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8. Chapter 6: Poultry

Author

Gerritzen, M., primary, Shynkaruk, T., additional, Buchynski, K., additional, Schwean-Lardner, K., additional, and Crowe, T.G., additional

Published
2022
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25. Chapter 6: Poultry

Author

Gerritzen, M., Shynkaruk, T., Buchynski, K., Schwean-lardner, K., and Crowe, T.G.

Subjects
Dierenwelzijn en gezondheid, WIAS, Life Science, Animal Health & Welfare
Abstract

Before being slaughtered birds are subjected to a number events that are stressful and can lead to physical injuries, thermal stress, weight loss and in extremes to death. Catching and crating of birds is the major factor for introducing injuries like leg and wing bruising, broken or dislocated wings. Catching method, catching crew and the type and condition of the crates will all contribute to the risk on injuries. Feed withdrawal prior to transport is applied with the objectives of reducing wetness of birds during transport and allow the gastro-intestinal tract to empty prior to processing. However, the process can create a negative energy balance within the birds during the transport phase, leading to prolonged hunger and reduced ability to thermoregulate. Transport conditions, such as loading density, ventilation, vehicle design and protection from external weather conditions contribute to heat or cold stress. Thermal stress, both hot and cold, has been identified as a risk factor for increased mortality levels.After arrival, poultry in the containers are placed in a lairage area. In lairage birds should be protected from adverse climatic conditions. Before stunning, birds are taken out of the containers either by hand or automatically depending on the type of container and stunning system. Electrical stunning involves shackling of birds in inverted position before stunning. Factors, such as electrical frequency and current, influence the success of the stun and carcass quality. High frequencies with low currents lead to ineffective stunning whereas low frequencies with higher currents lead to haemorrhages.Gas stunning methods are an alternative to electrical stunning. Different type of birds, like chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, are effectively stunned by exposure to different gas mixtures. However, induction of unconsciousness is not immediate and will induce respiratory distress before loss of consciousness.

Published
2022
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28. Comparison of image analysis, exertion force, and behavior measurements for use in the assessment of beef cattle responses to hot-iron and freeze branding

Author

Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K.S., Stookey, J.M., Crowe, T.G., and Genswein, B.M.A.

Subjects
Beef cattle -- Behavior, Animal behavior -- Research, Image processing -- Usage, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Thirty-three steers (328 [+ or -] 2 kg) from a total of 300 animals were randomly selected for a comparison of techniques designed to quantify the behavioral response to painful procedures. The steers were randomly assigned to freeze-branding, (F), hot-iron branding (H), and sham branding (S) treatments. The responses of all steers were videotaped to quantify the amount and intensity of head movements during branding. In addition, the force that steers exerted on the headgate and squeeze chute during branding was recorded using strain gauges and load cells. Behaviors believed to be indicative of pain (tail-flicking, kicking, falling, and vocalizing) were also recorded during branding. These techniques were compared for their effectiveness in measuring behavioral responses of steers during branding. Hot-iron-branded steers had greater maximum and average head movement distances and velocities than F or S steers (P < .05), and F steers only had greater maximum values than S animals (P < .05). The maximum exertion forces obtained from headgate load cells were also greater in H than in F or S steers (P < .05); however, no differences were observed between H and F treatments for squeeze load cell or headgate strain gauge data. Hot-iron-branded steers had the greatest incidence of tail-flicks, kicks, falls in the chute, and vocalizations, and S steers had the least. Results indicate that H steers experienced more discomfort at the time of branding than F and S steers, whereas F steers experienced more discomfort than shams. Image analysis was a superior technique for detecting treatment differences compared with exertion force measurements and frequency counts of tail-flicks, kicks, falls, and vocalization during branding. Key Words: Behavior, Branding, Cattle, Pain, Image Processing

Published
1998

33. Case Reports of On—Site Investigations of Auger—Related Farm Injuries.

Author

Ingram, M.W., Crowe, T.G., Wassermann, J., Hagel, L.M., and Dosman, J.A.

Subjects
AGRICULTURAL laborers, AGRICULTURAL accidents, AGRICULTURAL equipment, WOUNDS & injuries
Abstract

Details events involving farm injuries as the result of being entangled in auger flighting. Outline of circumstances outlining the events; Evaluation of the machinery involved in terms of its compliance with safety standards.

Published
2003
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