Genç Türk sinema seyircisinin genel seyirci tercihiyle karşılaştırıldığında hangi filme daha çok ilgi gösterdiği fragman sahnelerindeki göstergebilim kodlarının çözümlenmesi yoluyla incelenmektedir. Türk Sineması'nın canlanmaya başladığı 2000'li yılların başından itibaren Türk sinema seyircisinin en çok izlediği filmlerin genç Türk sinema seyircisi tarafından hangi oranda ilgi gördüğü araştırılmaktadır. Genç seyircilerin görsel hafızaları henüz yetişkinlerinki kadar dolu olmadığından, eski Türk filmleri ve yeni çevrilenler arasında içerik açısından kültürel bağ kurmaları da kolay görünmemektedir. Bu nedenle onların fragman sahneleri hakkındaki yorumları, gelecekteki film tercihlerini öngörme açısından objektif veriler sağlamaktadır., To find out which films that young Turkish audience show more interest, the preferences of general and young Turkish audiences are compared by analyzing through the study of semiotic codes in the scenes of the trailers. Since the revival of Turkish cinema in early 2000s, studies have been done to see what extent of films watched by the general Turkish public attract the attention of young Turkish audience. As the visual memory of young people is not as filled as that of adults, it is not easy for them to make a cultural connection between old Turkish films and those of new ones in terms of content. For this reason, their opinions about the scenes in the trailers provide objective data in terms of predicting future movie preferences.

The paper presents a fundamental analysis of how differential interpretations and uses of accounting innovations stimulate technological diffusion and industrial development in the argument of the relevance of accounting within the emergent technological milieu already threatening several professions. It identifies how the meanings and interpretations of accounting innovations contributed to the cultural determinants of various industrial epoch. Relying on the theory of cultural determinism in accounting and using Geert Hofstede 6D Model of National Culture to explain that the diffusion of technology and industrial development is also culturally dependent, the paper shows that the lack of the use of accounting innovation is implicated in the inability to translate technological advancements into industrial developments in parts of the world. The paper recommends that changes in the organizational structure, culture and strategy stimulated by accounting innovations be embraced to tilt the tide in favour of faster-paced translation of nanotechnology and other high-level technological advancements into industrial development in African and other developing economies.

Many management and leadership studies have traditionally been dominated by Western theories, perspectives and cases. Non-Western leadership requires additional caveats in arriving at generalizations. The theoretical trap of conceiving Asian corporations either as irrelevant concerning leadership effectiveness or as maintaining only culturally determined leadership derives from the lack of historical understanding of Asian cases. Our collection used both historical and contemporary cases of Japan, South Korea and China to show that these Asian economies have tried to some extent balance their traditional norms and values of leadership with those from the West. A key to understanding Asia is that all three countries have historically pursued leadership mandates in running both public and private corporations, although ‘corrupt’ leadership practices were also rampant during different historical periods. Further studies of leadership in non-Western cases are necessary to devise methodological and the...

The article considers J. Goodwin’s synthetic theory of revolution that claims to be the ‘fourth-generation’ theory, and the ways of its application in the comparative-historical analisys of peripheral revolutions of the “short twentieth century”. The first part of the article reveals the sources of Goodwin’s theoretical and methodological synthesis: the possibilities and limitations of different structural and state-centred theories and of network analysis. The combination of the state-constructionist approach with the network perspective of structuralist constructionism allows to avoid the structuralist mistake of ignoring the causal contribution of cultural and agecy determinants, and protects from the opposite theoretical failures of essentialism, cultural determinism, voluntarism, etc. The second part of the article describes how Goodwin used his complex theoretical model in the analysis of the waves of peripheral revolutions in Southeast Asia in 1945-1955, in Central America in 1970-1980s and in Eastern Europe in 1989. He shows that bureaucratic, patrimonial and exclusive regimes with weak infrastructural power contributed to the growth of revolutionary movements, but the patrimonial regimes are especially vulnerable to the revolutionary overthrow. Political oppression and indiscriminate violence determine the revolutionaries’ solidarity on the periphery more than social-economic factors such as poverty. The final part of the article presents some Goodwin’s conclusions on the future of revolutions and theories of revolutions. In the 21 century the world will witness fewer revolutions and more movements for global justice; while sociology of revolutions demonstrates fewer attempts to create a general theory of revolution and collective action and tends to the studies of different revolutionary cases and their types on the basis of synthetic structural-cultural methodology.

The article explores different ways to conceptualize the relationship between choice and culture. These two notions are often constructed as opposites: while sociologies of modernization (such as Giddens') portray a shift from cultural traditions to culturally disembedded choice, dispositional sociologies (such as Bourdieu's) uncover cultural determination as the hidden truth behind apparent choice. However, choice may be real and cultural simultaneously. Culture moulds choice not only by inculcating dispositions or shaping repertoires of alternatives, but also by offering culturally specific choice practices, ways of choosing embedded in meaning, normativity, and materiality; and by shaping attributions of choice in everyday life. By bringing together insights from rival schools, I portray an outline for a comparative cultural sociology of choice, and demonstrate its purchase while discussing the digitalization of choice; and cultural logics that shape choice attribution in ways opposing neoliberal trends.

