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The funnel glass of the CRT monitor contains about 22–28% of lead oxide, of which lead is a highly toxic species and hazardous to the environment. This study proposes a process to form a protective layer of SiO2 film coating on the funnel glass to reduce the hazardous effect of lead leaching to the environment. The film coating benefits from the advantages of the sol–gel method. There are two key procedures of the stabilization technique, including the alkaline treatment and the formation of SiO2 coating from TEOS. The results show that the funnel glass powder treated with 10 M NaOH can produce a mushy layer on the surface. The mushy layer, which comprises OH− and water, can promote the formation of the SiO2 film layer on the surface of funnel glass powder. The conditions of the SiO2 film coating proposed in this study are: alkaline treatment by 10 M NaOH, the addition ratio of TEOS and funnel glass powder 2: 1, reaction temperature 40 °C, and reaction time 1.3 h. The EDS and ESCA results show that the Pb peak intensity on the surface of funnel glass decreases with the film coating. In the TCLP test, the leaching amount for Pb of the SiO2 film coated funnel glass powders is 0.7 mg/L, which is far lower than the standard in Taiwan EPA. Based on the experimental results, the formation mechanism of the SiO2 film layer on the surface of waste funnel glass powder is proposed. This study demonstrates that the SiO2 film coating is a potentially effective method to solve the problem of the waste funnel glass.

Plastic waste of electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) can contain polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) that have been used as fire retardants for a long time. PBDEs were listed in the Stockholm Convention as persistent organic pollutants, so PBDE-containing plastic waste should be separated and disposed of in an ecologically sound manner. In the article, the results of bromine and PBDE content in plastic samples of WEEE collected in Belarus are presented. The screening method for bromine identification and HRGC/HRMS for PBDE identification were applied. It is shown that bromine is present in 43% of the 111 studied samples. Most often, Br-containing plastic was found in CRT monitor, CRT TVs and LCD monitor (about 50%), printers (35%), and LCD TVs (25%). PBDEs were revealed in 12 Br-containing samples, representing TVs, monitors, and printers. The sum of ∑10PBDEs varied from 6.6 to 21,000 μg/kg. BDE-209 dominated in 9 samples (75% of cases); BDE-183, in two; and BDE-47 and BDE-99, in one sample. Based on the low content of PBDEs in the plastic, year of equipment production, and year of restriction of PBDEs applied in the countries-manufacturers, it was concluded that the presence of PBDEs in plastic is a consequence of contaminated waste recycling. Despite the relatively low concentrations of PBDEs (below the limit values established by the Stockholm and Basel conventions for POP wastes), further research is necessary with an extension of the list of analyzed types of equipment and identification of other brominated flame retardants.

The used electronic product (UEP) has attracted the worldwide attentions because part of e-waste may be exported from developed countries to developing countries in the name of UEP. On the basis of large foreign trade data of electronic products (e-products), this study adopted the trade data approach (TDA) to quantify the potential exports of UEP in Macau, taking a case study of personal computers (PCs). The results show that the desktop mainframes, LCD monitors, and CRT monitors have more low-unit-value trades with higher trade volumes in the past 10 years, while the laptop and tablet PCs, as the newer technologies, owned the higher ratios of the high-unit-value trades. During the period of 2005-2015, the total mean exports for used laptop and tablet PCs, desktop mainframes, and LCD monitors were approximately 18,592, 79,957, and 43,177 units, respectively, while the possible export volume of used CRT monitors was higher, up to 430,098 units in 2000-2010. Noticed that these potential export volumes could be the lower bound because not all used PCs may be shipped using the PC trade code. For all the four kinds of used PCs, the majority (61.6-98.82%) of the export volumes have gone to Hong Kong, followed by Mainland China and Taiwan. Since 2011, there was no CRT monitor export; however, the other kinds of used PC exports will still exist in Macau in the future. The outcomes are helpful to understand and manage the current export situations of used products in Macau, and can also provide a reference for other countries and regions.

In this paper, a new model for estimating disassembly effort during early stages of product design is proposed. The model has been developed by integrating two well-known models in the field of product disassembly: Das et al. Disassembly Effort Index (DEI) model and Kroll and Hanft Disassembly Evaluation model. The first one is a multi-factor cost and effort model, which is widely used for determining disassembly effort in terms of a DEI score. This score is a representative of the total operating cost incurred in disassembling a product. The second model is commonly used for evaluating ease of disassembly, by assigning task difficulty scores to disassembly tasks. Data necessary for determining these scores are obtained from work-measurement analyses of standard disassembly tasks. The proposed model has been demonstrated by an estimation of disassembly effort for a CRT monitor disassembly process using the model and validated by benchmarking the results obtained using the proposed model against results from an existing model for a case study conducted on fifteen computer electronic products.

