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This article argues that the current predominant interpretation of the use of Psalm 16 in the speech in Acts 2, namely the ‘proof’ from prophecy explanation, as well as the few other models which have been advanced, are unconvincing on narratival grounds. Instead, it suggests that the Psalm is primarily quoted as a rationale to explain why Jesus rose from the dead and death could not detain him – namely because of his righteousness. The article concludes by submitting that this reading sheds important new light on the meaning of the resurrection of Jesus as a divine necessity in the early kerygma in Acts.

Objective The study aims at evaluating mid-infrared human milk analyzer (HMA) accuracy and precision, in human milk (HM). Study design Röse-Gottlieb, high-performance anion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), Kjeldahl and amino acid analysis (AA) were selected as references for total fat, lactose and total protein determination. Results No significant difference was observed in lactose content between HMA and HPAEC-PAD. Significant differences were observed in fat and protein content between HMA and reference methods. However, the difference in fat content was lower than 12%, and therefore within the variability declared by supplier. For protein determination, the BCA protein assay was selected. No significant differences were observed in total protein content measured by BCA assay, Kjeldahl and AA methods. Conclusions HMA was reliable for the quantification of total fat and lactose content, but not for total protein one. The latter was measured by BCA assay, which yielded comparable results to Kjeldahl and AA methods.

Background β-Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are typically used in infant formula and adult nutritionals as a source of nondigestible oligosaccharides, which may bring beneficial effects through modulation of the gut microbiota. However, suitable methods for the determination of GOS in products with a high background of lactose do not exist. Objective The aim of this work was to develop a method suitable for the determination of GOS in infant formula and adult nutritionals and demonstrate suitability through single laboratory validation. Methods Reducing oligosaccharides are labeled with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB), separated by hydrophilic interaction LC, and determined assuming that all oligosaccharides give an equimolar response in the detector. The same sample is analyzed a second time after treatment with β-galactosidase to remove GOS. The difference in the determined oligosaccharides between the two measurements will be the GOS content of the sample. The method was validated in a single laboratory on infant formula and adult nutritionals. Results Recoveries were in the range 91.5–102%, relative standards of deviation (RSDr) were in the range 0.7–5.99%, and one sample had an RSDr of 8.30%. Except for the one sample with an RSDr of 8.30%, the performance is within the requirements outlined in the Standard Method Performance Requirements, which specifies recoveries in the range 90–110% and RSDr of below 6%. Conclusions The method is suitable for the determination of GOS in infant formula and adult nutritionals. Highlights A method has been developed which is suitable for the determination of GOS in products with a high background concentration of lactose (infant fromula and adult nutritionals). The method does not require access to the GOS ingredient used for the production of the finished product. It is also possible to separately quantify the amount of GOS containing three or more monomeric units in order to support dietary fibre analysis.

This article argues that the nuance and function given to the Barabbas pericope in Luke’s trial narrative differs signifcantly from that expressed by the other evangelists. It submits that Luke depicts Jesus’ death to be the result of a substitution between the acquitted Jesus and the insurrectionist and murderer Barabbas. Furthermore, the third evangelist has crafted his trial narrative so as to highlight the representative nature of this death, thereby developing Jesus’ narrative identity as the Messiah. It is concluded that Luke’s crafting of his trial narrative raises questions for the prevalent view that the third evangelist has not integrated the idea of substitution into his understanding of Jesus’ death.

QUALITY PROBLEM As discharge letters (DL) hold important information for healthcare professionals and especially for general practitioners, rapid and efficient finalization is required. We describe a project aiming to reduce DL submission within 8 days in our Urology Department (UD), as required by the local Hospital Board (HB). INITIAL ASSESSMENT AND CHOICE OF SOLUTION A team was built in UD with staff members and one external expert to study the root causes of delayed DL creation and develop sustainable strategies to improve and monitor the process, including habits changing, training and application of Little's Law. IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION The study started on January 2015 and ended up on March 2016, involving 908 and 616 DL for old and new process, respectively. The new process decreased the average delay of DL completion from 24.88 days to 14.7 days. Standard deviation of total average delay for DL completion fell from 10.1 days to 7.5 days. We identified four steps needed to DL creation and allowed maximum 2 days for every step completion. No additional resources were employed. LESSONS LEARNED We were able to improve the process of DL creation, by analysing its steps and reducing their variability. This can be easily transposed to other medical departments.

