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Abstract Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) or traumatic myelopathy is a devastating neurological condition and a heavy burden on the health system. There are inflammatory and structural biomarkers with well-defined profiles, and useful for determining the management and prognosis of this pathology. Laboratory studies have shown some utility in confirming the existence of a spinal cord injury. Little knowledge about the molecular processes that occur after a SCI is evident, and it is well known that its understanding is dispensable to establish therapeutic targets that improve the outcomes for this type of patient. Many studies have explored the role of structural and inflammatory markers and some structural and inflammatory biomarkers. In the present article, we review the ongoing research in the field of spinal injury and possible role of biomarkers in the management of these patients.

BackgroundCheckpoint immunotherapy is frequently associated with cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs), and among those, the most common subtype shows interface reaction patterns that have been likened to lichen planus (LP); however, cutaneous acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) may be a closer histopathologic comparator. We used quantitative pathology to compare the immunologic composition of anti-PD-1-associated interface reactions to LP and aGVHD to assess for similarities and differences between these cutaneous eruptions.MethodsImmunohistochemistry for CD4, CD8, CD68, PD-1, and PD-L1 was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from patients with anti-PD-1 interface cirAEs (n = 4), LP (n = 9), or aGVHD (n = 5). Densities of immune cell subsets expressing each marker were quantified using the HALO image analysis immune cell module. Plasma cell and eosinophil density were quantified on routine H&E slides.ResultsSpecimens from patients with anti-PD-1 interface cirAEs showed equivalent total cell densities and immune cell composition to those with aGVHD. Patients with LP showed higher total immune cell infiltration, higher absolute T-cell densities, increased CD8 proportion, and reduced histiocytic component. The cases with the highest plasma cell counts were all anti-PD-1 interface cirAEs and aGVHD.ConclusionThe composition of immune cell subsets in anti-PD-1 interface cirAEs more closely resembles the immune response seen in aGVHD than LP within our cohort. This warrants a closer look via advanced analytics and may have implications for shared pathogenesis and potential treatment options.

Objective: Our study examines the long-term outcomes of patients discharged from the hospital without heart replacement therapy (HRT) after recovery from cardiogenic shock using venoarterial extracorporeal life support (VA-ECLS). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 615 cardiogenic shock patients who recovered from VA-ECLS at our institution between January 2015 and July 2021. Of those, 166 patients (27.0%) who recovered from VA-ECLS without HRT were included in this study. Baseline characteristics, discharge labs, vitals, electrocardiograms and echocardiograms were assessed. Patients were contacted to determine vital status. The primary outcome was post-discharge mortality. Results: Of 166 patients, 158 patients (95.2%) had post-discharge follow-up, with a median time of follow-up of 2 years (IQR: [1 year, 4 years]). At discharge, the median ejection fraction (EF) was 52.5% (IQR: [32.5, 57.5]). At discharge, 92 patients (56%) were prescribed β-blockers, 28 (17%) were prescribed an ACE inhibitor, ARB or ARNI, and 50 (30%) were prescribed loop diuretics. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a 1-year survival rate of 85.6% (95% CI: [80.1%, 91.2%]) and a 5-year survival rate of 60.6% (95% CI: [49.9%, 71.3%]). A Cox regression model demonstrated that a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) was strongly predictive of increased mortality hazard (HR = 1.929; p = 0.036), while neither discharge EF nor etiology of VA-ECLS were associated with increased post-discharge mortality. Conclusions: Patients discharged from the hospital after full myocardial recovery from VA-ECLS support without HRT should have close outpatient follow-up due to the risk of recurrent heart failure and increased mortality in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different pyrrole and allylamine polymeric materials, were synthesized by plasma polymerization with different powers and doped with iodine. The polymers were characterized physicochemically. A cell line of neuronal origin (N1E-115) was cultured on them to evaluate the effects of the materials on neuronal differentiation. Following a differentiation stimulus, immunofluorescence was performed, and the lengths of neurites, as well as the complexity of the network formed and the number of nuclei, were measured and analyzed to provide a differentiation index. The results showed that the polymeric materials exhibited different physicochemical characteristics depending on the synthesis conditions and enhanced neuronal differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a comparison between electrochemical (Echem), plasma glow, and arc discharge polymerizations of pyrrole doped with iodine to correlate the energy of synthesis, chemical structure, and electrical conductivity of the polymers. Plasma glow discharges were used in the gas phase, electrochemistry in liquid, and arc discharges in a hybrid gas–liquid combination. Polypyrroles had structure and conductivity that varied with the synthesis parameters; Echem produced polymers with high carbonization and without the C≡N triple bonds resulting from the other syntheses. Conductivity divided the polymers in two: those synthesized in liquid were in the 0.01–1.0 S/m range, and those synthesized in gas were in the 10–9–10–7 S/m range, with differences of up to eight orders of magnitude due to the dopants and electrolytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La Despolarización Cortical Propagada o Fenómenos de Despolarización Cortical Propagada (DCP) es una onda de despolarización en las células neuronales y gliales que se propaga en la materia gris de la corteza cerebral descrita inicialmente por Leão en 1994. Ante la presencia de injuria cerebral, las bombas iónicas fallan y la corriente de eflujo se torna insuficiente produciendo despolarización sostenida, inactividad eléctrica, hiperosmolaridad citosólica acompañado de cambios dendríticos y edema citotóxico. La DCP se ha evidenciado mediante la adición de potasio, glutamato y acetilcolina o activación de los astrocitos, ademas, también se presenta en hipoxia, migraña, hipoglucemia, infarto, hemorragia subaracnoidea, estados convulsivos y trauma cerebral, lo que conlleva a una expansión del daño focal. El enfoque terapéutico aún no se encuentra totalmente establecido, sin embargo, se utilizan los inhibidores de los receptores de NMDA, ya que puede contrarrestar el comienzo y propagación de la DCP. Palabras clave: Despolarización cortical propagada, trauma craneoencefálico, trauma, lesión cerebral traumática. Abstract CSD is a wave of depolarization in neuronal and glial cells that propagates in the gray matter of the cerebral cortex initially described by Leão in 1994. In the presence of cerebral injury, ion pumps fail and the efflux current becomes insufficient producing sustained depolarization, electrical inactivity, cytosolic hyperosmolarity accompanied by dendritic changes and cytotoxic edema. CSD has been evidenced by the addition of potassium, glutamate and acetylcholine or activation of astrocytes, in addition, it also occurs in hypoxia, migraine, hypoglycaemia, infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, convulsive states and brain trauma, which leads to an expansion of the focal damage. The therapeutic approach is not yet fully established, however, inhibitors of NMDA receptors are used, since it can counteract the onset and spread of CSD. Key words: Cortical spreading depression, craniocerebral trauma, trauma, brain injuries, traumatic., Introducción Aristides Leáo, un fisiólogo brasileño, en 1994 obtuvo un hallazgo electrofisiológico de manera incidental mientras estudiaba la actividad de las convulsiones en la corteza cerebral de un conejo (1,2). [...]

