107 results on '"Crowder K"'
Search Results
2. Big data from small animals: integrating multi-level environmental data into the Dog Aging Project.
- Author
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Xue, D., Collins, D., Kauffman, M., Dunbar, M., Crowder, K., Schwartz, S. M., and Ruple, A.
- Published
- 2023
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3. Self-assembled Monolayer Films of Phosphonates for Bonding RGD to Titanium
- Author
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Heijink, Andras, Schwartz, Jeffrey, Zobitz, Mark E., Nicole Crowder, K., Lutz, Gregory E., and Sibonga, Jean D.
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- 2008
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4. P117: A multicenter analysis of an emergency physician lead on department flow and the provider experience
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Crowder, K., primary, Domm, E., additional, Lipp, R., additional, Robinson, O., additional, Vatanpour, S., additional, Wang, D., additional, and Lang, E., additional
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- 2020
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5. Effects of cocaine use on cardiovascular risk factors in African-American stroke patients: PO20335
- Author
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Diep, L, Kurantsil-Mills, J, Kwagyan, J, Khan, R L, Grant, J, Cartwright, W, Munroe, B, Shepherd, S, Crowder, K, Umeh, S, Dozier, K, Randall, O, Weir, R, and Jayam-Trouth, A
- Published
- 2010
6. 1002 KPL-716, an anti-oncostatin M receptor β (OSMRβ) monoclonal antibody, reduces IL-31-induced scratching behavior in cynomolgus monkeys: Establishment and optimization of a PK/PD model
- Author
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Gandhi, R., primary, Crowder, K., additional, Barrow, K., additional, and Paolini, J.F., additional
- Published
- 2019
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7. MP35: An educational and audit-and-feedback approach to decreasing unnecessary intravenous therapy in low-acuity emergency patients
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Crowder, K., primary, Del Castilho, C., additional, Domm, E., additional, Norrena, L., additional, and Nugent, P., additional
- Published
- 2018
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8. MP36: Can one emergency physician improve department flow? A proof-of-concept trial of a physician float role
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Crowder, K., primary, Domm, E., additional, Fedwick, J., additional, McGillivray, C., additional, Tse, A., additional, Weber, B., additional, and Rebus, C., additional
- Published
- 2018
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- View/download PDF
9. 309 Operational Impact and Patient Outcomes Following Implementation of High-Sensitivity Troponin Testing in Three Urban Emergency Departments
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Crowder, K., primary, Jones, T., additional, Wang, D., additional, Clark, Steve, additional, McMeekin, Jamie, additional, Andruchow, James, additional, Lang, Eddy, additional, and McRae, Andrew, additional
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- 2014
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10. Unequal Trajectories: Racial and Class Differences in Residential Exposure to Industrial Hazard
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Pais, J., primary, Crowder, K., additional, and Downey, L., additional
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- 2013
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11. 122 The Effect of Implementing High-Sensitivity Troponin Testing on Operational Efficiency in Three Large Urban Emergency Departments
- Author
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Crowder, K., primary, Jones, T., additional, Wang, D., additional, Clark, S., additional, Innes, G., additional, Lang, E., additional, McMeekin, J., additional, Lonergan, K., additional, and McRae, A., additional
- Published
- 2012
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12. Inter-neighborhood Migration and Spatial Assimilation in a Multi-ethnic World: Comparing Latinos, Blacks and Anglos
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South, S. J., primary, Crowder, K., additional, and Pais, J., additional
- Published
- 2008
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- View/download PDF
13. Exiting and Entering High-Poverty Neighborhoods: Latinos, Blacks and Anglos Compared
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South, S. J., primary, Crowder, K., additional, and Chavez, E., additional
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- 2005
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14. Magnetic resonance molecular imaging with nanoparticles
- Author
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LANZA, G, primary, WINTER, P, additional, CARUTHERS, S, additional, MORAWSKI, A, additional, SCHMIEDER, A, additional, CROWDER, K, additional, and WICKLINE, S, additional
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Racial Stratification in the Actuation of Mobility Expectations: Microlevel Impacts of Racially Restrictive Housing Markets
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Crowder, K. D., primary
- Published
- 2001
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16. Free fatty acid elevation impairs insulin-mediated vasodilation and nitric oxide production.
- Author
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Steinberg, H O, primary, Paradisi, G, additional, Hook, G, additional, Crowder, K, additional, Cronin, J, additional, and Baron, A D, additional
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- 2000
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17. "Narrow and Filthy Alleys of the City"?: The Residential Settlement Patterns of Black Southern Migrants to the North
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Tolnay, S. E., primary, Adelman, R. M., additional, and Crowder, K. D., additional
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- 2000
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18. The Declining Significance of Neighborhoods? Marital Transitions in Community Context
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South, S. J., primary and Crowder, K. D., additional
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- 2000
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19. Children's Residential Mobility and Neighborhood Environment following Parental Divorce and Remarriage
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South, S. J., primary, Crowder, K. D., additional, and Trent, K., additional
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- 1998
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20. White Ethnic Neighborhoods and Assimilation: The Greater New York Region, 1980-1990
- Author
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Alba, R. D., primary, Logan, J. R., additional, and Crowder, K., additional
- Published
- 1997
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21. The development of competency standards for specialist critical care nurses.
