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Redaktionens utgångspunkt är att det här temanumret – ”I pandemins spår. Socialvetenskapliga perspektiv på covid-19” – från Socialvetenskaplig tidskrift kan utgöra ett bidrag till förståelsen av hur pandemin har hanterats inom olika sociala verksamheter och framför allt de sociala konsekvenserna som den specifika hanteringen har haft i det svenska samhället.

The aim of this paper is to explore what disruptions in information technology implies for the local social services in Sweden. Direct consequences of disruptions for documentation and communications will be in focus. The aim is also to contribute to a theoretical underpinned understanding of the events during disruptions in information technology. By building on Luhmann’s perspective, the local social services is introduced as a functional system and the events can consequently be related to the system’s continuity of services in spite of disruptions.The material originate from four scenario-based analysis performed by staff in local social services within the framework of risk- and vulnerability analysis in four Swedish municipalities. The scenario outlines a disruption in information technology lasting 2-6 weeks. The material consists of the compilation of what staffs’ assessments of direct consequences as well as organisational and staffs’ responses to the situations.The findings start of by describing the direct consequences such as non-accessible computers (hence inaccessible operational systems and files) telephones and alarms. The findings suggest that technological disruptions are challenging for social services as a functional system. However, the disruption seems not to lead to corresponding disruptions of social service. The functions are upheld thru adjustments made possible by functional equivalence and accessible redundancy. In this regard, it is the staff that parallel to technical adjustments do interactive adjustments, partly at the cost of their working environment. I call this social redundancy to underline how technology are replaced by social interaction. The findings suggests that information security is an area in need for improvement and strengthened structural coupling (in Luhmann’s sense) so as to emphasize the social services perspectives at the technologies in use and consequences of disruptions.

This article takes as its starting point the fact that documentation as well as communication within the social services are to a great extent dependent on IT. Against that backdrop, an investigation is presented whose aim is to contribute to knowledge about what IT failures can mean within the social services. The focus is on the immediate consequences for the documentation and communication of the social services. The aim is also to contribute to the understanding of how the course of events relates to the maintenance of social work despite interruptions. Systems theory provides an overarching theoretical framework. Based on that approach, social work is seen as a societal functional system aiming at the administration of exclusion. The study is based on empirical material consisting of assessments of the consequences of failures, as formulated by social services staff in risk and vulnerability analyses conducted within the framework of the investigation. The results include descriptions of consequences that arise as a result of inaccessible operative systems but also as a result of, for example, the disruption of VoIP telephony. Further, the results describe concrete adaptations and suggestions for possible changes that potentially reduce the vulnerability entailed by IT dependency. The conclusion is that the IT failure does not lead to a corresponding failure of social work as a functional system, despite technical dependencies. The system is maintained through adaptations, which are possible thanks to functional equivalence (that is, a goal may be reached in several ways) and available redundancy. It is the staff that, besides a number of technical adaptations, make concrete organizational and social adaptations, to some degree at the expense of their working environment. This is called social redundancy in order to highlight how lost technology is replaced by social processes.

I detta kunskapsunderlag presenteras Sorsamodellen. Modellen sätter kommunala risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser i centrum. Sociala risker uppmärksammas särskilt. Sorsamodellen åskådliggörs i form av en processkarta. I den illustreras processer, aktiviteter och rutiner. Den ger också illustrerande exempel hämtade från kommuner.Sorsamodellen tar sin utgångspunkt i att socialtjänstens bedömningar av risker och deras eventuella konsekvenser är värdefulla bidrag i analyserna. Den erbjuder ett stöd för att säkerställa socialtjänstens delaktighet i risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser och andra aktiviteter som underbygger den kommunala krisberedskapen. Egennyttan för socialtjänsten är att den får tillfälle att utveckla den egna verksamhetens krisberedskap.Rapporten riktar sig till de som arbetar med krisberedskap och socialtjänst, inom offentlig och privat sektor men även till den socialtjänsten samverkar med inom och utom den egna kommunen.

This report is a product of The Nordic Welfare Watch research project. It was carried out during the Icelandic Presidency Program in the Nordic Council of Ministers 2014-­‐2017 and was funded by the Council. The Nordic Welfare Watch aimed at promoting and strengthening the sustainability of Nordic welfare systems through cooperation, research and mutual exchange of acquired experience and knowledge. A further objective was to provide means and recommendations useful for policy making, to better prepare Welfare systems to meet future challenges.