A handwriting examiner may be asked to infer about the author of writings on a wall. This study aimed at evaluating if conventional writings, using a pen on paper, might be compared to wall inscriptions. Thus, writing inscriptions produced by 27 volunteers were analysed and compared to their writings produced with a ballpoint pen. Significant variations were observed for some features, for example in the spacing between letters and words, slant, connections, shape and construction of some letters, as well as measured proportions of the letters “h”, “p” and “y”. The findings of this study lead the authors to strongly recommend using reference material produced in the same writing conditions to those of the questioned wall inscriptions.

This article argues that current explanations of the strange sequence in Luke 4, whereby Jesus’ hometown turns from admiration to murderous anger, fail to give a coherent reading of the narrative. It then submits that a re-examination of the meaning and function of the proverb “Physician, heal yourself!” in antiquity sheds significant light upon its use in Luke’s pericope and the fundamental issue between Jesus and his own people. Indeed, rather than reflecting the narrow-mindedness or scepticism of the inhabitants of Nazareth, the proverb should be understood as expressing Jesus’ challenge to his own.

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are the third most abundant solid component of human milk. It is likely that they are responsible for at least some of the benefits experienced by breast-fed infants. Until recently HMO were absent from infant formula, but 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and lacto-N-neoteraose (LNnT) have recently become available as ingredients. The development of formula containing these HMO and the quality control of such formula require suitable methods for the accurate determination of the HMO. We developed two different approaches for analysis of 2′-FL and LNnT in formula, high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HILIC-FLD). In lab trials using blank formula spiked with the two oligosaccharides, both approaches worked well with recoveries of 94–111% (HPAEC-PAD) and 94–104% (HILIC-FLD) and RSD (iR) of 2.1–7.9% (HPAEC-PAD) and 2.0–7.4% (HILIC-FLD). However, when applied to products produced in a pilot plant, the HPAEC-PAD approach sometimes delivered results below those expected from the addition rate of the ingredients. We hypothesize that the oligosaccharides interact with the formula matrix during the production process and, during sample preparation for HPAEC-PAD those interactions have not been broken. The conditions required for labeling the HMO for detection by the FLD apparently disrupt those interactions, and result in improved recoveries. It is likely that both analytical approaches are appropriate if a suitable extraction process is used to recover the HMO.

Two major forms of glutathione S-transferase are known in Drosophila melanogaster: GST D and GST 2. In the present paper we report the existence of a third major form of glutathione S-transferase in Drosophila simulans. Induction with phenobarbital revealed a different regulation of GST between these species. Despite the fact that these two species are closely related, there was a difference in the expression profile of the enzyme implicated in the detoxification system, suggesting variations in capacity to suit their environment.

The sensitivity of larval Culicidae to vegetable tannins was investigated in different taxa representative of the fauna from alpine hydrosystems (Aedes rusticus, Culex pipiens) and foreign noxious fauna (Aedes aegypti, A. albopictus). Bioassays reveal that tannic acid at concentrations of 0.1–6 mM is significantly more toxic for C. pipiens than for Aedes taxa, and A. aegypti is more sensitive than A. albopictus and A. rusticus. Comparison of the rank order of sensitivity among taxa with the associated levels of cytochrome P-450, esterase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities suggests that cytochrome P-450 and esterases may be involved in the detoxification of tannins. A possible involvement of these detoxifying enzymes is also revealed in vivo by the synergistic effects of S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (esterase inhibitor) and piperonyl butoxide (P-450 inhibitor). The differential sensitivity to tannins among taxa is discussed in terms of ecological implications within mosquito communities from alpine hydrosystems, where the acquisition of tannins–detoxifying enzymatic systems may be considered as a key innovation.

Pyrethroid resistance was investigated in thirty-three samples of Culex quinquefasciatus Say from twenty-five cities in Cote d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso. Permethrin resistance ratios at LC50 ranged from 9.5- to 82-fold in Cote d'Ivoire and from 17- to 49-fold in Burkina Faso. For deltamethrin, resistance ratios were lower and ranged from nine to thirty-eight in both countries. A strain was selected with permethrin to investigate resistance mechanisms. After forty-two generations of selection, permethrin resistance level reached 3750-fold, but deltamethrin resistance remained unexpectedly unchanged. This indicated that a specific mechanism was involved in permethrin resistance. Synergist assays and biochemical tests indicated that resistance was partly due to P450-dependent oxidases. A target site insensitivity (kdr) was also involved, associated with DDT cross resistance and a dramatic loss of permethrin knockdown effect on adults. This resistance should be taken into consideration when planning the use of pyrethroid-impregnated materials in urban areas, as Culex is by far the main source of nuisance. Any failure in nuisance control due to resistance is likely to demotivate people in using impregnated materials.

