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53. Cryptops hortensis pseudopunctatus Verhoeff, 190��1 Verhoeff 1901: 431 (as Cr. hortensis var. pseudopunctatus mihi.) Type locality and specimens. In Bosnien nicht selten [not rare in Bosnia.]. Dimensions. No data available. Type material. Syntyes 2 (ZMH-A0000667, ZMH-A0009232). BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: Herzegovina (region) [ca. 43��29���N, 17��49���E]. Preservation. 1 jar: Label 1. Crypt. horte. var. pseudopun . (pencil, handwriting); Label 2. Cryptops hortensis var. pseudopunctuatus Verh. Herzegowina, K.W. Verhoeff leg. vend. 6.III.1901. Old type catalogue. Weidner (1960), p. 67, No. 42. Paratypes 2. Type status. Weidner (1960: 67���68) listed 2 paratypes but we interprete these as syntypes because additional specimens are likely present in other collections. Collection remarks. The specimens were collected by Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff and he writes ��� in Bosnien nicht selten ��� (in Bosnia not rare) but does not provide additional data. Additional remarks. The specimens were purchased by the ZMH from the type series (Weidner 1960: 67). Current systematic position. Cryptops (Cryptops) hortensis pseudopunctatus Verhoeff, 1901., Published as part of Thofern, Detlef, Dup��rr��, Nadine & Harms, Danilo, 2021, An annotated type catalogue of the centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg, pp. 1-103 in Zootaxa 4977 (1) on page 41, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4977.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4819677, {"references":["Verhoeff, K. W. (1901) Beitrage zur Kenntnis palaarktischer Myriopoden. XVI. Aufsatz: zur vergleichenden Morphologie, Systematik und Geographie der Chilopoden. Abhandlungen der Kaiserlichen Leopoldinisch-Carolinisch Deutschen Akademie der Naturforscher, Nova Acta, 77, 369 - 465.","Weidner, H. (1960) Die Entomologischen Sammlungen des Zoologischen Staatsinstituts und Zoologischen Museums Hamburg. III. Teil Chilopoda und Progoneata. Mitteilungen des Hamburger Zoologischen Museums Hamburg, 58, 57 - 104."]}

Cryptops hortensis is a successful invasive species probably of Palearctic origin. However, recent molecular studies in Europe identified multiple similar species previously misidentified as C. hortensis. In the Nearctic Region, C. hortensis is presumably an exotic species with well-established populations in the northeastern USA. After molecular and morphological identification, C. hortensis from Ohio, USA, were identified as the same species in Europe. The molecular data supported the hypothesis that C. hortensis was introduced from Europe.

Both the subgenus Cryptops (Cryptops) Leach, 1815 and C. (C.) hortensis (Donovan, 1810), as well as the family Cryptopidae to which they belong, are currently reported in the Asian part of Russia for the first time. All records of the species in southwestern Siberia are confined to hothouses. Distributional remarks are provided and all currently reported findings are mapped.

A review is given of all the literature records of millipedes and centipedes that have been found in German greenhouses together with additional records for 29 such sites. Species lists are given for 46 greenhouses investigated throughout Germany. Thirty-five diplopod and 18 chilopod species were found to occur in greenhouses, of which 15 (3 Chilopoda, 12 Diplopoda) are restricted to this type of habitat. First records for Germany include Anadenobolus monilicornis (Porat, 1876), Epinannolene cf. trinidadensis Chamberlin, 1918, Epinannolene sp., Mesoiulus gridellii Strasser, 1934, Leptogoniulus sorornus (Butler, 1876), Rhinotus purpureus (Pocock, 1894), Cryptops doriae Pocock, 1891, Lamyctes coeculus (Brölemann, 1889) and Tygarrup javanicus (Attems, 1907). The millipedes Oxidus gracilis (C. L. Koch, 1847) and Amphitomeus attemsi (Schubart, 1934) and the centipedes Lithobius forficatus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810) are the species most frequently found in greenhouses.

23. Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810) (1) Cryptops hortensis Leach: Matic, 1976: 289. (2) Cryptops hortensis Leach: Zapparoli, 1994: 23. (3) Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810): Zapparoli, 2002: 69, Fig. 29. General distribution. Europe: Albania, Austria, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France (incl. Corsica), FYR Macedonia, Germany, Great Britain, Greece (incl. Crete), Hungary, Ireland, Italy (incl. Sardinia and Sicily), Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal (incl. Azores and Madeira), Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (incl. Canary Is.), Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine. West Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Tadzikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan. North Africa: Morocco (Zapparoli 2002; Minelli et al. 2006). Chorotype. W-Palearctic (WPA). Records in Peloponnisos (Fig. 8). Ahaia: Kalavrita gorge (1, 3); Patra, near University (1, 3). Arkadia: Oros Menalon, Vitina, near Drakotripia, 1450 m (2, 3). Lakonia: 5.5 km N Githio (3). Messinia: Neromilos, road Messini to Pilos, 280 m (3). New records from Mt. Parnonas (Fig. 8). 3 exx., Moni Kontolinas, spruce forest (loc. 4), 985 m, N 37.241979 / E 22.658707, 26 Oct. 2014; 1 ex., Arkadia, Meligarias south of Oreini Meligou (loc. 9), 810 m, N 37.350434 / E 22.671654, 27 Oct. 2014; 1 ex., Arkadia, Moni Panagias Malevis (loc. 11), 880 m, N 37.328907 / E 22.572301, 27 Oct. 2014; 1 ex., Arkadia, Agios Ioannis Theologos church, mountain refuge (loc. 19), 1610 m, N 37.226653 / E 22.591896, 29 Oct. 2014; 1 ex., Arkadia, Mavrovouni, mountain plateau west of Sitaina (loc. 25), 1330 m, N 37.300473 / E 22.615434, 30 Oct. 2014; 1 ex., Arkadia, Bogreika Kalyvia, Malevos plateau west slopes (loc. 26), 1280 m, N 37.286459 / E 22.593247, 30 Oct. 2014; 1 ex., Arkadia, Agios Petros village, crossroad to Kastanitsa (loc. 27), 920 m, N 37.321625 / E 22.563531, 30 Oct. 2014; 1 ex., Arkadia, Moni Malevis, 600 m W of the monastery (loc. 43), 905 m, N 37.328598 / E 22.571381, 2 May 2015; 1 ex., Arkadia, Xirokampi to Sitaina, 0.5 km S of Xirokampi (loc. 45), 970 m, N 37.332846 / E 22.595668, 2 May 2015; 1 ex., Arkadia, Xirokampi to Sitaina, 7.5 km SE of Xirokampi (loc. 48), 1150 m, N 37.31695 / E 22.629196, 2 May 2015. Ecological notes. 100���1700 m; an euriecious species, under Quercus coccifera, in Quercus spp. woods, in Platanus orientalis and Quercus sp. mixed woods, in Fagus sylvatica woodlands, in Mediterranean scrubs, and in agroecosystems (Zapparoli 1994, 2002)., Published as part of Simaiakis, Stylianos Michail, Akkari, Nesrine & Zapparoli, Marzio, 2016, The centipedes of Peloponnisos and first records of genus Eurygeophilus in the East Mediterranean (Myriapoda: Chilopoda), pp. 301-346 in Zootaxa 4061 (4) on pages 321-323, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4061.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/264204, {"references":["Matic, Z. (1976) Sur quelques Myriapodes Chilopodes du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Geneve. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 83, 287 - 306. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 91440","Zapparoli, M. (1994) Note tassonomiche e faunistiche su Chilopodi della Grecia (Chilopoda). Fragmenta Entomologica, 26, 11 - 66.","Zapparoli, M. (2002) Catalogue of the centipedes from Greece (Chilopoda). Fragmenta Entomologica, 34, 1 - 146."]}

Parental care in the geographically widespread cryptopid scolopendromorph Cryptops hortensis (Donovan) is described for the first time. It was observed that the adult female rolls her body around the mass of hatchlings with the ventral side against the brood. This finding supports the hypothesis that within the brooding centipedes, the female position with the terga outwards is a plesiomorphic state and probably a general feature of all Scolopendromorpha. In addition, the major external morphological characters of the fetus instar and adolescens I are described. [Acknowledgments - This work was supported by the Serbian Ministry of Education and Science (Grant 173038), and the Petnica Science Center]