This paper explores a theoretical framework for demystifying the causes of the dysfunction and disorder of the present Chinese market economy. It is posited that Max Weber’s classification of the two potentially conflicting ethics he associates with the behaviour of politicians, the ethic of conviction and the ethic of responsibility offers the basis for a more thorough and accurate account of the dysfunction and disorder within China’s current markets and political economy. Indeed, this paper contends that cultural determinism and neo-institutional economics fail to capture the contextual factors influencing the transition from the Maoist era of state control to contemporary China’s market led economy (following the opening-up of the country since 1978) than a wider reaching Weberian analysis of the contextual factors involved might achieve. This paper proposes that the distinct ethical foundation for the Chinese market economy is based upon the ethic of conviction, which is the continuity of the philosophical underpinnings of the national ideology during the Maoist era. In turn, this has led to the distortion of the incentives for firms in China to provide high-quality goods and services. This paper also conducts a study of the ethical foundations of the present Chinese economy from the comparative perspectives of Smith’s concept of the market economy and from a Confucian perspective. Through this comparative examination, it will be demonstrated that the ethical feature of the modern market economy, stemming from Smith and Confucianism, is based on the ethic of responsibility, which is a mutually opposed concept to the ethic of conviction; therefore, firms whose business ethics are founded upon the ethic of “responsibility” are less prone to deceive consumers as they adhere to a contractual “responsibility” towards the consumer that many Chinese firms still see as of secondary importance as the ethic of “conviction” still dominating the policies, society and culture of the centralist economic post-Maoist state. This paper further reveals that larger firms tend to have more corporate social responsibility due to their established branding effect, thus reflecting a more pervasive sense of the ethic of responsibility and vice versa for firms of a smaller size. This paper concludes with an economic model acting as a quantitative framework which further supports the theories proposed.

Drawing from first-hand experiences the authors demonstrate that three strands are necessary to enable those with severe and enduring mental health challenges to be more likely to thrive in the workplace: preparation into work, reframing of the culture of the workplace and a wider recognition of the impact of cultural determinism in developing presuppositions about people who are identified with severe/enduring mental health challenges. We draw on an understanding of how people with severe/enduring mental health challenges have been pathologized and reactions transported into the population through an uncritical orientation, creating a narrow populist assumption which reinforces the perception of mental illness as something to be ashamed or afraid of. In considering the development of workplace practice the authors suggest a model that seeks to challenge the discreditation of people with severe and enduring mental health needs using a ‘Cultural Reform’ model of practice developed with service users.

The origin of colour categories and their relationship to colour perception have been the prime example for testing the influence of language on perception and thought (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) and more generally for investigating the biological, ecological and cultural determination of human cognition (nature-nurture debate). These themes are central to a broad range of disciplines, including vision research, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, developmental science, cultural anthropology, linguistics, computer science, and philosophy. Unfortunately, though, it has been tacitly taken for granted that the conceptual assumptions and methodological practices from the dawn of empirical research on colour categorisation are the gold standard for current colour category research. Here, we show that these assumptions and practices are obsolete and flawed and have led to four fundamental and widespread misconceptions about colour categorisation: 1.) that colour perception is inherently categorical; 2.) that English Basic Colour Terms correspond to universal categories that are the end point of a fixed evolutionary sequence; 3.) that the prototypes of English basic colour terms are perceptually salient and qualify as focal colours; and 4.) that colour category research essentially revolves around the universalism-realism debate. State-of-the-art research on colour categorisation provides new, more sophisticated approaches and allows for rectifying those four statements. At the same time, some of the questions underlying those statements are not convincingly answered yet and constitute major challenges to future research. The critical considerations on colour categorisation may be transferred to research on other kinds of perceptual categorisation to inspire new, more general research questions.

This study looks at the relationship between work ethic and economic growth across cultures. The findings indicated substantively significant results based on the question sets found in the GLOBE survey. Work priorities have shifted based on human need. In this study multiple waves of the GLOBE survey are used to determine socio-economic trends. The results indicated that work ethic grows as a countries’ priorities change from having higher motivation to work in poorer economies, to having lower motivation to work in wealthier economies. In fact, work priorities have shifted from working for material security/necessity in poorer economies to working for intrinsic needs in wealthier countries. This study supported aspects of modernization theory, cultural determinism (primacy), and that culture, specifically work ethic, does have a substantively significant effect on GNI per capita and GDP per capita. The ideas of achievement motivation theory and that cultural values only change generationally were challenged.

