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Lactose is typically produced via cooling crystallization either from whey or whey permeate (edible grade) or from aqueous solution (pharmaceutical grade). While in solution, lactose is present in 2 anomeric forms, α- and β-lactose. During cooling crystallization under standard process conditions, only α-lactose crystallizes, depleting the solution of α-anomer. In practice, mutarotation kinetics are often assumed to be much faster than crystallization. However, some literature reports limitation of crystallization by mutarotation. In the present research, we investigate the influence of operating conditions on mutarotation in lactose crystallization and explore the existence of an operation regimen where mutarotation can be disregarded in the crystallization process. Therefore, we study crystallization from aqueous lactose solutions by inline monitoring of concentrations of α- and β-lactose via attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform spectroscopy. By implementing a linear cooling profile of 9 K/h to a minimum temperature of 10°C, we measured a remarkable increase in β/α ratio, reaching a maximum of 2.19. This ratio exceeds the equilibrium level by 36%. However, when the same cooling profile was applied to a minimum temperature of 25°C, the deviation was significantly lower, with a maximum β/α ratio of 1.72, representing only an 8% deviation from equilibrium. We also performed a theoretical assessment of the influence of process parameters on crystallization kinetics. We conclude that mutarotation needs to be taken into consideration for efficient crystallization control if the crystal surface area and supersaturation are sufficiently high., (The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. and Fass Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

Delactosed whey permeate is the mother liquor/by-product of lactose manufacture, but it still contains around 20 wt% lactose. The high mineral content, stickiness, and hygroscopic behavior prevent further recovery of lactose in the manufacturing process. Therefore, its use is currently limited to low-value applications such as cattle feed, and more often it is seen as waste. This study investigates a new separation technique operating at sub-zero conditions. At low temperature, precipitation of calcium phosphate is expected to be reduced and the lower solubility at sub-zero temperature makes it possible to recover a large portion of the lactose. We found that lactose could be crystallized at sub-zero conditions. The crystals had a tomahawk morphology and an average size of 23 and 31 µm. In the first 24 h, the amount of calcium phosphate precipitated was limited, whereas the lactose concentration was already close to saturation. The overall rate of crystallization was increased compared with the crystals recovered from a pure lactose solution. Mutarotation was rate limiting in the pure system but it did not limit the crystallization of lactose from delactosed whey permeate. This resulted in faster crystallization; after 24 h the yield was 85%., (The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. and Fass Inc. on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association®. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