The subgenus Cryptops may be divided into those species with, and those without, an anterior transverse suture on tergite 1. The latter group may be further separated into species with the ultimate leg femur without a saw tooth or teeth (here termed the hortensis group) and those with one or more (here termed the doriae group). The species of the Old World of the hortensis group are the subject of this paper. Where possible, the non-European type material has been examined and data for European species added from the literature. C. omissus Ribaut, 1915 (Kenya), C. mirus Chamberlin, 1920 (Tahiti) and C. arapuni Archey, 1922 (New Zealand), lacking ultimate legs cannot be assigned to either the hortensis or the doriae group. C. inermipes Pocock, 1888, which lacks saw teeth on the ultimate legs is considered here. C. nanus Attems, 1938 (Hawaii), C. navis Chamberlin, 1930 (Singapore), C. philammus Attems, 1928 (Southern Africa), C. sinesicus Chamberlin, 1940 (China), C. stupendus Attems, 1928 (South Africa) and C. tahi­ tianus Chamberlin, 1920 (Tahiti) appear from their descriptions to belong to the hortensis group but have a prefemoral saw tooth or teeth and thus belong to the doriae group. The following species are regarded as valid: C. covertus Chamberlin, 1951, C. daszaki Lewis, 2002, C. decoratus Lawrence, 1960, C. hortensis (Donovan, 1810), C. inermipes Pocock, 1888, C. lobatus Verhoeff, 1931, C. mauritianus Verhoeff, 1937, C. melanotypus Chamberlin, 1941, C. nigropictus Takakuwa, 1936, C. parisi Brolemann, 1920, C. songi Song et al., 2010 and C. stabilis Chamberlin, 1944. Examination of further material is required to establish the true status of C. brignolii Matic, 1977, currently regarded as valid. C. hortensis atlantis Pocock, 1891 is returned to full specific status as C. atlantis. IJM 4: 11–50 (2011) doi: 10.3897/ijm.4.1116 www.pensoft.net/journals/ijm Copyright Authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. ReSeARCh ARtiCLe InternatIonal Journal of Myriapodology A peer-reviewed open-access journal

Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810) Scolopendra hortensis Donovan, 1810: 23. LOCALITÉ TYPE. — Angleterre, Devon, Exeter, jardins. MATÉRIEL EXAMINÉ. — Saint-Martin-Vésubie (06), PNM, vallon Madone de Fenestre, 1500-1600 m, 44°05’17’’N- 7°18’24’’E, 22.V.2010, réc./dét. MZ: 12 ex.; Nice (06), Parc Phénix, 8.I.2013, réc. JML/dét. EI: 1 ex. Spécimens conservés en éthanol à 70° dans la collection personnelle des auteurs (EI, MZ). RÉPARTITION ET HABITAT. — C. hortensis est très largement réparti, présent de l’Asie centrale à l’Europe, et il a même été introduit dans d’autres contrées, comme en Amérique du Nord (Zapparoli 2006; Iorio & Geoffroy 2008). Il est connu dans de nombreux départements français, mais il est plus commun dans l’Ouest et le Centre du pays que dans l’Est (Iorio & Geoffroy 2008; Geoffroy & Iorio 2009). Dans les Alpes-Maritimes, il semble assez peu fréquent, à l’instar de ce qui s’observe ailleurs en France orientale et, même si peu de données écologiques sont disponibles, il a été trouvé aussi bien en milieu forestier qu’en milieu anthropisé (parcs urbains) (Iorio 2008; présent travail)., Published as part of Iorio, Étienne, Zapparoli, Marzio, Ponel, Philippe & Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques, 2015, Les myriapodes chilopodes (Chilopoda) du Parc national du Mercantour, du département des Alpes-Maritimes et de leurs environs: description d'une nouvelle espèce du genre Lithobius Leach, 1814 s. s., synthèse des connaissances et espèces menacées, pp. 211-238 in Zoosystema 37 (1) on pages 226-227, DOI: 10.5252/z2015n1a11, http://zenodo.org/record/5155397, {"references":["DONOVAN E., 1810 - The Natural History of British Insects. London. 1810: 90 p.","IORIO E. & GEOFFROY J. - J. 2008. - Les scolopendromorphes de France (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha): identification et distribution geographique des especes. Riviera scientifique 91 (2007): 73 - 90.","GEOFFROY J. - J. & IORIO E. 2009. - The French centipede fauna (Chilopoda): updated checklist and distribution in mainland France, Corsica and Monaco. Soil Organisms 81 (3): 671 - 694."]}

During a year-round pitfall sampling campaign on twelve inland dunes in eastern Flanders, a total number of thirteen centipede species were caught. The encountered centipede fauna, with Lithobius calcaratus as the most ubiquitous species, was related to that of the Campine region that is also characterized by acid sandy soils. Community analysis on the basis of species composition revealed that the woody stations had a higher species diversity than the more open heath lands and moss dunes. Brachygeophilus truncorum and Cryptops hortensis were most characteristic for the woody stations whereas Lamyctes fulvicornis and Lithobius microps were more common in the open sites.