We analysed Drosophila melanogaster cytochrome P450s (P450) through the measurements of four enzymatic activities: ethoxycoumarin- O -deethylase, ethoxyresorufin- O -deethylase, lauric acid hydroxylation, and testosterone hydroxylation. We did these measurements in two Drosophila strains: one is susceptible to insecticides (Canton S ) and the other is resistant to insecticides by enhanced P450 activities (RDDT R ). In addition, we also treated the flies with eight chemicals ( β -naphtoflavone, benzo- α -pyrene, 3-methylcholanthrene, phenobarbital, aminopyrine, rifampicin, prochloraz, and clofibrate) known to induce genes from the families CYP1 , CYP2 , CYP3 , CYP4 , and CYP6 . Metabolisation of all the substrates by P450 from flies microsomes was observed. The chemicals had different effects on these activities, ranging from induction to inhibition. The effects of these chemicals varied with the strains as most of them were ineffective on the RDDT R strain. The results showed that P450-dependent activities are numerous in Drosophila . Regulation features of these activities are complex. The availability of mutant strains as RDDT R should allow fundamental studies of P450 in insects.

The resistance to deltamethrin was evaluated in diapausing larvae of 14 field populations of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) From the main French orchard areas using biological assays. Resistance to deltamethrin was compared to mixed-function-oxidase (mfo) activity measured at the individual level through ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD) activity using a fluorescence microplate reader. The larvae were collected in corrugated paper band traps in the autumn of 1995. Analysis was previously performed on two laboratory strains, one susceptible and one resistant to deltamethrin, in order to characterize the changes in resistance during diapause development. Resistance to deltamethrin as well as the ECOD activity were stable during the diapause, and ECOD activity was always significantly lower in the susceptible strain than in the resistant one. The ECOD activity was significantly correlated to the frequency of resistant moths in the field populations. This strongly suggested the involvement of the mfo system in the resistance to deltamethrin in these populations. The intra-strain variabilities in ECOD activity of both laboratory and field resistant insects indicated that other resistance mechanisms might also be involved. Further investigations on these mechanisms are needed in order to develop complete diagnostic methods and to define suitable control strategies against each resistant population. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 39:55–64, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Studies were conducted between 1993 and 1996 using 3 natural grape vine populations, 1 susceptible laboratory strain, and 1 resistant selected strain of Drosophila melanogaster L. In vitro monooxygenase activity (ethoxycoumarine-O-deethylation) (ECOD) was recorded from microsomal fractions of all strains. Results varied over a 6-fold range between susceptible laboratory Canton and resistant selected RDDT strains and over a 2-fold range between the Canton strain and natural populations of flies. Few significant variations of ECOD activity were detected among the natural populations despite many insecticide treatments, but activities were significantly correlated with toxicological tolerance to 5 of the 15 insecticides (deltamethrin, fipronil, chlorpyriphos ethyl, DDT, and diazinon). Moreover, immunoblotting responses of microsomal protein encoded by Cyp6A2 showed that the levels of expression were quantitatively correlated with toxicological tolerance to almost the same group of insecticides (deltamethrin, fipronil, chlorpyriphos ethyl, DDT, fenvalerate, and fenthion). However, the level of CYP6A2 expression in some natural strains (still weakly resistant) was almost comparable with one of the resistant strains. In vivo monooxygenase activity recorded in individual abdomens of flies showed that frequency distributions of ECOD activity in natural populations overlapped those of the resistant and laboratory strains, which were much narrower. Substantial and fast frequency changes (of the narrowness) that obtained in laboratory were related to either the time of rearing of 1 of the natural populations or selecting this population with an insecticide that has a toxicology correlated with both of the monooxygenase signs measured. Perspectives on using the CYP6A2 expression and ECOD activity for detecting a resistance mechanism by cytochrome P450 in field populations are discussed.