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Dunn SV, Lawson D, Robertson S, Underwood M, Clark R, Valentine T, Walker N, Wilson-Row C, Crowder K, and Herewane D
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INTENSIVE care nursing ,RATING of nurses ,ABILITY testing - Abstract
In defining the contemporary role of the specialist nurse it is necessary to challenge the concept of nursing as merely a combination of skills and knowledge. Nursing must be demonstrated and defined in the context of client care and include the broader notions of professional development and competence. This qualitative study sought to identify the competency standards for nurse specialists in critical care and to articulate the differences between entry-to-practice standards and the advanced practice of specialist nurses. Over 800 hours of specialist critical care nursing practice were observed and grouped into 'domains' or major themes of specialist practice using a constant comparison qualitative technique. These domains were further refined to describe attributes of the registered nurses which resulted in effective and/or superior performance (competency standards) and to provide examples of performance (performance criteria) which met the defined standard. Constant comparison of the emerging domains, competency standards and performance criteria to observations of specialist critical care practice, ensured the results provided a true reflection of the specialist nursing role. Data analysis resulted in 20 competency standards grouped into six domains: professional practice, reflective practice, enabling, clinical problem solving, teamwork, and leadership. Each of these domains is comprised of between two and seven competency standards. Each standard is further divided into component parts or 'elements' and the elements are illustrated with performance criteria. The competency standards are currently being used in several Australian critical care educational programmes and are the foundation for an emerging critical care credentialling process. They have been viewed with interest by a variety of non-critical care specialty groups and may form a common precursor from which further specialist nursing practice assessment will evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2000
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22. Residential mobility between cities and suburbs: race, suburbanization, and back-to-the-city moves.
- Author
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South, Scott J., Crowder, Kyle D., South, S J, and Crowder, K D
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RESIDENTIAL mobility ,INTERNAL migration ,CITIES & towns ,DEMOGRAPHIC surveys ,POPULATION ,BLACK people ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CRIME ,DEMOGRAPHY ,INCOME ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,SUBURBANITES ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,WHITE people ,CITY dwellers ,EVALUATION research ,STATISTICAL models - Abstract
Information from the 1979 to 1986 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics is merged with data on respondents' tract and metropolitan area of residence to examine patterns and determinants of residential mobility between central cities and suburbs. Consistent with the life-cycle model of residential mobility, mobility in both directions declines with age, but on balance the presence of young children deters moving to the suburbs. Among blacks, education increases the probability of moving from cities to suburbs, while high income retains blacks and whites in suburbs. Consistent with the place stratification model, blacks are substantially less likely than whites to move from cities to suburbs, and substantially more likely to move from suburbs to cities, even after standardizing for racial differences in sociodemographic characteristics. High levels of violent crime and unemployment in cities relative to suburbs also tend to spur city-to-suburb mobility or inhibit suburb-to-city moves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1997
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23. Underestimation of blood pressure in Afro-American males
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Hook, G., Ogbuokiri, K., Cronin, J., Hempfling, A., Crowder, K., Richardson, A., Steinberg, H.O., and Baron, A.D.
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- 1999
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24. Molecular imaging and targeted drug delivery: merging medical paradigms.
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Lanza, G.M., Winter, P.M., Caruthers, S.D., Hughes, M.S., Hall, C.S., Marsh, J.N., Scott, M.J., Zhang, H., Schmieder, A., Crowder, K., Morawski, A., and Wickline, S.A.
- Published
- 2003
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25. Preclinical Safety of Recombinant Human Hyaluronidase (rHuPH20)
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Liu, R. C., Zepeda, M., Crowder, K. C., Lalayeva, N., Makori, N., Bauman, M., Sugarman, B. J., Frost, G. I., and Bee, W. H.