To compare the modified signal-to-noise ratio (SNR*) of multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEP) responses elicited by a cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor in normal subjects. An LCD monitor and CRT monitor were luminance and contrast matched. Luminance stability and the effect of viewing angle on luminance and contrast was measured for both screens. The SNR* of mfVEP responses from 15 normal subjects was compared between the stimulators using repeated measures analysis of variance. The CRT monitor took 10 min from switch on to reach the desired luminance compared to 60 min for the LCD monitor. LCD luminance was sensitive to variations in ambient temperature, fluctuating by 10 cd/m−2 over approximately 20–27 °C, whereas CRT luminance was stable. Luminance variation from the centre to the edge of the CRT screen was 8 % when viewed perpendicularly and 28 % when viewed at an angle of 25°, compared to 24 and 46 %, respectively, for the LCD screen. Contrast was >94 % and varied by

This paper proposed the color reproduction modeling of OLED using standard RGB display. The kinds of non-standard RGB displays are various. And color reproduction of non-standard RGB displays is different by chromaticities of primaries and reference white etc. In this paper, we proposed algorithm that made OLED display`s color reproduction to standard CRT monitor using conversion matrix. If using the algorism that is proposed in this paper, we can confirm the reproduced color characteristics to simulation beforehand and improve the performance of existing display. when developing new display, we are expected to be used very usefully.

The mfERG provides a topographic map of function of the retina and has been used in numerous studies to identify macular, paramacular and peripheral retinal dysfunction. This study investigates the changes in response due to the presentation rate of the stimulus. Twenty subjects gave informed consent to take part in the study, which had local regional ethical committee approval. Only a single hexagon of 8° diameter was presented to reduce ambiguity when identifying the higher-order kernels (HOK). Six rates were tested using a 60-Hz CRT monitor by introducing blank (black ~0 cd/m2) filler frames (FF). The rates tested were 0FF; 1FF; 2FF; 4FF; 7FF; and 14FF. The first-order kernel had largest responses to the slower stimuli (4FF and above). HOK had largest amplitudes at faster rates with the second-order kernel peaking at 1FF. At rates with 4FF and slower, the higher-order kernels were indiscernible above the noise.

A visual pattern's orientation influences how adults amodally complete that pattern. We examined whether this is also the case with infants using Markovich's pattern, consisting of a black polygon partially occluded by a gray disc, which is completed as either a vertically symmetrical hexagon or as a pentagon, depending on the pattern's orientation. Our experiment consisted of two prefamiliarization test trials, six familiarization trials, and two postfamiliarization test trials. In the familiarization trials, two identical Markovich patterns, upright or slanted, were presented to 7–8-month-old infants (N = 28) side by side on a CRT monitor. In the pre- and postfamiliarization test trials, a pentagon and a hexagon were presented side by side. Infants looked longer at the hexagon than at the pentagon in the postfamiliarization test trials. This suggests that infants completed the pattern as a pentagon regardless of the pattern's orientation. This lack of an orientation effect suggests that infants do not use the figure's symmetry as a guiding principle for amodal completion.

Introduction Pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) study was traditionally done with cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, however CRT monitors has been rapidly replaced with liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. So, we wanted to test that LCD monitor can be used for pattern reversal VEPs with short response time instead of CRT monitor. Methods In 8 normal subjects with 16 eyes, VEPs were done with CRT and response time 1 ms LCD, 5 ms LCD monitors. Latencies of P100 waves and amplitudes of N75-P100 were compared for 3 different monitor groups. Results Mean latencies of P100 waves were 111.8 ± 6.0 ms for CRT group, 115.8 ± 5.9 ms for 1 ms LCD group and 118.5 ± 6.2 ms for 5 ms LCD group and there was significant difference between latencies of CRT and 5 ms groups (p Conclusion Latency of P100 wave with LCD monitor with 5 ms response time which is popular in use is longer than that with CRT monitor and LCD monitor with 1 ms response time also showed tendency of delay. These results suggest that the ready-made reference latency value with CRT monitor should not be applied to the reference range with LCD monitor even though short response time.

This study investigates colour harmony in visual experiments in order to develop a new quantitative colour harmony model. On the basis of new experimental results, colour harmony formulae were developed to predict colour harmony from the CIECAM02 hue, chroma, and lightness correlates of the members of two- or three-colour combinations. In the experiments, observers were presented two- and three-colour combinations displayed on a well-characterized CRT monitor in a dark room. Colour harmony was estimated visually on an 11 category scale from −5 (meaning completely disharmonious) to +5 (meaning completely harmonious), including 0 as the neutral colour harmony impression. From these results, mathematical models of colour harmony were developed. The visual results were also compared with classical colour harmony theories. Two supplementary experiments were also carried out: one of them tested the main principles of colour harmony with real Munsell colour chips, and another one compared the visual rating of the new models with existing colour harmony theories. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010.

