Search

Uno de los problemas más graves de los cítricos son las infecciones fúngicas, que se propagan con rapidez durante los periodos de almacenamiento y transporte causando cuantiosas pérdidas económicas en poscosecha. Uno de los hongos que más afectan a estas frutas es Penicillium digitatum, que infecta el fruto exclusivamente a través de heridas en la piel y provoca una podredumbre blanda cuyo aspecto puede pasar desapercibido al ojo humano en una línea de confección, ya que en sus etapas iniciales apenas cambia el color de la fruta. Uno de los métodos empleados para detectar esta enfermedad es iluminar las frutas con luz ultravioleta (UV), ya que la enfermedad causa una fluorescencia detectable por personal entrenado.

Una delle sfide più importanti che interesserà il settore olivicolo nei prossimi anni è il cambiamento climatico, con le relative problematiche di quantità e qualità delle produzioni. L’olivicoltura, come dimostrano diversi studi, non contribuisce significativamente alla produzione di CO2, anzi ne mitiga gli effetti. Tuttavia, è vulnerabile ai danni derivanti da eventi meteo estremi, e da effetti indiretti del cambiamento climatico, come la diffusione di nuove patologie e parassiti o l’inasprimento di avversità precedentemente non rilevanti. Particolarmente indicativo è come negli ultimi anni si stiano diffondendo in maniera sempre più numerosa diverse malattie fungine, come ad esempio l’antracnosi. Questa malattia è causata da diverse specie del genere Colletotrichum, per lo più raggruppate nel complesso della specie acutatum.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis historiográfico sobre las "Nuevas Poblaciones" de Sierra Morena y Andalucía, creadas durante el reinado de Carlos III, y hacer un balance general sobre el éxito o fracaso de dicho proyecto. Aquest treball té com a objectiu realitzar una anàlisi historiogràfic sobre les "Nuevas Poblacions" de Sierra Morena i Andalusia, creades durant el regnat de Carles III, i fer un balanç general sobre l'èxit o fracàs d'aquest projecte. The aim of this work is to carry out a historiographic analysis of the "Nuevas Poblaciones" of Sierra Morena and Andalucia, created during the reign of Charles III, and to make a general balance on the success or failure of cited project.

Entendemos por agricultura de precisión el conjunto de prácticas agrícolas que se centran en áreas concretas del campo en momentos particulares del tiempo. Las prácticas de manejo agrícola tradicionales, como por ejemplo el riego o la aplicación de fertilizantes o pesticidas, habitualmente se han realizado de forma uniforme en todo el campo, sin tener en cuenta la heterogeneidad intraparcelaria, es decir, la variación natural o las diferentes necesidades que puedan existir dentro de una parcela. Los avances en nuevas tecnologías, así como el desarrollo de nuevos sensores cada vez más especializados y económicos, permiten su incorporación en el sector agrícola (Cubero et al., 2016). Uno de los principales usos y posibilidades de la agricultura de precisión es la detección temprana de plagas y enfermedades o de deficiencias nutricionales e hídricas, a partir del análisis de los datos proporcionados por los sensores sobre la energía reflejada o emitida por las plantas. Los sensores utilizados en teledetección como las cámaras multiespectrales, hiperespectrales o térmicas permiten estimar algunos parámetros relacionados con el estado del cultivo tales como escasez de agua, clorosis e incluso la deficiencia de nutrientes como nitrógeno, fósforo o potasio, debido a la relación entre los compuestos químicos y determinadas longitudes de onda donde se absorben.

A small electric field robot has been designed and built to transport proximal sensing equipment to allow the monitoring of olive trees in search of an early infection by Xylella fastidiosa. The robot is operated remotely. Two batteries allow continuous use for six hours, which allows the inspection of a field of approximately 4 ha. Due to the height of the trees, a system of elevation of the cameras has been designed so that they can be raised up to 200 cm. An encoder connected to the axis of one of the motors measures the distance travelled by the vehicle allowing the computer to trigger the cameras at programmable intervals. A series of tests have been carried out in an olive testing orchard in the region of Apulia, (southern Italy), which showed mild symptoms of Xf infection. The sensing equipment consisted of a digital SLR camera, another digital SLR camera modified to capture NDVI images and a multispectral camera capable of acquiring eight wavelengths in the region of 550 to 850 nm. The system was programmed to capture an image for each meter of the robot’s advance. In addition, a 2D LIDAR scanner was used to obtain three-dimensional (3D) structural characteristics of the trees. Preliminary tests were carried out in which the robot captured images and data with all the sensors in different atmospheric conditions (from intense sun to intense rain). The vehicle advanced in each row acquiring the images of the trees on one side and returning in the same row acquiring the images of the trees on the other side, thus obtaining information of the whole tree. These tests served to adjust all the developed software, electronics, and sensors, as well as to improve some key aspects of the robot in terms of battery life and ease of operation. In addition, the sensors worked correctly and the collected data is now serving to create different spectral and vegetative maps, which will then be compared with in situ observations and molecular analyzes of collected leaves., López S, Cubero S, Aleixos N, Alegre V, Rey B, Aguilar E, Blasco J (2018) Design of a remotely-operated field robot to detect olive trees infected with Xylella fastidiosa using proximal sensing. Book of abstracts pp. 158. XIX World Congress of the International Commission of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR). Antalya (Turquía). 22-25 Abril 2018. Comunicación oral.

A remote-controlled electric robot has been built to inspect the presence of CaLsol in horticultural crops by remote sensing. The devices used in the robot are three different DLSR cameras (one colour and other two modified for to capture NIR and BNDVI images), one thermal camera, one multispectral camera (eight bands between 550 and 850 nm) and one hyperspectral camera (400- 1000 nm). All cameras were placed facing the ground (plants). To prevent the influence of the uncontrolled natural light, the inspection area that was protected from outside light with a canvas and hence four halogen spotlights were used to light the scene. The images captured were georeferenced using a GNSS receiver (resolution of 3 cm). To guide the robot and synchronize the acquisition of images, a customized electronic board was developed using an inductive sensor coupled to the wheels of the robot. A custom software installed on an industrial computer allowed to control the acquisition of the images and the geolocation. During four seasons, monthly inspections have been carried out on several test plots of carrots in Villena (Alicante, Spain) trying to detect asymptomatic plants infected with CaLsol. Along the different seasons, the robot has received several improvements in order to increase its performance. This last year a new thermal camera has been used to solve the problems encountered in previous versions. Also, some errors have been detected and corrected in the geolocation software. Field maps with a high resolution (between 1 and 2.5 mm/pixel) have been created using vegetative indices from the spectral data. During the last trial, 50 plants were tagged to be identified in the images and collected separately to be analysed using real-time PCR. The robot has been effective in inspecting the fields and obtaining valuable remote sensing data. However, the predictive models created from the information obtained by the sensors did not allowed clear results for the early detection of the disease.

European Research on Emerging Plant Diseases. Contributions of H2020 projects POnTE and XF-ACTORS. 2nd Annual Meeting. Book of abstracts, pp. 40-41

Paper presented at theXIX World Congress of the International Commission of Agriculture andBiosystems Engineering (CIGR)