- Abstract
rHuPH20 is a novel drug delivery enzyme that is locally degrading hyaluronan to transiently increase bulk fluid flow. rHuPH20 improves the subcutaneous (SC) absorption profiles of fluids and co-injected drugs and biologics. Formulation with rHuPH20 permits delivery of volumes that substantially exceed the typically tolerable SC limits and achieves bioavailability of protein therapeutics that approximate that of IV administration. In support of this novel drug delivery permeation enhancer and to characterize the preclinical safety profile, rHuPH20 was evaluated for acute, subacute and chronic toxicity in the Cynomolgus monkey. IV or SC injections of 30 mg/kg (3,600,000 U/kg) rHuPH20 dosed acutely, and 5 mg/kg (600,000 U/kg) dosed once daily for 7 days, elicited no adverse findings, as anticipated from the short t½, low systemic exposure and bioavailability of ≤5% following SC dosing. A 9-month study in monkeys dosed SC once weekly at 0.02, 0.2, and 2 mg/kg/dose (2,400, 24,000, 240,000 U/kg/dose) found no systemic toxicity. Minimal perivascular lymphoplasmacytic infiltration was observed at the injection sites in the mid- and high-dose, showing substantial improvement after a 4-week recovery. The finding was likely a local response of monkeys to the injection of a human protein and therefore considered non-adverse. The NOAEL was 2 mg/kg. Very low levels of plasma hyaluronidase activity were detectable at the high-dose only (for ≤6 months in males, for 9 months in females). Loss of plasma hyaluronidase activity correlated with increased levels of hyaluronidase neutralizing activity. Collectively, these studies establish that high SC doses of rHuPH20 resulted in very low systemic exposure and no systemic toxicity, which is consistent with rHuPH20’s activity as a locally-acting, transiently-active, fully reversible permeation-enhancing excipient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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26. A055: Underestimation of blood pressure in Afro-American males.
- Author
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Hook, G., Ogbuokiri, K., Cronin, J., Hempfling, A., Crowder, K., Richardson, A., Steinberg, H.O., and Baron, A.D.
- Published
- 1999
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27. Cancer tissue of origin constrains the growth and metabolism of metastases.
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Sivanand S, Gultekin Y, Winter PS, Vermeulen SY, Tchourine KM, Abbott KL, Danai LV, Gourgue F, Do BT, Crowder K, Kunchok T, Lau AN, Darnell AM, Jefferson A, Morita S, Duda DG, Aguirre AJ, Wolpin BM, Henning N, Spanoudaki V, Maiorino L, Irvine DJ, Yilmaz OH, Lewis CA, Vitkup D, Shalek AK, and Vander Heiden MG
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Lung Neoplasms metabolism, Lung Neoplasms pathology, Lung Neoplasms secondary, Lung Neoplasms genetics, Mice, Pancreatic Neoplasms pathology, Pancreatic Neoplasms metabolism, Pancreatic Neoplasms genetics, Liver Neoplasms metabolism, Liver Neoplasms secondary, Liver Neoplasms pathology, Neoplasms metabolism, Neoplasms pathology, Cell Line, Tumor, Neoplasm Metastasis, Cell Proliferation
- Abstract
Metastases arise from subsets of cancer cells that disseminate from the primary tumour
1,2 . The ability of cancer cells to thrive in a new tissue site is influenced by genetic and epigenetic changes that are important for disease initiation and progression, but these factors alone do not predict if and where cancers metastasize3,4 . Specific cancer types metastasize to consistent subsets of tissues, suggesting that primary tumour-associated factors influence where cancers can grow. We find primary and metastatic pancreatic tumours have metabolic similarities and that the tumour-initiating capacity and proliferation of both primary-derived and metastasis-derived cells is favoured in the primary site relative to the metastatic site. Moreover, propagating cells as tumours in the lung or the liver does not enhance their relative ability to form large tumours in those sites, change their preference to grow in the primary site, nor stably alter aspects of their metabolism relative to primary tumours. Primary liver and lung cancer cells also exhibit a preference to grow in their primary site relative to metastatic sites. These data suggest cancer tissue of origin influences both primary and metastatic tumour metabolism and may impact where cancer cells can metastasize., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)- Published
- 2024
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28. Public perception of participation in low-risk clinical trials in critical care using waived consent: a Canadian national survey.
- Author
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Opgenorth D, Duquette DJ, Tyre L, Auld R, Crowder K, Gilchrist P, Young PJ, and Bagshaw SM
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- Humans, Canada, Middle Aged, Male, Adult, Female, Cross-Sectional Studies, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Aged, Adolescent, Young Adult, Intensive Care Units, Public Opinion, Informed Consent, Critical Care, Clinical Trials as Topic
- Abstract
Purpose: The acceptability of waiver of consent for participation in clinical research in intensive care unit (ICU) settings is uncertain. We sought to survey the Canadian public to assess levels of support, comfort, and acceptability for waived consent for low-risk clinical trials., Methods: We performed a prospective cross-sectional survey of the Canadian public aged 18 yr or older. The survey was conducted by Ipsos between 19 and 23 November 2020. The survey content was derived from a literature review and in consultation with a patient and family partnership committee. The survey focused on attitudes and beliefs on waived consent for participation in low-risk clinical trials in ICU settings. The survey contained 35 items focused on sociodemographics, general health status, participation in medical research, and levels of support and comfort with research and with waived consent. The survey used a case study of a low-risk clinical trial intervention in ICU patients. Analysis was descriptive., Results: We included 2,000 participants, 38% of whom reported experience with ICU and 16% with medical research. Participation in medical research was more common among those with postsecondary education, those with chronic disease, and those who were employed in health care. Most (80%) would support a model of waived consent for low-risk clinical trials, citing medical benefits (36%) and low perceived risk (34%). Most (77%) were comfortable with personally participating in a low-risk clinical trial. Most (80%) believed waived consent approaches were acceptable. Half (52%) believed the waived consent process should provide information about the research and include the option of opting out. When asked whether participants should always give full informed consent, regardless of the practicality or level of risk, 74% and 72% agreed, respectively., Conclusions: There is public support for models of waived consent for participation in low-risk pragmatic clinical trials in ICU settings in Canada; however, this is not universal. This information can inform and guide education, ethics, policy, and legal discussion on consent models., (© 2024. Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society.)