The mfERG has proven to be a useful tool in determining central retinal and macular function. It is, however, reliant on good subject co-operation and fixation. This cannot always be guaranteed due to visual impairment or poor co-operation. Whilst a change in fixation is easy to identify with camera monitoring of the subject, a small eccentric fixation can be difficult to notice or quantify. Whilst the problem of fixation can be obviated by stimulating the retina directly with SLO (Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope), this is expensive and a certain amount of expertize in optics is required to properly stimulate the retina. In this study, peak latency of response was investigated to see whether it changed across the retina and whether this measure could be used to help assess fixation. Eighteen normal eyes were stimulated using a 60 Hz CRT monitor with only 2 hexagons, one central and one peripheral. These hexagons were presented at three stimulation rates, fast (no filler frames between steps of the m-sequence) and slow (4 and 7 black filler frames between each step of the m-sequence), under all conditions significantly increased central hexagon latencies were noted. In a smaller experiment with 19 hexagons and only 4 subjects, it was noted a significant delay in latency was observed in ring 1 compared to ring 2 and 3 with central fixation, but not when the subjects fixed mid-peripheral and in the periphery to slow stimulation, showing that the central hexagon response was only delayed in the central hexagon when there was adequate fixation. This study suggests that latency could provide a clue to fixation particular at slow rates thereby improving the quality and confidence of recordings made clinically.

The standard RGB colour space (sRGB) has been proposed as a means for obtaining accurate reproduction of colour and tone for images displayed across the Internet, provided that they are viewed under the reference display and viewing conditions defined in the standard. It has been found, however, that typical display and viewing conditions when accessing online images vary and therefore deviate from the reference sRGB conditions. One of the parameters that may affect the perceived quality of online images is the gamma setting of the display. In this work psychophysical experiments were conducted to determine the imperceptibility and acceptability of gamma differences of sRGB images when they are viewed on cathode ray tube displays. These experiments were carried out under both controlled and uncontrolled display and viewing conditions. The results of these experiments are presented and discussed, including the estimated points of subjective equality and the just noticeable difference of gamma values.

The purpose of this study is to compare observer performance for detection of abnormalities on chest radiographs with 5-megapixel resolution liquid-crystal displays (LCD) and 5-megapixel resolution cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors under bright and subdued ambient light conditions. Six radiologists reviewed a total of 254 digital chest radiographs under four different conditions with a combination of two types of monitors (a 5-megapixel resolution LCD and a 5-megapixel resolution CRT monitor) and with two types of ambient light (460 and 50 lux). The abnormalities analyzed were nodules, pneumothorax and interstitial lung disease. For each reader, the detection performance using 5-megapixel LCD and 5megapixel CRT monitors under bright and subdued ambient light conditions were compared using multi-case and multi-modality ROC analysis. For each type of ambient light, the average detection performance with the two types of monitors was also compared. For each reader, the observer performance of 5-megapixel LCD and 5-megapixel CRT monitors, under both bright and subdued ambient light conditions, showed no significant statistical differences for detecting nodules, pneumothorax and interstitial lung disease. In addition, there was no significant statistical difference in the average performance when the two monitor displays, under both bright and subdued ambient light conditions, were compared. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

In this article, the color appearance of a large (85°) homogeneous self-luminous visual stimulus was studied in a psychophysical experiment. Large stimuli were displayed on a plasma display panal (PDP) monitor. The large stimuli were viewed with a fixed viewing time (2 s). They were compared with 2° and 10° stimuli presented on a grey background on a CRT monitor. The so-called “color size effect” was found to be significant. The color stimulus was perceived to be lighter when it was large compared with the 2° and 10° situation. But we did not find the general increase of chroma claimed in previous literature. We found only small hue changes. A model of the color appearance of large-field stimuli is presented in terms of the CIELAB L*, a*, and b* values of the corresponding 2° and 10° stimuli. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 45–54, 2008

The Objectives of this study are to (i) determine the profit obtained and the occupational hazard faced by dismantlers per day in the two major e-waste recycling sectors (formal and informal) in developing countries like India, China, and Africa, (ii) compare the profits obtained in these two sectors by taking the dismantling processes of two computer electronics systems: CRT monitor and CPU as a case study, in order to identify which sector obtains greater profit, (iii) identify the ratios of profit/occupational hazard (‘P’ index) and dismantler salary/occupational hazard (‘S’ index), in order to identify which sector carries out more efficient dismantling, (i.e., employ dismantling techniques that provide a better tradeoff between the profit obtained and the occupational hazard faced) and (iv) understand how the retrieval process of more number of parts within an organised dismantling process which uses appropriate dismantling techniques influences both the profit obtained and the occupational hazard faced in the formal sector compared to those in the informal sector where fewer parts are retrieved using crude dismantling techniques.