The CTL immune response mediated by MHC I plays an important role in duck anti-TMUV infection. This study reports the expression, purification and crystallization of a complex of duck MHC class I molecules Anpl-UAA*SD, duck β2-microglobulin (Anpl-β2m) and the polypeptide LRKRQLTVL (LRK9) derived from Tembusu virus (TMUV) NS3. The crystal diffraction resolution is 1.50 Å and belongs to the P6 2 space group, and the unit cell parameters are a = 82.468, b = 82.468, c = 112.507. The Matthew's constant is calculated to be 2.32 Å 3  Da -1 , and an asymmetric unit contains a complex molecule with a solvent content of 47%. The research lays the foundation for the structure of immune molecules about duck anti-TMUV research., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To evaluate and compare three tear sampling methods using two grading scales for administering the tear ferning test (TFT) to healthy dogs., Methods: In total, 90 dogs (180 eyes) were subjected to tear sampling using millimetered strips, reused after the Schirmer tear test (STT) (Schirmer group, SG). Then, the dogs were subdivided into three groups according to sampling approach: micropipette (MPG), microcapillary (MCG), and Schirmer sample 2 (S2G). The collected tears were dried on a clean microscope glass slide at room temperature and humidity. The ferning patterns were observed under a polarized light microscope and classified according to the Rolando and Masmali grading scales., Results: Although all three methods were feasible, the STT was easier to perform in clinical settings. Type I and Grade 1 were the most commonly observed (64.17% and 61.7%, respectively) regardless of collection method. There was no significant difference between the STT median values and the TFT classifications., Conclusions: The TFT is appropriate for dogs and can be performed using the three suggested sampling methods, with a higher frequency of Type I and Grade 1. Thus, it is possible to use both grading scales in the classification of tear ferning in dogs., (© 2017 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Estrus detection is a major problem in buffalo husbandry because of inconsistent expression of estrous signs at different seasons, and a high prevalence of the silent heat and postpartum anestrus in this species. Around 50% of the estrus events in buffaloes are currently undetected in the field conditions, resulting in a huge economic loss. Although the cervicovaginal fluid fern patterns confirm the estrus for a breeding decision, the fluid discharge is absent during the silent-heat condition. Therefore, the present study focused on the crystallization patterns of the saliva as an alternative method for estrus detection in buffaloes. Saliva is a body fluid available regularly, and its ferning ability before ovulation was established in women. In this study, eight female nonpregnant Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) were considered during two experimental periods of 3 months each. One period was in summer with five animals, and another period was in rainy season with three animals. Estrus was determined by the estrus symptoms, ovarian ultrasonography, and salivary estradiol (E2) to progesterone (P4) ratio. A total of 450 saliva samples were collected from these animals on the daily basis. The salivary smear was prepared with 20 μL of the cell-free saliva on a clean glass slide, and its microscopic images were captured at a magnification of × 200. The images were used for fractal analysis as the salivary crystallization or fern patterns follow the fractal geometry. Saliva at estrus showed a typical symmetrical fern-like crystallization patterns with significantly (P < 0.05) lower fractal dimension values. Salivary estradiol levels and E2/P4 ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) higher at the estrus stage than those at the diestrus stage. An average period of an estrous cycle was 21.7 ± 2.7 days (n = 18 estrous cycles) in buffaloes on the basis of distinct salivary crystallization patterns. The proportion of estrus detection by the salivary fern patterns was very significantly (P < 0.01) higher (0.84) than the proportion of estrus detection (0.5) in the field conditions. Altogether, salivary fern patterns along with the current methods can help reduce estrus detection problem in buffaloes., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate urine variables in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)., Design: Evaluation study., Sample: Urine samples from 41 chinchillas., Procedures: Voided urine samples were collected from clinically normal chinchillas that were exhibited during a breeder exposition. Urinalysis was performed within 1 hour after collection. Urine specific gravity (USG) was measured before and after centrifugation with a handheld veterinary refractometer. Urine dipstick analysis and microscopic sedimentation examination were performed on all samples. Additionally, a urine sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation test and quantitative protein analysis were performed on samples with sufficient volume., Results: 17 of 41 (41%) samples had a USG ≥ 1.050, and USG ranged from 1.014 to > 1.060. The USG before centrifugation did not differ significantly from that after centrifugation. Protein was detected in all urine samples on dipstick analysis. The SSA precipitation test yielded negative results for all samples tested. Results of the quantitative protein analyses were not correlated with the results of the dipstick analyses or SSA tests. The recorded pH for all samples was 8.5, which was the upper limit of detection for the reagent strip. Glucose and ketones were detected in 5 and 6 samples, respectively. Crystals were observed in 28 of 41 (68%) samples; 27 of those samples contained amorphous crystals., Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Urinalysis results for clinically normal chinchillas were provided. For chinchilla urine samples, measurement of USG by refractometry prior to centrifugation is acceptable and protein concentration should be determined by quantitative protein analysis rather than dipstick analysis or the SSA test.

Closely related mineral-producing organisms share common biomineralisation processes. We demonstrate that, in cases of disparate mineral structures where crystal growth mechanisms are necessarily diverse, nucleation processes are the common underlying mechanism during shell formation. Detailed crystallography in the context of shell microstructure in two morphologically distinct calcite brachiopods indicates that, despite differences in shell growth and fabric, at the centre of growth, calcite crystals nucleate with the c-axis 0001 parallel to the shell surface. Such detailed contextual crystallography of biomineralisation using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) will have significant applications for future research in biological and medical sciences.

The identity of the maturation-inducing steroid (MIS) in black porgy, Acanthopagrus schlegeli, a marine protandrous teleost, is unknown. Previous studies demonstrated that two teleost MISs, the progestins 17,20beta,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20beta-S) and 17,20beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) can induce maturation of black porgy oocytes in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to identify the major progestin produced during oocyte maturation (OM) in black porgy and investigate whether its secretion increases during this process. Females were injected twice with a LHRH analog to induce OM. Ovarian follicles undergoing OM were incubated in vitro with tritiated [3H]pregnenolone precursor and the tritiated products were extracted, purified, and identified by HPLC, TLC, acetylation, and recrystallization. Significant amounts of tritiated products were biosynthesized from [3H]pregnenolone that co-migrated with 20beta-S but not with DHP on HPLC and TLC. Similar TLC profiles were obtained with the tritiated products isolated from the HPLC/TLC 20beta-S fraction and standard 20beta-S after the acetylation reaction. The identity of the tritiated products as 20beta-S was confirmed by recrystallization. 20beta-S had a slightly higher potency than DHP in the inducing in vitro final oocyte maturation. Plasma 20beta-S concentrations increased significantly during the oocyte maturation after injection with a LHRH analog. The present data suggest that 20beta-S is the MIS in black porgy.