- Published
- 2024
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29. Reversible Chemical Modification of Antibody Effector Function Mitigates Unwanted Systemic Immune Activation.
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Moquist PN, Zhang X, Leiske CI, Eng-Duncan NM, Zeng W, Bindman NA, Wo SW, Wong A, Henderson CM, Crowder K, Lyon R, Doronina SO, Senter PD, Neff-LaFord HD, Sussman D, Gardai SJ, and Levengood MR
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Humans, Polyethylene Glycols chemistry, Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity, Phagocytosis drug effects, Receptors, IgG immunology
- Abstract
Antibody effector functions including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP) are mediated through the interaction of the antibody Fc region with Fcγ receptors present on immune cells. Several approaches have been used to modulate antibody Fc-Fcγ interactions with the goal of driving an effective antitumor immune response, including Fc point mutations and glycan modifications. However, robust antibody-Fcγ engagement and immune cell binding of Fc-enhanced antibodies in the periphery can lead to the unwanted induction of systemic cytokine release and other dose-limiting infusion-related reactions. Creating a balance between effective engagement of Fcγ receptors that can induce antitumor activity without incurring systemic immune activation is an ongoing challenge in the field of antibody and immuno-oncology therapeutics. Herein, we describe a method for the reversible chemical modulation of antibody-Fcγ interactions using simple poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linkers conjugated to antibody interchain disulfides with maleimide attachments. This method enables dosing of a therapeutic with muted Fcγ engagement that is restored in vivo in a time-dependent manner. The technology was applied to an effector function enhanced agonist CD40 antibody, SEA-CD40, and experiments demonstrate significant reductions in Fc-induced immune activation in vitro and in mice and nonhuman primates despite showing retained efficacy and improved pharmacokinetics compared to the parent antibody. We foresee that this simple, modular system can be rapidly applied to antibodies that suffer from systemic immune activation due to peripheral FcγR binding immediately upon infusion.
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- 2024
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30. Securing the Basics: Longitudinal Tracking and Accounting for Trainees in a Multi-Affiliate Site Graduate Medical Education Program.
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Harbott M, Correa A, Hubbard C, Crowder K, and Appelbaum NP
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- Humans, Internship and Residency, Education, Medical, Graduate
- Published
- 2024
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31. Cumulative housing cost burden exposures and disadvantages to children's well-being and health.
- Author
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Hess C, Colburn G, Allen R, and Crowder K
- Subjects
- Child, Humans, Housing, Problem Behavior
- Abstract
Housing affordability is a growing challenge for households in the United States and other developed countries. Prolonged exposure to housing cost burden can have damaging effects on households, and, in particular, children. These burdens can exacerbate parental stress, reduce investments in children and expose households to greater neighborhood disadvantage. In this study, we use national survey data to assess whether cumulative housing cost burden exposure is associated with disadvantages to children's well-being and health. We observe that long-term exposures are linked to lower achievement in math and reading standardized test scores, as well as higher levels of behavior problems. Moreover, we identify that three mechanisms--caregiver distress, economic strain, and neighborhood disadvantage--operate as mediating pathways for these disadvantages to different degrees between these three outcomes. Overall, our study highlights how the dimension of time is increasingly important to our understanding of the challenges that families face related to housing affordability., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2024
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32. Factors associated with frequent buprenorphine / naloxone initiation in a national survey of Canadian emergency physicians.