The project focused on the emergency management systems in the five Nordic countries. It investigated whether local social services have a formal role in the contingency planning of the systems. The project was part of The Nordic Welfare Watch research project during the Icelandic Presidency Program in the Nordic Council of Ministers 2014-2016. The council financed the project.The main findings show that Finland, Norway and Sweden specifically address the role of social services in times of disaster in their legal frameworks on emergency management. Finland and Norway also address the role in the law on social services. In Sweden, the role is more implicit as the social service act applies regardless of circumstances. All countries expect all authorities to make a contingency plan. This means that even if the law in Denmark and Iceland does not address the roles of social services, the services are legally obligated to make contingency plans. Furthermore, Finland, Norway and Sweden have prepared special guidelines on contingency planning for social services.In recent years the Nordic countries have all faced disasters due to natural, technical and man-made hazards. The frequency of such disasters is on the rise according to forecasts. In order to enhance resilience and preparedness of those most vulnerable in disasters, the involvement of local social services in the emergency management system is of vital importance. The literature shows how social services can enhance social and human investment, the citizen’s economic participation and political empowerment. Furthermore, the literature shows that the co-operation between social services and the voluntary sector during the emergency and recovery phases is crucial, and the Red Cross is usually the largest voluntary organization providing social services during disasters in all the countries.The following recommendations build on the results of the project. Their purpose is to make the Nordic Welfare States more resilient and better prepared for future challenges.• There is a need to share knowledge on how to increase the involvement of social services in all phases of emergency management. The guidelines for social services' contingency planning and their plans should be shared across the Nordic countries and among various actors on the state, regional and local levels. This task could also be implemented under the umbrella of the Svalbard Group.• There is a need to make the role of social services known in the emergency management systems, so that the relevant parties can activate the full potential of social services in all phases of the disaster cycle. It is likewise important to inform the social services of emergency management law and organization in order to facilitate effective co-operation in the event of disaster.• It is important to address the role of emergency management in the education of social workers and social carers and enhance disaster research in the social sciences.• It is important to create opportunities for the social services to prepare for future disasters. It is also important to include the social services in emergency management exercises. The exercises might also be extended in scope in order to cover all phases of disasters. Nordic countries could share exercise scenarios involving tasks for the social sector and make use of scenarios already developed.• The Nordic Council of Ministers and the Nordic Welfare Center (NVC) should address social sector preparedness issues. Social sector preparedness cooperation should be enhanced under the umbrella of the Nordic Council of Ministers (Svalbard Group) and collaborate closely with the Haga-process. Such high-level co-operation enhances regional and local level co-operation.

Bakgrund God hälsa är en förutsättning för en inkluderande och effektiv etablering av nyanlända flyktingar i Sverige. En migrationsprocess föranledd av flykt utgör en belastande livserfarenhet. Kännedom om hur tiden innan och efter flykten påverkar hälsan, och det allmänna hälsotillståndet i nära anslutning till flykten, utgör viktig kunskap för beslutsfattare. Denna kunskap utgör en central grund för att kunna behovsanpassa etableringsinsatser för nyanlända flyktingar. Syfte Syftet med kartläggningen är att ge en väl underbyggd bild av hälsoläget bland nyanlända flyktingar som omfattas av etableringslagstiftningen. Material och metod Studien vänder sig till alla vuxna nyanlända flyktingar med modersmålen arabiska, dari, pashto eller somaliska. Ett mätinstrument, i det här fallet en enkät, utvecklades på respektive språk och omfattar bland annat självrapporterad hälsa, förändring i hälsa, sjukdomar, läkemedel, bakgrundsfaktorer, livsstilsfaktorer, sociala bestämningsfaktorer, sömn- och välbefinnande, tandhälsa, smittsamma sexuella sjukdomar och preventivmedel samt hälsolitteracitet. Enkätutdelningen påbörjades den 13 februari 2015 och avslutades den 12 februari 2016. Studien bygger på frivilligt deltagande och anonymitet. Totalt besvarades 681 enkäter (svarsfrekvens 39,5 %) varav 93,7 % på arabiska och 6,3 % på dari. 69,3 % av respondenterna var män. Enkäter på pashto och somaliska har inte delats ut eftersom det 10 vid tiden för datainsamlingsperioden inte funnits grupper på dessa språk inom samhälls- och hälsokommunikationen. Majoriteten av respondenterna var födda i Syrien (75,6 %) följt av Irak (4,1 %) och Afghanistan (3,1 %). Konklusion De flesta nyanlända som besvarat enkäten har långsiktiga planer på att stanna i Sverige och ser ljust eller mycket ljust på framtiden. Det rådande hälsotillståndet bland respondenterna verkar utgöra en god utgångspunkt för en effektiv etablering. Självrapporterad hälsa, hälsobesvär och använda läkemedel är någorlunda i linje med den övriga befolkningen. Oroväckande livsstilsfaktorer för framtida sjukdom är övervikt och fetma samt fysisk inaktivitet och rökning. Bekymmersamma sociala faktorer är trångboddhet, osäker boendesituation, låg tillit och lågt förtroende för samhällsinstitutioner såsom sjukvården och tolkar. Flertalet har varit utsatta för allvarliga hot om våld innan flykten och nästan hälften lider av dålig psykisk hälsa. Var tionde ser mörkt eller mycket mörkt på framtiden. Var femte sover ganska eller mycket dåligt och varannan har dålig eller mycket dålig tandhälsa. Ekonomisk stress verkar inte utgöra en riskfaktor men väldigt få har en kontantmarginal att klara en oförutsedd situation. Var femte har hälsoproblem som hindrar ett aktivt jobbsökande. Otillfredsställda vårdbehov eller bristfällig kunskap om vården är vanligt förekommande. Att läsa och förstå skriftlig hälsoinformation är problematisk och bristande för många nyanlända. Det är viktigt att uppmärksamma att föreliggande resultat främst gäller arabisktalande nyanlända med högre utbildningsnivå. Alla resultat och konklusioner bör också sättas i förhållande till den situation de nyanlända befinner sig i. Upplevelse av en underordnad situation i mötet med myndigheter tillsammans med viljan och behovet till etablering och självförsörjning kan eventuellt i vissa fall ha lett till en överskattning av den egna hälsorelaterade förmågan.

