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Currently, there are more perfect theoretical basis and operation methods for the research of the Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cell characteristics, but the experimental process is tedious. In this article, to measure the characteristics of the CZTS solar cells more accurately and quickly, the computer-aided measurement method was used. During testing the characteristics of solar cells, the results were collected and analyzed by using LabCoder and Origin software. By designing experiments and using software to record data and complete solar cell characterization tests in one step, the number of artificial changes in resistance during testing is reduced. In the experiments, the data can be obtained in real time by using experimental results of computer-aided measurement technology, which can significantly improve the experimental efficiency. Through computer real-time monitoring, the maximum output power of as-prepared solar cells is P m = 1.62 W, and the calculated filling factor remains at 86%. It means that computer-aided measurement technology is suitable for the experiment of CZTS solar cell characteristics.

Molybdenum disulfide, a typical layered transition metal sulfide, is considered one of the most promising electrode candidates for next-generation high-energy–density batteries due to its tunable physical and chemical properties, low cost, and high specific capacity. This paper provides a detailed introduction for the following parts: (1) the characteristics of nano-molybdenum disulfide-based anode materials are introduced, their advantages and disadvantages are summarized in detail, and targeted composite methods are proposed; (2) the modification strategies of MoS2-based materials are introduced thoroughly according to characteristics of the composite materials in different categories, in which composites are classified into fixed and non-fixed morphology carbon, high-specific-capacity materials for constructing heterogeneous structure, and other modification materials; (3) the novel preparation process and future development status of MoS2-based composites are outlined, and the practical application proposal in the fields of new energy and nanocomposites are put forward accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become a general developing trend to resource recyciing lead-contammg soiid waste,such as lead-silver leaching residues by kad smelting. However, due to the obvious difference of raw material structure, the conventional direct reduction control theory of ligh--ead slag is not suitable for that of the mixed lead-si1ver eaching resddues and lead concentrates. To investigate the stag formation characteristics and reaction kinetics of the direct reduction process for recyciing lead-si1ver stag leaching resddues^n the basss of the occurrence state analysis of raw materiais and thermodynamic caiculation, combined subsequent reduction experiment.. The resuits show that both the early and kte stages of reduction (>30 min) are controled by interfacia1 reactions, and the 20 -- 30 min of reduction controled by external diffuson. Therefore, the reduction reaction efficiency can be enhanced by Increasing the reaction interface and reducing the viscosity of stag. As the reduction process proceeds, the !ead-containing phase in the slag vansshed off, the zinc mejijite and iron-zinc spinel phases gradually increased, the sijicate structure of stag ss changed from simple SiO" to Si2O7, and the meiiing temperature and viscosity of the stag Increase accordingly. The dreci smeiiing process for treating !ead-silver eaching residues mixed with !ead concentrates can meet the requrrements of reduction smeiiing production though controlling reduction smeiing stag with FeO/SiO2=1. 6,CaO/SiO2 = 0. 6, and ZnO ) 20 w.. %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc and cadmium were recovered by acid leaching--vulcanization impurity removal method from dust of slide blowing--fuming process for treating jarosites, and copper was selectively removed from the leaching solution by sulfide precipitation. Subsequently, the obtained purified solution will be used to prepare Cd-doped ZnS composites. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the influencing factors and kinetics of zinc leaching rate in sulfuric acid system were investigated, and the influence of various parameters on sulfidation was elucidated through orthogonal tests. The results show that the zinc in dust mainly exists in the form of zinc oxide, the leaching reaction follows a mixed control model with a 73.70 kJ/mol activation energy. Zinc leaching rate can reach 98.99% under the optimum conditions. The copper removal rate can reach 95.97% under 3.2 theoretical times of Na2S addition at pH of 2.0, with high retaining rate of Zn and Cd, achieving effectively selective separation of copper from zinc and cadmium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatilization causes measurement deviations of physicochemical properties for volatiles-containing slag at high temperature. Hence, investigating the degree of volatilization and identifying the volatilization mechanism and deviation rules are crucial to improve the accuracy of the measured properties. Here, PbO-FeOx-CaO-SiO2-ZnO slag system was selected as a research subject. The volatile characteristics and non-isothermal intrinsic kinetic models of high-temperature volatilization for lead slag were established by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the volatilization mechanism and deviation in the measured properties were determined by analyzing the phase and chemical composition of the residues. In addition, experimental measurements of the melting temperature/ viscosity were compared with theoretically calculated results. The volatilization of PbO decreased the lead-containing phase, but increased the amount of precipitated spinel phase, which led to the deviation in the measured physicochemical properties of the studied slags. The volatilization kinetics for PbO in the slags followed three-dimensional diffusion. The diffusion of PbO gas from PbO-FeOx-CaO-SiO2-ZnO slag was the restrictive step of volatile reaction, and mechanism function was g(α)=1-(1-α)1⁄3. Moreover, during the slag properties measurement at high temperatures, a high heating rate and protective gas can be used to reduce volatilization of lead slag and avoid consequent properties deviation.