- Author
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MacKinnon N, Lane D, Scheuermeyer F, Kaczorowski J, Dong K, Orkin AM, Daoust R, Moe J, Andolfatto G, Klaiman M, Yan J, Koh JJ, Crowder K, Atkinson P, Savage D, Stempien J, Besserer F, Wale J, and Kestler A
- Subjects
- Humans, Narcotic Antagonists therapeutic use, Canada epidemiology, Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination therapeutic use, Emergency Service, Hospital, Cognition, Naloxone therapeutic use, Buprenorphine therapeutic use, Opioid-Related Disorders drug therapy, Opioid-Related Disorders epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders complications
- Abstract
Objective: To identify individual and site-related factors associated with frequent emergency department (ED) buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP) initiation. BUP initiation, an effective opioid use disorder (OUD) intervention, varies widely across Canadian EDs., Methods: We surveyed emergency physicians in 6 Canadian provinces from 2018 to 2019 using bilingual paper and web-based questionnaires. Survey domains included BUP-related practice, demographics, attitudes toward BUP, and site characteristics. We defined frequent BUP initiation (the primary outcome) as at least once per month, high OUD prevalence as at least one OUD patient per shift, and high OUD resources as at least 3 out of the following 5 resources: BUP initiation pathways, BUP in ED, peer navigators, accessible addiction specialists, and accessible follow-up clinics. We excluded responses from sites with <50% participation (to minimize non-responder bias) and those missing the primary outcome. We used univariate analysis to identify associations between frequent BUP initiation and factors of interest, stratifying by OUD prevalence., Results: We excluded 3 responses for missing BUP initiation frequency and 9 for low response rate at one ED. Of the remaining 649 respondents from 34 EDs, 374 (58%) practiced in metropolitan areas, 384 (59%) reported high OUD prevalence, 312 (48%) had high OUD resources, and 161 (25%) initiated BUP frequently. Age, gender, board certification and years in practice were not associated with frequent BUP initiation. Site-specific factors were associated with frequent BUP initiation (high OUD resources [OR 6.91], high OUD prevalence [OR 4.45], and metropolitan location [OR 2.39],) as were individual attitudinal factors (willingness, confidence, and responsibility to initiate BUP.) Similar associations persisted in the high OUD prevalence subgroup., Conclusions: Individual attitudinal and site-specific factors were associated with frequent BUP initiation. Training to increase physician confidence and increasing OUD resources could increase BUP initiation and benefit ED patients with OUD., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 MacKinnon et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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- 2024
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33. Gentrification Yields Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Exposure To Contextual Determinants Of Health.
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Acolin A, Crowder K, Decter-Frain A, Hajat A, Hall M, Homandberg L, Hurvitz PM, and Woyczynski L
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- Humans, Hispanic or Latino statistics & numerical data, Philadelphia epidemiology, White statistics & numerical data, United States epidemiology, Asian statistics & numerical data, Black or African American statistics & numerical data, Life Expectancy ethnology, Life Expectancy trends, Residence Characteristics statistics & numerical data, Racial Groups ethnology, Racial Groups statistics & numerical data, Ethnicity statistics & numerical data, Residential Segregation, Health Inequities, Social Determinants of Health ethnology, Social Determinants of Health statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
This article examines racial and ethnic disparities in the relationship between gentrification and exposure to contextual determinants of health. In our study, we focused on changes in selected contextual determinants of health (health care access, social deprivation, air pollution, and walkability) and life expectancy during the period 2006-21 among residents of gentrifying census tracts in six large US cities that have experienced different gentrification patterns and have different levels of segregation: Chicago, Illinois; Los Angeles, California; New York, New York; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; San Francisco, California; and Seattle, Washington. We found that gentrification was associated with overall improvements in the likelihood of living in Medically Underserved Areas across racial and ethnic groups, but it was also associated with increased social deprivation and reduced life expectancy among Black people, Hispanic people, and people of another or undetermined race or ethnicity. In contrast, we found that gentrification was related to better (or unchanged) contextual determinants of health for Asian people and White people. Our findings can inform policies that target communities identified to be particularly at risk for worsening contextual determinants of health as a result of gentrification.
- Published
- 2024
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34. Alternatives to the transfer of long-term care patients to emergency departments: a new kind of house call?
- Author
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Crowder K and Lang E
- Subjects
- Humans, Aged, Emergency Service, Hospital, Homes for the Aged, Long-Term Care, House Calls
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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35. Keeping kin close? Geographies of family networks by race and income, 1981-2017.
- Author
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Spring A, Ackert E, Roche S, Parris D, Crowder K, and Kravitz-Wirtz N
- Abstract
Objective: This study examined changes in geographic proximity to family members among race and income groups in the United States from 1981 to 2017., Background: Close geographic proximity to family members can facilitate mutual support and strengthen family bonds. Some scholars argue that institutional sources of support have replaced many core family functions, which might mean that households are likely to live increasingly farther away from family. Advancing technology and changing labor market opportunities might reinforce this pattern. Yet, the ongoing cultural and emotional salience of family might curtail the effects of these factors on the increasing distance to family., Method: We conducted a quantitative analysis of longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). We utilized the multigenerational structure of the PSID and restricted-use geocodes to map kin proximity at every interview from 1981 to 2017. We cross-classified our sample by race and income, focusing on Black and White respondents across income quartiles ( n = 171,501 person-periods)., Results: High-income White respondents showed the greatest increases in distance from kin over time, whereas proximity to kin among other race-income groups was relatively stable., Conclusion: Proximate kin has become less central in the lives of high-income White households over time, whereas close proximity to kin has been the norm over time for other racial and income groups. These results have implications for racial and income differences in kin relations over time.
- Published
- 2023
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36. Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Air Pollution and Neighborhood Disadvantage on Self-Rated Health among Adults in the United States: Evidence from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics.