This article describes the use of a conventional CRT monitor as a high voltage power supply for capillary electrophoresis. With this monitor, a 23-kV high voltage with a ripple of 1.32% was observed. The reproducibility of the applied high voltage was evaluated by measuring the standard deviations of peak area and migration time for five consecutive injections of a test mixture containing potassium, sodium, and lithium cations at 50 mmol L-1. The errors were about 2.5% and 0.6% for peak area and migration time, respectively. The maximum current tested was about 180 mA, which covers most capillary electrophoresis applications. This system has been successfully used for several months, maintaining the desired level of performance.

Soft copy reading of digital images has been practiced commonly in the PACS environment. In this study, we compared liquid-crystal display (LCD) and cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors for detection of pulmonary nodules and interstitial lung diseases on digital chest radiographs by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Digital chest images with a 1000x1000 matrix size and a 8 bit grayscale were displayed on LCD/CRT monitor with 2M pixels in each observer test. Eight and ten radiologists participated in the observer tests for detection of nodules and interstitial diseases, respectively. In each observer test, radiologists marked their confidence levels for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules or interstitial diseases. The detection performance of radiologists was evaluated by ROC analyses. The average Az values (area under the ROC curve) in detecting pulmonary nodules with LCD and CRT monitors were 0.792 and 0.814, respectively. In addition, the average Az values in detecting interstitial diseases with LCD and CRT monitors were 0.951 and 0.953, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between LCD and CRT for both detection of pulmonary nodules (P=0.522) and interstitial lung diseases (P=0.869). Therefore, we believe that the LCD monitor instead of the CRT monitor can be used for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and interstitial lung diseases in digital chest images.

To clarify the effect of head motion on dynamic visual acuity (DVA), we analyzed the relationship between DVA and eye movements during sinusoidal passive head translation at 0.6-1.4 Hz (amplitude: 5 cm) along the inter-aural axis using our original linear sled. Five healthy subjects were asked to read aloud sets of three numbers presented on a CRT monitor at a 30 cm distance that moved sinusoidally at the same frequency (amplitude: 7.5 cm) in the opposite direction to the head. We evaluated the percentage of correct answers as an index of DVA. For comparison, control experiments were conducted while the head was stationary. The main results showed that DVA improved significantly during head translation compared to when the head was stationary at 1.4 Hz (paired t-test, p

To compare observer performance with a flat-panel liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor and with a high-resolution gray-scale cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor in the detection of simulated support catheters on bedside chest radiographs.The ethics committee did not require approval or patient informed consent when this study began. Because of a change in regulations, before images were acquired the nature of the study and procedures were explained to patients or their relatives, and consent was then obtained. A total of 131 catheter fragments (12-14 per radiograph) were superimposed over 10 anteroposterior bedside chest radiographs obtained with storage phosphor technology. Images were displayed on an LCD monitor (1536 x 2048 matrix) and a CRT monitor (2048 x 2560 matrix). Five radiologists independently located the catheter fragments and rated their confidence in detection with bright and subdued ambient light. A two-way analysis of variance and the Friedman test were used for statistical analysis.There was no significant difference for either display type with respect to correctly detected catheter fragments (mean sensitivity, 56.6% and 56.0% for the CRT and the LCD monitors, respectively, with bright light and 61.2% for both monitors with subdued light). With both display types, detection rate with bright light decreased significantly (P.05). False-positive rates and confidence ratings were not significantly affected by monitor type or ambient light.In a study with simulation of clinical conditions, performance of the LCD monitor and high-resolution CRT monitor for detection of support catheters on bedside chest radiographs was equivalent. With both displays, detection performance was equally reduced with bright ambient light.

To confirm that the dimming luminance change in the CRT monitor will have a detrimental effect on diagnostic performance, we performed the four-alternative forced choice experiments on the CRT monitor with the 11 luminance conditions simulating CRT degraded by long-term usage. Six radiologists and one pulmonary physician performed a detection task for 11,000 test areas on 110 test images. The 11 monitor conditions significantly affected the correct detection rates of simulated nodules in the four-alternative forced choice experiments. The gradual deterioration in CRT monitor luminance will have certainly a detrimental effect on detection performance.