This article presents the design, implementation and evaluation of an object classification and manipulation system in industrial environments by integrating artificial vision and a MELFA RV-2SDB robotic manipulator. The central problem lies in the need to achieve rapid and accurate classification of objects for palletizing, while ensuring the safety of operators. To address this challenge, a machine vision system based on Logitech C920 HD Pro cameras and force and torque sensors was used on the robotic manipulator. The methodology focused on the use of object and person detection algorithms, as well as direct and inverse kinematics to calculate adaptive movements of the manipulator. The experiments covered evaluation of the system's accuracy and efficiency under various lighting and environmental conditions, as well as testing people detection and geometric shape classification. The results indicated that the system allowed precise and efficient manipulation, adapting in real time to the position and characteristics of the detected objects. The conclusions highlighted the effectiveness of the system in improving productivity and safety in collaborative industrial environments, highlighting the importance of integrating cutting-edge technologies to address automation challenges in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El cerebro es uno de los órganos del cuerpo humano más sensibles a la isquemia, por lo que adquiere mecanismos endógenos para protegerse y recuperarse contra estímulos nocivos. La tolerancia isquémica constituye la adaptación del cerebro a la isquemia cuando se expone por primera vez a cualquier lesión que sea por debajo del umbral del daño celular. En las últimas décadas se han estudiado las vías moleculares y beneficios potenciales del pre y post condicionamiento, representando un objetivo terapéutico para pacientes con lesión cerebral aguda; sin embargo, las estrategias que se han experimentado no han demostrado seguridad en humanos y requieren un seguimiento de investigaciones sistemáticas para abordar su eficacia. Palabras clave: Infarto cerebral, precondicionamiento, tolerancia isquémica, isquemia cerebral, hipoxia cerebral, precondi-cionamiento isquémico. The brain is one of the organs of the human body most sensitive to ischemia, that's why it acquires endogenous mechanisms to protect itself and recover against harmful stimuli. Ischemic tolerance is the brain's adaptation to ischemia when exposed for the first time to any injury that is below the cell damage threshold. In recent decades, the molecular pathways and potential benefits of pre- and post-conditioning have been studied, representing a target for the treatment of patients with acute brain injury; however, the strategies that have been experimented have not demonstrated safety in humans and require a follow-up of systematic investigations to address their efficacy. Key words: Ischemic stroke, preconditioning, ischemic tolerance, cerebral ischemia, cerebral hypoxia, ischemic preconditioning., Introducción El infarto cerebral es una de las 5 causas principales de muerte y discapacidad permanente en Estados Unidos, la primera causa de muerte en china y el encargado de, [...]