Summary During a year-round pitfall sampling campaign in 56 Flemish forest stands, a total number of 21 centipede species were caught. Community analyses on the basis of the species composition revealed that three distinct clusters of forests could be recognised which are separated geographically. The Campine Region with a lot of pine forests, which is characterised by its sandy soils, contained the lowest diversity of centipedes and only Lithobius forficatus and L. calcaratus were common. Sandy Flanders with a lot of oak forests contained more species including Cryptops hortensis , the most characteristic species of this region. The Loamy Region contained a lot of oak and beech forests and Cryptops parisi and Lithobius dentatus were especially characteristic for this region.

Scanning electron microscopic investigations of the antenna of adult Scolopendra oraniensis ( Lucas , 1846) show the presence of six types of cuticular sensilla: (1) numerous slender sensilla trichodea, terminal pores could not be documented, (2) small sensilla microtrichodea with terminal pore, (3) many slightly turned contorted sensilla with terminal pores, (4) multiporous sensilla basiconica at antennal articles 6–17, (5) hat-like sensilla with terminal pores, and (6) small sensory cones with terminal pores. Structure and distribution of antennal sensilla of S. oraniensis are compared with those of other chilopod species, especially with those of the scolopendromorph Cryptops hortensis (Cryptopidae) and possible functions of the antennal sensilla are discussed.

Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810) Published records. None. Locality. Dancing Place Trail Trailhead (17.62452°N, 63.23713°W, +10’), 328m, 20m extent, leaf litter Berlese, 1 ind., 13 March 2008, DS Sikes, JASlowik, GD Alpert. New Island Record. Remarks. The specimen, demineralized and lacking the caudal legs, is in poor condition, but the tarsungula overlap when closed and the first tergite overlaps the caudal margin of the cephalic plate, so we are comfortable with the generic and specific determinations. A European species, C. hortensis has been introduced into urban environments across the continental US (Shelley 2002a); Demange (1981) reported C. h. pauciporus Brölemann, 1908, from Guadeloupe., Published as part of Shelley, Rowland M. & Sikes, Derek S., 2012, Centipedes and Millipeds (Arthropoda: Diplopoda, Chilopoda) from Saba Island, Lesser Antilles, and a Consolidation of Major References on the Myriapod Fauna of " Lesser " Caribbean Islands Rowland M. Shelley, pp. 1-9 in Insecta Mundi 2012 (221) on page 4, {"references":["Shelley, R. M. 2002 a. A synopsis of the North American centipedes of the order Scolopendromorpha (Chilopoda). Virginia Museum of Natural History Memoir 5: 1 - 108.","Demange, J. - M. 1981. Scolopendromorphes et lithobiomorphes (Myriapoda, Chilopoda) de la Guadeloupe et dependances. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 4 e serie, section A 3 (3): 825 - 839."]}