The diagnostic value of multifocal visual evoked potentials (mf VEP) in glaucoma research is still under debate. Several previous studies proclaim it to be a useful tool for clinical applications, but according to other studies, different problems (low specificity, poor records, and interindividual variation) still retard its clinical use. The aim of the present study was to examine whether the mf VEP data obtained with the RETIscan system are appropriate for formulating a classification rule for glaucoma.We examined and evaluated 65 eyes in 38 advanced glaucoma patients and 27 normal subjects, using four occipital gold cup electrodes (cross layout) for bipolar recording and a CRT monitor (display diameter 60 degrees, chequerboard pattern reversal, 60 segments in dartboard layout) for stimulation. In each case, eight cumulative measurements (77 s each) were made. The data of the 60 segments were cross-correlated with a RETIscan-internal VEP norm ("VEP finder"), combined in 16 sectors, and evaluated via the classification technique "double-bagging" and the Wilcoxon U-test.In three out of the 16 sectors, the VEP amplitudes of the patients were significantly reduced (Wilcoxon U-test). Applying double-bagging on the cross-correlated data (with VEP finder) resulted in a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 71%, and the estimated misclassification rate was 27%. For uncorrelated data (without VEP finder), the same analysis achieved a sensitivity of about 60% and a specificity of 40%.Estimated sensitivity and specificity suggest that by using the RETIscan system for recording, a classification of the VEP data--i.e. a separation between normal and glaucoma subjects--is possible.

The cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor consists of alternating patterns of red, green and blue color phosphor pixels at fixed spacing. Convergence relates to a monitor's ability to match red, green and blue colors to form white. The misconvergence or misalignment of the colors results in incorrect rendition of colors, particularly at the edges. Misconvergence is an important measure of the performance of a CRT monitor. This paper presents a technique for measuring misconvergence of a color monitor by processing monochrome images of specific patterns displayed on the monitor. The technique overcomes problems due to color cross talk, video/image jitter, and lens distortion. Also, the measurement time is shorter by an order of a magnitude over traditional methods, opening up possibilities for real time feedback for accurate alignment.

In CRT monitor characterization accuracy is largely affected by the brightness setting on the monitor. At the optimum brightness level, which adjusts the offsets of RGB channels to nearly zero, CRT monitors have a simple relationship between DAC count and luminance so characterization can be achieved accurately. However, since the optimum brightness levels of CRT monitors are different from one another monitor users, have to make adjustments to the monitor themselves. In this study, a simple device named, brightness optimizer, is fabricated to determine the optimum brightness level objectively. This method uses change of curvature in tone reproduction curves plotted in log-log scale, according to the changes of brightness level. In this article, the configuration of the brightness optimizer and the measurement processes are described. The repeatability and the accuracy in the measurement of the optimum brightness level for three different CRT monitors are also evaluated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 468–472, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10199

To evaluate the validity of approximal caries detection on digital bitewing radiographs displayed at different image sizes on either a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor or a thin film transistor (TFT) monitor.Five observers assessed digital radiographs of a charge-coupled device (CCD)-based sensor system (Sidexis) of 160 unrestored premolars and molars for approximal caries using a six category caries rating scale. Images were displayed at ratios of 1:1, 1:2 and 1:7 on a CRT monitor (Nokia 446 XS) and a TFT display (Panasonic LC 50S). Histological assessments of serial sections were used as the validation standard. Diagnostic accuracy was expressed as area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and was calculated at two levels of caries penetration: presence of caries (I) and presence of a lesion in the dentine (II). The influence of the factors "monitor type", "image size" and "validation threshold" were analysed with repeated measures analysis of variance.The ROC curve areas for approximal caries detection at both histological penetration levels were not influenced by the type of monitor display, whereas image size had a significant impact (P0.01). AUCs for image size 1:7 (I, 0.62; II, 0.65) were smaller compared with ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 (P0.01). No differences were observed between image size ratios 1:1 (I, 0.69; II, 0.74) and 1:2 (I, 0.68; II, 0.73).In this study, the type of monitor did not influence approximal caries detection on digital radiographs. Image sizes with a display ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 resulted in better diagnostic validity than those with a ratio of 1:7.

The objective of this study was to measure the image exploration activity of physicians, and thereby contribute to the development of a support system for CRT image interpretation in thoracic CT screening. In this study, we examined how the pupil diameters of five physicians changes over time during interpretation of a large quantity of CT images on a CRT monitor, and how this might be related to the accuracy of diagnosis. The study showed that, when a large quantity of CT images were viewed through a CRT monitor in a dimly lit room, the pupil diameter decreased during the second half of the long interpretation procedure in three of the five physicians. Furthermore, the pupil diameter frequently became approximately zero because the physician became drowsy. However, when the relationship between these phenomena and the accuracy of diagnosis was analyzed in one of the physicians, proof that such phenomena might lead to statistically significant false negatives or false positives was not found. Despite such results, the potential risk of misdiagnosis cannot be ignored. It may be necessary to devise both equipment and work conditions that will not cause the pupil diameter to become approximately zero during interpretation of images on a CRT monitor.