Transition metal selenide (TMS) materials are potential leading anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their superior operating voltage and theoretical capacity. Herein, a simple bimetallic selenide hydrothermal strategy is used to synthesize (Ni,Co)Se2 (NCS) nanostructures by regulating with polyethylene glycol 500 (PEG-500). The material morphology assessment indicated that the prepared NCS materials exhibit a network structure formed by stacked nanoparticles. Remarkably, part of the NCS nanoparticles (marked as NCS10) grew into smooth polygonal nanosheets when 10 ml PEG-500 was added, which has presented a specific capacity of 357.7 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 A·g−1 after 100 cycles. Meanwhile, it delivered an excellent rate performance of 318.2 mAh·g−1 at 5 A·g−1. It is the synergized effect of ultrathin NCS10 polygonal nanosheets and special porous network structure formed by nanoparticles that ensure favourable structural stability for the insertion and deinsertion of Na+ during sodiation/desodiation reaction, and the superior sodium storage rate can be attributed to the pseudocapacitance contribution. The excellent electrochemical properties of NCS nanomaterials have verified that they are promising anode materials for SIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SnO2 is a theoretically excellent transformed anode material with high theoretical capacity for SIBs. However, SnO2 faces serious volume effect and high resistance, which greatly damages its electrochemical performance. Given that, the SnS−SnO2 heterostructures is constructed with special internal electric field, which is beneficial to promote the transfer ability of sodium ions. Besides, the graphene oxide (GO) modification is carried out to isolate the intrinsic materials from direct contact with electrolyte, and alleviate volume expansion of the anode, ultimately promote the electrochemical performance. Furthermore, the structure and the conductivity characteristics of SnS, SnO2, SnS−SnO2 and SnS−SnO2@ GO are simulated respectively by first principles and are compared with the correspondence experiment results to verify the accuracy of established models. Owing to the special p‐n junction in SnS−SnO2@GO heterostructures, the resistance of SnS−SnO2@GO can be reduced to 36.23 Ω, much lower than that of SnO2 (Rct=341.9 Ω). Notably, the combination of GO has effectively alleviated the volume expansion of SnS−SnO2@GO electrodes, and present excellent capacity higher than 384.7 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. Thus, the efficient synthesis of SnS−SnO2@GO heterostructure electrodes with excellent performance for sodium storage is expected to provide valuable direction for SIBs anode materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is exactly the high potential and high energy density that makes the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) an attractive material for lithium-ion battery cathode. However, the poor cycle performance of LNMO caused by John-Teller effect during the Li+ ion insertion/desertion process has been a hindrance for its practical application. Herein, the influence of M-doped (M= Cr and Co) on structure, morphology, and electrochemical performances of LiMyNi0.5-yNi1.5O4 spinel materials are deeply investigated to improve the structural stability and cycling ability. The results reveal that the cell volume and of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 are decreased with Cr3+ and Co2+ doping; the stability of structure and electrical conductivity is correspondingly improved. The state density diagrams demonstrate that Cr3+ and Co2+ cationic doping have clearly enhanced the interaction between oxygen and transition metals (Ni and Mn) and improved the transition capacity of Li+. The initial discharge specific capacities of LiCo0.12Ni0.38Mn1.5O4 and LiCr0.12Ni0.38Mn1.5O4 samples are 113.3 mAh·g−1 and 107.7 mAh·g−1 respectively at a high rate of 0.5 C, which are higher than that of pure LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Additionally, the capacity retention rates of 87.2% and 63.97% come through respectively after 50 cycles while only 59.8% for pure LNMO. The rate of LiCo0.12Ni0.38Mn1.5O4 exhibits a better stability than LiCr0.12Ni0.38Mn1.5O4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the melting process, the fundamental slag system of PbO-CaO-SiO2-FeO-ZnO was chosen based on the composition and phase of the jarosite residue and melt agent. The phase diagram of the slag system was drawn by FactSage thermodynamic software, combined with relevant slag performance measurement tests to explore the effect of changing the FeO/SiO2 ratio and CaO/SiO2 ratio on the physical and chemical properties of the slag. The results showed that if there are no more additional components in this system, the melting point gets higher with the FeO/SiO2 ratio increasing, and the melting point became lowest (1 338 °C) when the FeO/SiO2 ratio was 0.92. When the CaO/SiO2 ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.8, the melting point shows a decreasing trend, while the CaO/SiO2 ratio is 0.78, the lowest melting point appeared, and the value is 1 385 °C. The viscosity of slags with a low melting point was measured, and the results showed that when the temperature was 1 500 °C, the viscosities of all slags were less than 0.5 Pa ⋅ s. It means that the smelting requirements for fluidity could be achieved. Finally, the optimized slag adjustment scheme was proposed which is adding CaO and reducing SiO2 to a CaO/SiO2 ratio of 0.78. It is beneficial to the subsequent iron extraction after slag adjustment because the phases of slag are mainly magnetite and silicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]