21. Cryptops (Cryptops) hortensis (Donovan, 1810) 1)? Cryptops hortensis Leach: Silvestri 1898: 684 [pars]. 2)? Cryptops hortensis Leach: Verhoeff 1925 a: 655 [pars]. 3)? Cryptops hortensis Leach: Attems 1949: 111 [pars]. 4)? Cryptops hortensis Leach, 1815: Minelli 1978 a: 156 [pars]. 5) Cryptops hortensis (Leach) [sic]: De Miranda Restivo 1982: 173. 6) Cryptops hortensis Leach, 1815: Foddai et al. 1995: 8. 7) Cryptops hortensis Leach, 1815: Grafitti & Zapparoli 1995: 122. 8) Cryptops hortensis Leach, 1815: Foddai et al. 1996: 360, tab. I. 9) Cryptops hortensis: Mucedda et al. 2002: 30. 10) Cryptops hortensis Leach, 1815: Zapparoli & Minelli 2005: CD [pars]., Published as part of Zapparoli, Marzio, 2009, An annotated catalogue of the epigeic and cave centipedes (Chilopoda) of Sardinia *, pp. 56-168 in Zootaxa 2318 on page 107, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.192026, {"references":["Donovan, E. (1810) The Natural History of British Insects, 14. F. & C. Rivington, London, pp. 23 - 24, pl. 475.","Silvestri, F. (1898) Contributo alla conoscenza dei Chilopodi e dei Diplopodi di Sardegna. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova (2), 18, 680 - 693.","Verhoeff, K. W. (1925 a) Supplement zur Systematik und geographische Verbreitung. 11 Heft (100 Lief). In: Bronn, H. G. (Ed.), 1902 - 1925 - Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. Gliederfussler: Arthropoda. Klasse Chilopoda. 5, 2. Akademische Verlagsgesellshaft n. b. H., Leipzig, VII + 725 pp. + 30 pls [pp. 539 - 666].","Attems, C. G. (1949) Die Myriopodenfauna der Ostalpen. Sitzungsberichte der osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klassen, Abteilung I, 158, 79 - 153.","Leach, W. E. (1815) A tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Linne arranged under Insecta; with the distribution of the genera composing three of these classes into orders, & c. and descriptions of several new genera. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 11, 306 - 400.","Minelli, A. (1978 a) Zur Taxonomie und Chorologie der Chilopoden Italiens: Entwurf einer Monographie. Abhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg N. F., 21 - 22, 149 - 159.","De Miranda Restivo, M. A. (1982) Studio sui Chilopodi della Sardegna Centrale. Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali, 15 (21) [1981], 171 - 175.","Foddai, D., Minelli, A., Sheller, U. & Zapparoli, M. (1995) Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Pauropoda, Symphila. In: Minelli, A., Ruffo, S. & La Posta, S. (Eds), Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana, 32. Calderini, Bologna, pp. 1 - 35.","Grafitti, G. & Zapparoli, M. (1995) Note su alcune specie di Chilopodi cavernicoli di Sardegna (Chilopoda). Notiziario del Circolo Speleologico Romano (n. s.), 6 - 7 [1991 - 92], 121 - 130.","Foddai, D., Minelli, A. & Zapparoli, M. (1996) I chilopodi delle isole circumsarde nel contesto del popolamento insulare dell'area tirrenica s. l. Biogeographia, Lavori della Societa Italiana di Biogeografia (n. s.), 18 [1995], 357 - 376.","Mucedda, M., Grafitti, G. & Dore, G. (2002) Grotte della provincia di Sassari. La Celere editrice, Alghero, 208 pp.","Zapparoli, M. & Minelli, A. (2005) Chilopoda. In: Ruffo, S. & Stoch, F. (Eds), Checklist e distribuzione della fauna italiana. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 2 a serie, Sezione Scienze della Vita, 16, pp. 123 - 125 + CD-Rom."]}

The fine structure of the cerebral glands (cephalic neurohaemal organs) was investigated in the scolopendromorphs, Scolopendra sp. and Cryptops sp. (Myriapoda Scolopendromorpha). As in other Chilopoda, these organs are composed of glandular cells and axons, originating from the brain. Differences between the 2 genera studied concern: (i) The general structure (axons and glandular cells are mixed in Scolopendra and separated in Cryptops ). (ii) The different cell types (I type of glial cell and 2 of glandular cells in Scolopendra while respectively 2 and 3 are persent in Cryptops . Fruthermore, this last genus has a less-developed Golgi apparatus and shows in one of the glandular cell types an intranuclear vacuole, sometimes related to a dilated perinuclear space. Physiological significance of such a structure remains unknown). (iii) The number of axonal types (less numerous in Scolopendra than in Cryptops ). The 2 genera show little exocytosis profiles, both in axons and in glandular cells.