Rationale and Objectives The faceplate of a cathode-ray tube (CRT) display monitor is covered on the vacuum side with a phosphor screen. The different phosphors that can be used for this screen have distinctly different physical properties that can affect the noise properties of the display. Differences in noise affect the signal-to-noise ratio and, hence, may affect diagnostic performance. This study evaluated observer performance and visual search parameters in the detection of pulmonary nodules, comparing two monochrome CRT monitors with different phosphors (P45 and P104) and a color CRT monitor. Materials and Methods The receiver operating characteristic paradigm was used to evaluate observer performance with a series of radiographic chest images containing solitary pulmonary nodules. Eye position was recorded as the observers searched the images on each type of monitor. Results Observer performance, as indicated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and compared by means of an analysis of variance test, was best for the P45 monitor, next best for the P104 monitor, and worst for the color monitor. All differences were statistically significant. Eye-position parameters were also affected by monitor type. The time required to fixate the lesion and overall search times were longest with the color monitor. Conclusion The type of phosphor used in the CRT monitor faceplate can affect diagnostic performance and visual search parameters. Care should be taken in the selection of monitors for use in clinical radiology.

This paper follows and extends previously reported investigations into the ability of observers to match surface colour samples by synthesis using red, green and blue stimuli provided by a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, controlled by a computer and adjusted by either an observer or the experimenter. Investigations are described into the ability of observers to perceive small colour perturbations applied to a colour patch, in the simultaneous presence of a reference and five other closely related patches, all the patches being displayed on a CRT computer display. Consistency is found between results obtained by different sets of observers at three locations, using local equipment for display. The results obtained are found to indicate sensitivities to perturbations that depend on the hue and chroma of the reference, and the hue direction perturbations. The surround to the colour patches is shown significantly to influence the sensitivity of observers to the perturbations, and this finding is relat...

An investigation is reported into visual comparisons between object colours and simulations on a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor display. Experiments are described in which observers viewed a bipartite field in which two coloured areas were separated by a narrow division and viewed against an unlit grey background. One coloured area comprised a surface colour patch illuminated using a light source which was a close colorimetric match to CIE Illuminant D65. The second area was simply an aperture held against the faceplate of the computer CRT monitor, operated with a white point corresponding again to CIE Illuminant D65. The illumination of the reflection patch was arranged so that there was a visual match between a white patch and the monitor white. The monitor patch was controlled in appearance from the keyboard and was specified in terms of red, green and blue pixel values. Observers were asked to match the illuminated reflection patch by adjusting the (unseen) specification of the monitor patch. Separate experiments concerning the ability of observers to detect colour perturbations of matches are also described. Conclusions are drawn as to the concordance of repeated colour matches by individual observers, and between all the observations. The magnitudes of perceptible colour differences are also evaluated.

Purpose To study abnormal dark adaptation (DA) in aging and macular degeneration (AMD) using a new technique that measures DA at two retinal locations by using a dual stimulus. To establish whether there are localized regions of impaired rod function, especially the rate of the rod-mediated recovery (S2) as it has been previously suggested Methods Dual arc-shaped white stimuli were presented on a black CRT monitor at locations 6� and 11� of eccentricity in the inferior visual fiel. Recovery of sensitivity to the two stimuli was measured concurrently using the method of adjustment, following a bleaching exposure of at least 30%. The dynamic range of the CRT was expanded using ND filters. DA curves were obtained after fitting the data by non-linear regression to a seven-parameter model. Three groups of observers (young, older and AMD) were tested to detrmine any differences between them and the effect of the testing location, focusing on parameters ? (rod-cone break) and S2 (slope of the post- ? phase of rod recovery) Results Both stimuli produced matched cone recovery curves within each group. Comparing groups (young vs. older) and (older vs. AMD), we found significant differences in the two DA parameters studied here. Regarding the AMD group, we found a trend in both parameters to be more affected at 6� than at 11�, however, these differences were not significant Conclusion This technique has shown to be sensitive to detect changes in rod recovery in AMD patients compared to healthy subjects and allows the measurement of DA in two retinal locations simultaneously. It may help in the early diagnosis and monitoring of degenerative diseases of the macula, which are increasingly common