- Author
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Lee H, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Rao S, and Crowder K
- Subjects
- Humans, Adult, United States, Particulate Matter analysis, Residence Characteristics, Income, Neighborhood Characteristics, Environmental Exposure analysis, Air Pollution analysis, Air Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
Background: Although overall air quality has improved in the United States, air pollution remains unevenly distributed across neighborhoods, producing disproportionate environmental burdens for minoritized and socioeconomically disadvantaged residents for whom greater exposure to other structurally rooted neighborhood stressors is also more frequent. These interrelated dynamics and layered vulnerabilities each have well-documented associations with physical and psychological health outcomes; however, much remains unknown about the joint effects of environmental hazards and neighborhood socioeconomic factors on self-reported health status., Objectives: We examined the nexus of air pollution exposure, neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, and self-rated health (SRH) among adults in the United States., Methods: This observational study used individual-level data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics merged with contextual information, including neighborhood socioeconomic and air pollution data at the census tract and census block levels, spanning the period of 1999-2015. We estimated ordinary least squares regression models predicting SRH by 10-y average exposures to fine particulate matter [particles ≤ 2.5 μ m in aerodynamic diameter ( PM 2.5 )] and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage while controlling for individual-level correlates of health. We also investigated the interaction effects of air pollution and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage on SRH., Results: On average, respondents in our sample rated their health as 3.41 on a scale of 1 to 5. Respondents in neighborhoods with higher 10-y average PM 2.5 concentrations or socioeconomic disadvantage rated their health more negatively after controlling for covariates [ β = - 0.024 (95% CI: - 0.034 , - 0.014 ); β = - 0.107 (95% CI: - 0.163 , - 0.052 ), respectively]. We also found that the deleterious associations of PM 2.5 exposure with SRH were weaker in the context of greater neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage ( β = 0.007 ; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.011)., Discussion: Study results indicate that the effects of air pollution on SRH may be less salient in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods compared with more advantaged areas, perhaps owing to the presence of other more proximate structurally rooted health risks and vulnerabilities in disinvested areas (e.g., lack of economic resources, health access, healthy food options). This intersection may further underscore the importance of meaningful involvement and political power building among community stakeholders on issues concerning the nexus of environmental and socioeconomic justice, particularly in structurally marginalized communities. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11268.
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- 2023
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37. Big data from small animals: integrating multi-level environmental data into the Dog Aging Project.
- Author
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Xue D, Collins D, Kauffman M, Dunbar M, Crowder K, Schwartz SM, and Ruple A
- Subjects
- Humans, Dogs, Animals, Longitudinal Studies, Diet, Pets, Big Data, Aging
- Abstract
Environmental exposures can have large impacts on health outcomes. While many resources have been dedicated to understanding how humans are influenced by the environment, few efforts have been made to study the role of built and natural environmental features on animal health. The Dog Aging Project (DAP) is a longitudinal community science study of aging in companion dogs. Using a combination of owner-reported surveys and secondary sources linked through geocoded coordinates, DAP has captured home, yard and neighbourhood variables for over 40,000 dogs. The DAP environmental data set spans four domains: the physical and built environment; chemical environment and exposures; diet and exercise; and social environment and interactions. By combining biometric data, measures of cognitive function and behaviour, and medical records, DAP is attempting to use a big-data approach to transform the understanding of how the surrounding world affects the health of companion dogs. In this paper, the authors describe the data infrastructure developed to integrate and analyse multi-level environmental data that can be used to improve the understanding of canine co-morbidity and aging.
- Published
- 2023
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38. The multicenter impacts of an emergency physician lead on departmental flow and provider experiences.
- Author
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Crowder K, Domm E, Lipp R, Robinson O, Vatanpour S, Wang D, and Lang E
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- Adult, Humans, Length of Stay, Workload, Hospitals, Retrospective Studies, Emergency Service, Hospital, Physicians
- Abstract
Introduction: Emergency department (ED) flow impacts patient safety, quality of care and ED provider satisfaction. Throughput interventions have been shown to improve flow, yet few studies have reported the impact of ED physician leadership roles on patient flow and provider experiences. The study objective was to evaluate the impacts of the emergency physician lead role on ED flow metrics and provider experiences., Methods: Quantitative data about patient flow metrics were collected from ED information systems in two tertiary hospital EDs and analyzed to compare ED length of stay, EMS hallway length of stay, physician initial assessment time, 72-h readmission and left without being seen rates three months before and following emergency physician lead role implementation. ED flow metrics for adult patients at each site were analyzed independently using descriptive and inferential statistics, t tests and multivariable regression analysis. Qualitative data were collected via surveys from ED providers (physicians, nurses, and EMS) about their experiences working with the emergency physician leads and analyzed for themes about emergency physician leads impact., Results: The number of ED visits was relatively stable pre-post at the Peter Lougheed Centre (Lougheed) but increased pre-post at the Foothills Medical Centre (Foothills). Post-intervention at Lougheed median ED length of stay decreased by 18 min (p < 0.001) and at Foothills ED length of stay increased by 8 min (p < 0.001). EMS length of stay at Lougheed decreased by 20 min (p < 0.001), and at Foothills length of stay increased by 17 min (p < 0.001). Themes in provider feedback were that emergency physician leads (1) facilitated patient flow, (2) impacted provider workload, and (3) supported patient flow and safety with early assessments, treatments and investigations., Conclusion: In this study, the emergency physician lead impacted ED flow metrics variably at different sites, but important learnings from provider experiences can guide future emergency physician lead implementation., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP)/ Association Canadienne de Médecine d'Urgence (ACMU).)