The project focused on the emergency management systems in the five Nordic countries. It investigated whether local social services have a formal role in the contingency planning of the systems. The project was part of The Nordic Welfare Watch research project during the Icelandic Presidency Program in the Nordic Council of Ministers 2014-2016. The council financed the project.The main findings show that Finland, Norway and Sweden specifically address the role of social services in times of disaster in their legal frameworks on emergency management. Finland and Norway also address the role in the law on social services. In Sweden, the role is more implicit as the social service act applies regardless of circumstances. All countries expect all authorities to make a contingency plan. This means that even if the law in Denmark and Iceland does not address the roles of social services, the services are legally obligated to make contingency plans. Furthermore, Finland, Norway and Sweden have prepared special guidelines on contingency planning for social services.In recent years the Nordic countries have all faced disasters due to natural, technical and man-made hazards. The frequency of such disasters is on the rise according to forecasts. In order to enhance resilience and preparedness of those most vulnerable in disasters, the involvement of local social services in the emergency management system is of vital importance. The literature shows how social services can enhance social and human investment, the citizen’s economic participation and political empowerment. Furthermore, the literature shows that the co-operation between social services and the voluntary sector during the emergency and recovery phases is crucial, and the Red Cross is usually the largest voluntary organization providing social services during disasters in all the countries.The following recommendations build on the results of the project. Their purpose is to make the Nordic Welfare States more resilient and better prepared for future challenges.- There is a need to share knowledge on how to increase the involvement of social services in all phases of emergency management. The guidelines for social services' contingency planning and their plans should be shared across the Nordic countries and among various actors on the state, regional and local levels. This task could also be implemented under the umbrella of the Svalbard Group.- There is a need to make the role of social services known in the emergency management systems, so that the relevant parties can activate the full potential of social services in all phases of the disaster cycle. It is likewise important to inform the social services of emergency management law and organization in order to facilitate effective co-operation in the event of disaster.- It is important to address the role of emergency management in the education of social workers and social carers and enhance disaster research in the social sciences.- It is important to create opportunities for the social services to prepare for future disasters. It is also important to include the social services in emergency management exercises. The exercises might also be extended in scope in order to cover all phases of disasters. Nordic countries could share exercise scenarios involving tasks for the social sector and make use of scenarios already developed.- The Nordic Council of Ministers and the Nordic Welfare Center (NVC) should address social sector preparedness issues. Social sector preparedness cooperation should be enhanced under the umbrella of the Nordic Council of Ministers (Svalbard Group) and collaborate closely with the Haga-process. Such high-level co-operation enhances regional and local level co-operation.