The pathways for deltamethrin detoxification were studied in fifth instar larvae of two resistant strains of Cydia pomonella obtained by mass selection (with deltamethrin (Rv) or diflubenzuron (Rt)) of resistant field populations from southeastern France. Compared to a laboratory susceptible strain (S), these strains exhibited respectively a 3170- and 1600-fold resistance ratio to topically applied deltamethrin. The esterase inhibitor S,S,S -tributyl phosphorotrithioate synergized deltamethrin in both resistant and susceptible strains, whereas the mixed-function oxidase (mfo) inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergized deltamethrin only in R strains (Rv and Rt). The two inhibitors together totally overcame the deltamethrin resistance of Rv and Rt strains. While ethoxycoumarin deethylase activities, measured at individual level in microtitration plates, were higher in R strains than with S, those of glutathione S -transferases showed little difference and those of esterase showed no difference. Moreover, the involvement of mfo in the resistance to deltamethrin was confirmed by in vivo metabolization of [ 14 C] deltamethrin by guts of fifth instar larvae. Metabolites resulting from the ester bond hydrolysis, such as phenocyanol and PBald, were common to S and R strains. The mfo-dependent hydroxylated derivatives ( t or c -CHO- t -deltamethrin, 4′ or 5-HO-deltamethrin and 4′ or 5-HO-PB-acid) were generated only in Rv and Rt strains and were inhibited by PBO. These results may provide the basis for further studies in genetic of resistance in C. pomonella.

Variation in seed production and its components was investigated between and within four cultivars of the pasture grass Setaria sphacelata, in two experiments over two years, as a basis for future cultivar improvement. The study sought to determine the basis for the considerable differences in seed production of the four cultivars Nandi, Narok, Solander and Kazungula, to determine the extent of genetic variation in the four cultivars in attributes which contribute to seed yield, and to investigate genotypic consistency in seed production over years and seasons. Each experiment comprised 50 genotypes of each cultivar. In the first experiment, plants were harvested a set number of days after median flowering date whereas in the second experiment, which was unreplicated, each genotype was harvested a set number of days after it had flowered. In the first experiment, seed yields were generally highest for Kazungula, lowest for Narok and intermediate for Nandi and Solander. All measured attributes contributing to seed yield exhibited a high order of variation between and within cultivars, but the basis for the large difference in seed yield per plant between cultivars was tiller fertility rather that total tiller number. Averaged over the four harvests, there was a six fold to > 100–fold intra-cultivar genetic range in seed production, associated with differences in tiller fertility, which were associated with differences in date of first flowering. Broad sense heritability for seed yield averaged 0.68 for the four cultivars and showed little change over the four harvests. Genotypes which produced high seed yields in summer were also more productive of seed in autumn and the 0ore productive genotypes in the first year were also more productive in the second year. Cultivars differed in the relative importance of factors which contributed to the high seed yield of high-yielding genotypes. In the second experiment, genotypes with a high seed yield also generally had the highest tiller fertility, even though all genotypes were harvested the same number of days after first flowering. Within-cultivar correlations in seed yield between the two experiments were generally significant and the elite 20% of genotypes from this experiment had 1.2–2.9 times the seed yield of the same genotypes with a very different harvesting regime in the first experiment. It is concluded that opportunities exist in all four cultivars for improvement in seed production and that the selection criterion offering the best opportunity for advance would be fertile tiller number. In Narok, Solander and Nandi, this would result in increased tiller fertility, whereas in Kazungula, it would result in an increase in total tiller number.

Using [ 14 C]diazinon, it was found that four molecules accounted for most of the metabolites after in vitro or in vivo incubation with Drosophila melanogaster. RalDDT R , an insecticide-resistant strain of Drosophila, produced higher amounts of each metabolite than Canton S , a susceptible strain. However, the degradative metabolic pathway giving hydroxydiazinon and pyrimidine was twofold faster than the activating metabolic pathway giving hydroxydiazoxon and diazoxon. Clofibrate and phenobarbital increased the metabolism of diazinon in induced, susceptible flies. Phenobarbital was more potent than clofibrate in stimulating the hydroxylation of diazinon. Kinetic analysis of in vivo inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase by diazinon or hydroxydiazinon demonstrated that degradation of diazinon, especially in RalDDT R , was delayed compared to the degradation of hydroxydiazinon. Varying levels of diazinon tolerance among Drosophila strains may be explained by differential metabolic pathways. The most conclusive result was a strong interaction between tolerance and the rate of formation of hydroxylated derivatives.