This chapter is concerned primarily with responses to such stimuli as light, sound, chemicals and touch. Other aspects of behaviour are discussed in the appropriate chapter: locomotion in Chapter 2, feeding behaviour in Chapter 10, reproductive behaviour in Chapter 17, defensive behaviour including meeting behaviour in Chapter 19 and rhythms of activity and social behaviour in Chapter 21. Reactions to light Plateau (1886) showed that Lithobius forficatus, Necrophloeophagus longicornis, Cryptops hortensis and Cryptops punctatus were negatively phototactic (taxes are directed responses dependent on discrimination of the direction of the stimulus). Chilopods in general appear to be negatively phototactic although Demange (1956) noted that in captivity Lithobius piceus gracilitarsus Brol. does not appear to seek darkness: if the light is not too bright it will leave its hiding place and behaves normally. It hunts in the middle of the day and reproduces in the light. Demange maintained that it was forced underground in order to seek the required humidity. Klein (1934) showed that Lithobius forficatus ran towards a black screen at the side of an arena (skototaxis). Unilateral blinding did not affect the result. When illuminated from one side it showed a negative phototaxis which overruled the skototaxis. Gorner (1959) demonstrated that Lithobius forficatus, Scutigera coleoptrata and Scolopendra cingulata exhibit a skototactic response. Neither Scutigera nor Scolopendra modify their runs when illuminated from the side but L. forficatus reacts to lateral artificial light by a negative phototaxis.

The embryonic development of centipedes will not be described here: it has been reviewed by Johannsen & Butt (1941). The most important work is that of Heymons (1901) on the embryology of Scolopendra spp. Verhoeff (1902–25) quoted at length from Heymons and added further data. Dohle (1970) and Knoll (1974) described the embryological development of Scutigera coleoptrata . The Chilopoda exhibit two distinct patterns of post-embryonic development. In the epimorphic orders Geophilomorpha and Scolopendromorpha, the young hatch with a full, or almost full, complement of legs and the eggs and early post-embryonic stadia are brooded by the female. In the anamorphic orders Lithobiomorpha and Scutigeromorpha, the eggs are laid singly and are not brooded by the female. The young hatch with less than the adult number of legs and the number gradually increases during the early moults. Data for the Craterostigmus are currently very fragmentary. Geophilomorpha Larval stadia and brooding Latzel (1880) gave brief notes on the larval stages of a large number of geophilomorphs. More detailed accounts have been given for Geophilus proximus and Pachymerium ferrugineum by Sograff (1883), for Dicellophilus carniolensis (C. L. Koch) together with notes on some other species by Verhoff (1902–25), for the American species Geophilus rubens by Johnson (1952), for Strigamia maritima by Lewis (1960) and for Necrophloeophagus longicornis and Clinopodes linearis by Weil (1958). The process of hatching in geophilomorphs is a gradual process, the egg splitting into two halves to reveal the ‘last embryonic phase’.

In order to evaluate the diversity of Central European Myriapoda species in the course of the German Barcode of Life project, 61 cytochrome c oxidase I sequences of the genus Cryptops Leach, 1815, a centipede genus of the order Scolopendromorpha, were successfully sequenced and analyzed. One sequence of Scolopendra cingulata Latreille, 1829 and one of Theatops erythrocephalus Koch, 1847 were utilized as outgroups. Instead of the expected three species (Cryptops parisi Brolemann, 1920; Cryptops anomalans Newport, 1844; Cryptops hortensis (Donovan, 1810)), analyzed samples included eight to ten species. Of the eight clearly distinguishable morphospecies of Cryptops, five (Cryptops parisi; Cryptops croaticus Verhoeff, 1931; Cryptops anomalans; Cryptops umbricus Verhoeff, 1931; Cryptops hortensis) could be tentatively determined to species level, while a further three remain undetermined (one each from Germany, Austria and Croatia, and Slovenia). Cryptops croaticus is recorded for the first time from Austria. A single specimen (previously suspected as being Cryptops anomalans), was redetermined as Cryptops umbricus Verhoeff, 1931, a first record for Germany. All analyzed Cryptops species are monophyletic and show large genetic distances from one another (p-distances of 13.7-22.2%). Clear barcoding gaps are present in lineages represented by >10 specimens, highlighting the usefulness of the barcoding method for evaluating species diversity in centipedes. German specimens formally assigned to Cryptops parisi are divided into three clades differing by 8.4-11.3% from one another; their intra-lineage genetic distance is much lower at 0-1.1%. The three clades are geographically separate, indicating that they might represent distinct species. Aside from Cryptops parisi, intraspecific distances of Cryptops spp. in Central Europe are low (