During the past years, several papers have been published that question the use of the CIE colour-matching functions in the case of metameric samples. Visually matching samples produced on CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors are metameric to most colour stimuli created by illuminating reflecting materials. As CRT monitors are often used in colour design applications, it seemed important to check how well CIE colorimetry will predict such colour matches. To investigate this problem, we set up an experiment in which painted samples were matched with samples produced on a CRT monitor. The colour of incandescent lamp irradiated Munsell samples were visually matched to the mixture of the RGB primaries of a CRT monitor. Both the reflected colour stimuli of the Munsell samples and the emitted stimuli of the monitor were measured spectroradiometrically. Our results imply that there is an observer-dependent variability among the matches, but we could not find a major difference between the tristimulus data of the hard copy and soft copy presentations that would indicate errors in the CIE colour-matching functions. The measurement accuracy, quantization errors of the monitor, and the achieved accuracy of the colour matches are treated in this study. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 436–441, 2001

The authors evaluated 3 methods developed to assess the level of monitor cathode ray tube (CRT) sharpness. Results include a comparison of 2 observer-based methods to a charged coupled device (CCD) digital camera-based method for the purposes of CRT equipment comparison, acceptance testing, and routine CRT quality control. Three methods designed to measure a monitor's sharpness were evaluated on a single 20-inch CRT monitor. We defined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to be the overall signal difference measured by each method from the highest to lowest values divided by the average standard deviation of the measurements. Comparing the results of the 3 methods, the authors found that the digital CCD camera-based method provided a much higher SNR than the 2 observer-based methods and, therefore, is the preferred of the 3 methods for measuring the sharpness of CRT displays. The SNR values for the CCD, Cx and line target methods were 151.5, 4.9, and 4.3, respectively. The Cx target observer-based method (a novel target and scoring routine dubbed the "Cx" target because of its appearance) had a higher SNR than the line target observer-based method. The average time and standard deviation required to score the Cx and the line targets were 5.45 +/- 2.15 minutes and 8.34 +/- 2.95 minutes, respectively. The observer-based method results (and variability) versus the camera-based method results (and variability) indicate strong linear relationships. Exploring this finding and the optimization of the camera-based method are the subjects of future research.

The hospital-wide PACS uses personal computer and general-purpose color CRT monitor as a client because many clients are demanded in the wards, but medical CRTs are too expensive; and the PACS stored and delivered endoscopic color images. Users should adjust each CRT monitor because of fewer administrators and too many clients. But the adjustment of color CRT monitors is not simple. It will be so complicated to meet the luminance characteristics, including maximum and minimum luminance and regional contrasts. We were afraid that the maladjustment of CRT caused misunderstanding in the daily practice. We should have an easy way of adjusting general-purpose CRT monitors from the recognition of CRT characteristics. In this paper, we focused on the adjustment of the contrast and brightness of color CRT monitors, and the users' behavior on this adjustment. The characteristic curves of luminance on several contrast and brightness settings were measured. The characteristic curve on the lower brightness and higher contrast seemed to be similar to the ideal curve of the medical CRT monitor. Users' settings were also similar to that according to clinical images.

The DVI (Digital Visual Interface) has been accepted as the standard for a digital interface between a PC and an LCD monitor, enabling higher performance at a lower cost. This interface is now being applied to the CRT monitor, offering benefits in performance, as well as providing new digital functionality. This paper will describe the DVI standard, discuss the architecture of the first digital CRT controller chip which has enabled this introduction of the digital CRT monitor, and discuss the benefits and new functionality this digital interface offers.

Conventional viewing of radiographic image is done by placing film on a flat light box. In a filmless radiology system, CRT monitors are used in the place of the light box. Curvature of the viewing area of the conventional CRT requires radiologists to adjust their habit and experience to the new display geometry. This may result in the accuracy of the diagnosis. This paper presents a newly developed 22-inch naturally flat, gray scale CRT monitor for light box style viewing. CRT optical performance including modulation transfer function (MTF) will be presented. A unique deflection design and technique will be discussed.

Objective: Addition of contrast dynamics to three‑dimensional hepatic tumor CT imaging. 2.Materials and Methods: Six patients with hepatic cavernous hemangioma with a mean age of 57 years were included in the study. Two of the patients were male and four were female. Con‑ trast enhanced computed tomography(CT)was carried out on the tumors in six phases by heli‑ cal CT using bolus injection of contrast medium intravenously. Using maximum intensity projec‑ tion(MIP) a separate three‑dimensional image was then reconstructed for each phase and rota‑ tional images around the longitudinal axis of the torso were observed using the CRT monitor. 3.Results: The patterns of contrast enhancement of hepatic cavernous hemangiomas were obtained on 3D‑images. In all patients the reciprocal relations between the tumor and the portal veins and the hepatic veins were clearly imaged three‑dimensionally. 4.Conclusions: We have succeeded in adding the dynamic observation of a contrast medium to static three‑dimensional imaging. This will be valuable for the diagnosis of hepatic tumors and it opens up new prospects for diagnostic imaging. (J Nippon Med Sch 2000; 67: 24―27)