Merkez kapitalist ulkelerdeki maddi kosullar, gelismekte olan veya az gelismis ulkelerdeki maddi sartlarla ayni nitelikleri gostermeyebilir. Ideametrik (olcuculuk) tezi bu anlamda yonetsel gercekligin olusumu surecindeki durumu tespit eden bir paradigma adayi olarak ortaya cikmistir. Bu calismada, kapitalizmin farkli asamalarindaki toplumlarin kendi tarihsellikleri cercevesinde meydana gelen maddi gercekliklerinin gerektirdigi yonetselliklerinin digerleriyle farkli olmasi gerektigini ifade eden Olcuculuk hipotezi cercevesinde yapilan analizlerle yonetsel gercekligin olusumuna dair bir inceleme yapilarak kavramsal ve kuramsal duzeyde literature katkida bulunulmaktadir. Bu calismadaki argumanimiz, Olcuculugun paradigma degistirecek nitelikte kuramsallasabilmesi icin analizlerine din ve kultur gibi degiskenleri de almasi gerektigidir. Analizler sonucunda, kuram olma potansiyelini yakalamasi icin de daha fazla arastirmaya ihtiyac oldugu ve analizlere her halukarda din ve kulturel degerlerin de dâhil edilmesi gerektigi ortaya konulmaktadir.

This article illustrates the exchange of knowledge, sharing of methods, and formation of collaborative research between Taiwan and the World Health Organization (WHO) by discussing a series of large-scale epidemiological studies on mental disorders conducted by the research team of National Taiwan University Hospital in the early postwar years. This article focuses on the purpose, importance, and legacy of the research within Taiwan and in the international social psychiatry projects led by WHO. The author analyzes the active and passive roles that these studies played in the context of postwar decolonization and the short-lived milieu of scientific internationalism aspired by the United Nations and its specialized agencies. WHO’s demand to outsource experts from developing countries was due to the lack of sources and enthusiasm of experts from Taiwan to participate in intergovernmental organizations and the self-fashioning of psychiatrists in Taiwan in order to build a national medical discipline that facilitated the connubiality between the two. Moreover, the psychiatric epidemiological research conducted in Taiwan was influenced by the survey-based Japanese ethnological studies developed in the first half of the twentieth century and was designed to build a national medical discipline after World War II. This type of research corresponded to the visions of international scientific communities to deracialize human sciences and fulfill the pursuit of knowledge on the basis of the WHO ideology of “world citizenship.” The cultural determinism approach matched the dominant neo-Freudian theories of psychopathology, which depart from the biodeterminism derived from the experiences of colonial psychiatry, and provided the foundation for the universal profiles of mental disorders that WHO mental health experts idealistically attempted to establish.

The characterization of Pacific Islands as especially vulnerable to climate change often undervalues the cultural resilience of their inhabitants. On many Micronesian islands, coastal stone-built structures are the most visible type of tangible cultural resilience and have endured for perhaps 1000 years or more. A distinction is recognized between older structures, likely built in response to sea-level rise during the Medieval Warm Period (AD 750–1250), and more recent structures that likely took advantage of the lowered sea level during the Little Ice Age (AD 1350–1800). Detailed studies of Micronesian responses to recent coastal change were undertaken in the islands of Yap (Proper). The positioning and maintenance of coastal men’s houses (faluw) reflect either pragmatic responses to unmanageable coastal change or a cultural determination to resist this. The long history of traditional responses to climate variability and coastal change for terrestrial food production on Yap is also discussed. Future adaptation pathways on Yap and other higher islands in Micronesia need to combine scientific knowledge of climate change with traditional responses to historical change, including the stonework tradition and the cultural determination to resist undesired coastal change.

Статья посвящена рассмотрению понятия «идеопрактика» (введенному В. В. Кравченко) как фактора детерминации социальных трансформаций. Идеопрактика понимается как индивидуальный путь социального актора, способ его социального выживания, основанный на минимальном комплексе индивидуально значимых идей. В статье показано, что социальное действие, рассматриваемое в рамках теорий М. Вебера и Э. Гидденса, не тождественно идеопрактике, а социальные транс-формации — это сложные процессы, проходящие «по линиям» схождения и разграничений идеопрактик и социальных действий, что в конечном счете определяет существенные направления социального развития., The notion “ideopractice” (introduced by V. Kravchenko) is considered in the paper as a factor of determination of social transformations. Ideopractice is understood as an individual route of a social actor, a way of its social survival based on a minimal complex of individually important ideas. The paper shows that a social action, considered in terms of the theories by M. Weber and A. Giddens, is not the same as ideopractice, and social transformations are complex processes taking place in the lines of convergence and delimitation of ideopractices and social actions, which ultimately defines the essential directions of social development., Научное мнение, Выпуск 3 2019, Pages 70-74

The school failure of migrant children is often explained by their supposed cultural deficit and by mechanisms of social inequalities reproduced by the school institution. However, such hypotheses fail to account for learning trajectories that would escape from social or cultural determinism. For this, we need to turn to students’ own school experiences, about which little is known. In this chapter, we draw on a sociocultural psychological approach that considers the interdependency between sociocultural contexts and personal life trajectories to go beyond a deficit approach. More specifically, we examine how migrant children’s uses of cultural elements can support their meaning-making when confronted to settings preventing their involvement. By means of a case study, we show how a young Kosovar woman in Switzerland performed well at school, overcoming social and institutional barriers. We, moreover, show how rather than nurturing a conflictual relationship with the school institution, she could draw on different symbolic resources that favored her involvement at school. We thus argue for the necessity to study school experiences of migrant children as dynamics involving a creative dialogue between home and school through the use of cultural and symbolic resources, and discuss theoretical and practical implications of such a perspective.