Resistance of a laboratory selected DDT strain of Drosophila melanogaster (RalDDT R ) has been found to be monofactorial and correlated to an increased level of activity of the cytochrome P450-dependent mixed function oxidase (MFO). Both strains metabolize DDT and deltamethrin via MFO activity. However, the resistant strain does it more rapidly. The amount of DDT metabolites, including kelthane, bis-4-chlorophenyl acid, bis-4-chlorophenyl-ethanol, and 1,1-bis ( p -chlorophenyl)2,2-dichloroethane, is approximately 9-fold greater with RalDDT R microsomes than with the wild-type strain Raleigh (Ral). Production of deltamethrin metabolites is 2.7-fold higher within the resistant strain. As compared to insecticides, lauric acid and the two steroids used as substrates in this study present many more sites for MFO metabolic action. Lauric acid is hydroxylated on positions 11 and 12 by both strains, but the amount of metabolites formed is 10-fold higher with RalDDT R microsomes. The 2,22-dideoxyecdysone is converted to two polar metabolites when incubated with RalDDT R microsomal preparations. These unidentified metabolites are neither 2-deoxyecdysone nor ecdysone. Also reported for the first time is the metabolization of testosterone by insect microsomes, which gives 13 oxiderivatives formed at different rates, depending on the strains.

The larvicidal properties of the dietary leaf litter originating from the vegetation surrounding the subalpine mosquito breeding sites were investigated by using 10-month decomposed alder leaf litter against different field collections of culicine taxa of various ecological origin (Aedes cantans, Aedes caspius, Aedes cataphylla, Aedes detritus, Aedes punctor, Aedes pullatus, Aedes rusticus, Anopheles claviger, Culex hortensis, Culex pipiens, Culiseta morsitans). Larvae originating from sites with polyphenol-poor vegetation appeared more sensitive to ingested leaf litter than those originating from sites with polyphenol-rich vegetation. Within a given taxon (e.g., A. rusticus, A. cataphylla, C. hortensis), the overall levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and esterase activities appeared higher in larvae able to feed on leaf litter than in pupae and adults unable to feed on leaf litter. This suggests the involvement of these enzymes in the detoxification mechanisms responsible for larval tolerance to polyphenols of the dietary leaf litter. Such a tolerance of the larval stage thus appears as fundamental in the ecotoxicological adaptation of mosquito taxa to the polyphenolic profiles of the riparian vegetation.

International audience; The larvicidal properties of the dietary leaf litter originating from the vegetation surrounding the subalpine mosquito breeding sites were investigated by using 10-month decomposed alder leaf litter against different field collections of culicine taxa of various ecological origin (Aedes cantans, Aedes caspius, Aedes cataphylla, Aedes detritus, Aedes punctor, Aedes pullatus, Aedes rusticus, Anopheles claviger, Culex hortensis, Culex pipiens, Culiseta morsitans). Larvae originating from Sites With polyphenol-poor vegetation appeared more sensitive to ingested leaf litter than those originating from sites with polyphenol-rich vegetation. Within a given taxon (e.g.. A. rusticus, A. cataphylla, C. hortensis), the overall levels of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and esterase activities appeared higher in larvae able to feed on leaf litter than in pupae and adults unable to feed on leaf litter. This suggests the involvement of these enzymes in the detoxification mechanisms responsible for larval tolerance to polyphenols of the dietary leaf litter. Such a tolerance of the larval stage thus appears as fundamental in the ecotoxicological adaptation of mosquito taxa to the polyphenolic profiles of the riparian vegetation.

Specific resistance to malathion in a strain of Tribolium castaneum is due to a 44-fold increase in malathion carboxylesterase (MCE) activity relative to a susceptible strain, whereas non-specific esterase levels are slightly lower. Unlike the overproduced esterase of some mosquito and aphid species, MCE in Tribolium castaneum accounts for only a small fraction (0.033-0.045%) of the total extractable protein respectively in resistant and susceptible strains. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity from these two strains and has a similar molecular weight of 62,000. However, preparative isoelectricfocusing indicated that resistant insects possess one MCE with pI of 7.3, while susceptible insects possess a MCE with a pI of 6.6. Purified MCE from both populations had different K(m) and V(m) values for hydrolysis of malathion as well as for alpha-naphthyl acetate. The kinetic analysis suggests that MCE of resistant insects hydrolyses malathion faster than the purified carboxylesterase from susceptible beetles and that this enzyme has greater affinity for malathion than for naphthyl esters. Malathion-specific resistance is due to the presence of a qualitatively different esterase in the resistant strain.