- Published
- 2023
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39. Move-In Fees as a Residential Sorting Mechanism Within Online Rental Markets.
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Stewart R, Hess C, Kennedy I, and Crowder K
- Abstract
An increasing number of American renters within major metropolitan housing markets rely on online platforms such as Craigslist to find rental units. Landlords that advertise rentals on these websites have been found to tailor the language used in their listings in reference to surrounding neighborhood demographics to influence prospective tenants' rental searches. This work investigates the underexplored subject of move-in fees, referring to upfront costs to secure a lease, such as security deposits, application charges, and advanced rent payments that can affect whether a prospective renter can afford an advertised unit. This study advances a framework for how housing researchers can assess variations in landlord discourse within online housing marketplaces using text analysis methods and web scraping. It then illustrates how the resulting measures about move-in fees have distinct variations in prevalence along sociodemographic, spatial, and policy measures through a series of descriptive analyses, with subsequent conclusions toward policy implications designed to assist low-income renters with overcoming financial barriers in securing rental housing.
- Published
- 2023
40. Segmented information, segregated outcomes: Housing affordability and neighborhood representation on a voucher-focused online housing platform and three mainstream alternatives.
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Hess C, Walter RJ, Kennedy I, Acolin A, Ramiller A, and Crowder K
- Abstract
Online platforms have become an integral component of the housing search process in the United States and other developed contexts, but recent studies have demonstrated that these platforms offer uneven representation of different neighborhoods. In this study, we use listings covering the largest 50 U.S. metropolitan areas to assess how GoSection8, a platform uniquely focused on affordable housing and voucher-assisted households, compares with "mainstream" alternatives of Craigslist, Apartments.com and Zillow. Through descriptive and regression analyses of the housing and neighborhoods represented on these websites and a new way of measuring the distribution of rental housing opportunities, we advance a multisource perspective on the role of online information exchanges in housing search processes. Specifically, we find that GoSection8 and mainstream alternatives capture spatially-segmented information about housing markets, with GoSection8 ads representing units that are more affordable but also more constrained to higher-poverty neighborhoods where assisted households are already concentrated. The findings suggest that disadvantaged households are potentially funneled toward high-poverty, isolated neighborhoods by the operation of stratified information systems available for online housing searches., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interest Statement The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.
- Published
- 2023
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41. Gentrification, Mobility, and Exposure to Contextual Social Determinants of Health.
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Acolin A, Crowder K, Decter-Frain A, Hajat A, and Hall M
- Abstract
This study uses individual level consumer trace data for 2006 residents of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods for the principal cities of the 100 largest metropolitan regions in the US using their location in 2006 and 2019 to examine exposure to the following four cSDOH: healthcare access (Medically Underserved Areas), socioeconomic condition (Area Deprivation Index), air pollution (NO2, PM 2.5 and PM10), and walkability (National Walkability Index). The results control for individual characteristics and initial neighborhood conditions. Residents of neighborhoods classified as gentrifying were exposed to more favorable cSDOH as of 2006 relative to residents of low- and moderate-income neighborhoods that were not gentrifying in terms of likelihood to be in a MUA, and level of local deprivation and walkability while experiencing similar level of air pollution. As a result of changes in neighborhood characteristics and differential mobility pattern, between 2006 and 2019, individuals who originally lived in gentrifying neighborhoods experienced worse changes in MUAs, ADI, and Walkability Index but a greater improvement in exposure to air pollutants. The negative changes are driven by movers, while stayers actually experience a relative improvement in MUAs and ADI and larger improvements in exposure to air pollutants. The findings indicate that gentrification may contribute to health disparities through changes in exposure to cSDOH through mobility to communities with worse cSDOH among residents of gentrifying neighborhoods although results in terms of exposure to health pollutants are mixed.
- Published
- 2023
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42. Associations between Neighborhood Disadvantage and Dog Walking among Participants in the Dog Aging Project.
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Collins D, Lee H, Dunbar MD, Crowder K, and Dog Aging Project Consortium
- Subjects
- Aging, Animals, Crime, Dogs, Humans, Residence Characteristics, Neighborhood Characteristics, Walking
- Abstract
Although neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is negatively related to overall physical activity, prior studies reveal a complex relationship between disadvantage and particular walking behaviors. While disadvantage is associated with reduced recreational walking through a hypothesized "fear-of-crime" mechanism, the built environment in disadvantaged neighborhoods may encourage utilitarian walking. To date, no study has assessed how disadvantage relates to dog walking, a distinct walking behavior that is neither strictly recreational nor utilitarian but represents a key mechanism through which pet ownership may affect human health. We employ a large ( n = 19,732) dataset from the Dog Aging Project to understand how neighborhood disadvantage is associated with dog walking when controlling for individual-, household-, and environmental-level factors. We find that dog owners in more disadvantaged neighborhoods report less on-leash walking activity compared to owners in advantaged neighborhoods and discuss the possibility of a fear-of-crime mechanism underlying this association. These findings improve our understanding of the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and physical function and highlight the need for public health interventions that encourage dog ownership to consider neighborhood disadvantage.