The purpose of this study is to propose a criterion to evaluate brightness uniformity of LCDs (Liquid Crystal Drystal Displays)For this purpose. it is necessary to increase the understanding of human sensibility to brgltlness uniformity: At first we, performed a kind of psychophysical method using CG patterns displayed on a CRT monitor. The result shows that the brightness gradients determine the degree of brightness uniformity. In the second step, brightness gradients and sensory scores by human evaluation were measured in uneven regions on LCDs. The gradients were calculated by digital image processing techniques. The sensory scores were quantified from experimental results by a kind of paired comparison method. A strong correlation (r2=0.90) is shown between the gradient and the sensory score. In the next step. parameters of gradient image histogram and sensory scores are measured for whole surface of LCDs. Strong correlation (r2=0.86) is shown between average gradient for whole surface and sensory score by the majority of testee and maximum gradient. agree with other testee (r2=0.71). Measuring error using the parameter is almost the same as human evaluating dispersion. By those experiments. it is shown that the brightness uniformity can be evaluated agreeing with human sensibility by image processing technique.

Rationale and Objectives. The purpose of this study was to measure the influence of display luminance on detection performance and visual search behavior. The results of the study should be helpful in establishing minimally acceptable display conditions for viewing radiographs on cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors. Materials and Methods. Two groups of six radiologists each viewed 50 pairs of mammograms. One group viewed film images on a standard mammographic view box; the other viewed images on a high-resolution CRT monitor. Two luminance levels were studied for each display type. Observers reported on the presence or absence of masses or microcalcification clusters and on their confidence in that decision. Confidence data were analyzed by using alternative free-response receiver operating characteristic (AFROC) techniques. Eye position also was recorded as observers viewed the images. Results. For both the film and monitor studies, detection performance (AFROC area under the curve) was not affected significantly by display luminance, but search behavior was. Total viewing and decision dwell times were shorter with the higher-luminance displays, especially for true-negative decisions. Significantly more fixation clusters were generated during the search of lesion-free than of lesion-containing images with the lower-luminance displays. Conclusion. Display luminance affects visual search performance with both film and monitor displays without affecting detection performance significantly. Higher-luminance displays yield more efficient search performance. The true-negative dwell times and number of clusters are suggestive that lower-luminance levels prolong the search and recognition of normal, lesion-free areas compared with lesion-containing areas.

Aim: A commonly used method to examine the ability of the visual system to discriminate colours is based on isochromatic plates, such as the Ishihara plates. This article will introduce a computer-based method to determine red–green colour deficiencies based on presenting Ishihara plates using a CRT monitor. Method: The spectral emission of the reflected daylight of the plates was compared with the spectral emission of the plates presented on a CTR monitor. The screening efficiency of the Ishihara plates was assessed by testing 10 subjects with normal and 10 subjects with abnormal colour vision, using the Ishihara plates and using the computer-based approach. Results: It was experimentally shown that despite the differences between the spectral emission of the CRT monitor and the reflected daylight of the Ishihara plates, the computer-based method discriminates subjects with colour deficiencies from subjects without colour deficiencies. Conclusions: Using a CRT monitor for screening purposes, a reduced number of Ishihara plates is recommended to assess colour vision. The suggested method uses nine instead of 15 plates and a criteria of two not correctly detected plates to determine colour deficiency.

In behavioral investigations examining mechanisms and functions of inter- and intra specific communications, whether one can manipulate stimulus properties is a critical factor. If we can substitute a real animal with an artificial model, that should greatly advance the research. Here we tested whether male zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata castanotis) and male Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata var. domestica) emit natural behavior of directed singing to video images of conspecific females. When a conventional cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor was used, birds showed few signs of behavioral responses. However, when a thin film transistor (TFT) liquid crystal display was used, several behavioral responses, mostly sexual displays, to the images were observed. The amount of directed singing emitted towards the TFT projected images were comparable to that emitted to the live female birds in both species of birds. The reason why TFT monitor is much more powerful than CRT monitor in eliciting natural be...

We are developing a computer-based visual display system for behavioral experiments with pigeons. This system consisted of a 14 inch color CRT monitor and an experimental chamber with three clear response keys mounted on the transparent key panel. Three color circles were presented on the screen of the monitor, which corresponded to each of the three response keys. The monitor was placed behind the front panel of the chamber so that each stimulus presented on the screen of the monitor could be viewed from any position through the transparent key panel. In this system, a keypecking response was successfully shaped by the method of successive approximations and the pecking response could be well maintained under various procedures such as successive discrimination and delayed matching-to-sample tasks.