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- 2022
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43. Racial disparity in exposure to housing cost burden in the United States: 1980-2017.
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Hess C, Colburn G, Crowder K, and Allen R
- Abstract
This paper uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to analyze Black-White differences in housing cost burden exposure among renter households in the United States from 1980 to 2017, expanding understanding of this phenomenon in two respects. Specifically, we document how much this racial disparity changed among renters over almost four decades and identify how much factors associated with income or housing costs explain Black-White inequality in exposure to housing cost burden. For White households, the net contribution of household, neighborhood, and metropolitan covariates accounts for much of the change in the probability of housing cost burden over time. For Black households, however, the probability of experiencing housing cost burden continued to rise throughout the period of this study, even after controlling for household, neighborhood, and metropolitan covariates. This suggests that unobserved variables like racial discrimination, social networks or employment quality might explain the increasing disparity in cost burden among for Black and White households in the U.S.
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- 2022
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44. A cross-sectional survey on buprenorphine-naloxone practice and attitudes in 22 Canadian emergency physician groups: a cross-sectional survey.
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Kestler A, Kaczorowski J, Dong K, Orkin AM, Daoust R, Moe J, Van Pelt K, Andolfatto G, Klaiman M, Yan J, Koh JJ, Crowder K, Webster D, Atkinson P, Savage D, Stempien J, Besserer F, Wale J, Lam A, and Scheueremeyer F
- Subjects
- Canada epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Care Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Narcotic Antagonists administration & dosage, Needs Assessment, Staff Development methods, Staff Development standards, Attitude of Health Personnel, Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination administration & dosage, Emergency Service, Hospital statistics & numerical data, Opioid-Related Disorders epidemiology, Opioid-Related Disorders therapy, Physicians psychology, Physicians statistics & numerical data, Practice Patterns, Physicians' statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Buprenorphine-naloxone (BUP) initiation in emergency departments improves follow-up and survival among patients with opioid use disorder. We aimed to assess self-reported BUP-related practices and attitudes among emergency physicians., Methods: We designed a cross-sectional physician survey by adapting a validated questionnaire on opioid harm reduction practices, attitudes and barriers. We recruited physician leads from 6 Canadian provinces to administer surveys to the staff physicians in their emergency department groups between December 2018 and November 2019. We included academic and community non-locum emergency department staff physicians. We excluded responses from emergency department groups with response rates less than 50% to minimize nonresponse bias. Primary (BUP prescribing practices) and secondary (willingness and attitudes) outcomes were analyzed using descriptive statistics., Results: After excluding 1 group for low response (9/26 physicians), 652 of 798 (81.7%) physicians responded from 22 groups serving 34 emergency departments. Among respondents, 64.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 60.4%-67.8%, emergency department group range 7.1%-100.0%) had prescribed BUP at least once in their career, 38.4% had prescribed it for home initiation and 24.8% prescribed it at least once a month. Overall, 68.9% (95% CI 65.3%-72.4%, emergency department group range 24.1%-97.6%) were willing to administer BUP, 64.2% felt it was a major responsibility and 37.1% felt they understood people who use drugs. Respondents most frequently rated lack of adequate training (58.2%) and lack of time (55.2%) as very important barriers to BUP initiation., Interpretation: Two-thirds of the emergency physicians surveyed prescribed BUP, although only one-quarter did so regularly and one-third prescribed it for home initiation; wide variation between emergency department groups existed. Strategies to increase BUP initiation must address physicians' lack of time and training for BUP initiation and improve their understanding of people who use drugs., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© 2021 CMA Joule Inc. or its licensors.)
- Published
- 2021
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45. Early life predictors of positive change during the coronavirus disease pandemic.
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Bleil ME, Appelhans BM, Thomas AS, Gregorich SE, Marquez N, Roisman GI, Booth-LaForce C, and Crowder K
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Life Change Events, Male, Prospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Pandemics
- Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is a crisis unprecedented in its size and scope. Yet studies of resilience suggest most individuals will successfully negotiate this challenge and some may even experience growth and positive change. Some evidence suggests that the capacity to enact positive change in the face of adversity may be shaped by early life experiences., Methods: In a subset of 374 participants (57% female, mean age = 29 years) in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD), a longitudinal, birth cohort, prospective models were tested to determine whether early life adversities in family and neighborhood contexts predict positive change events in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Childhood family and neighborhood contexts were assessed using a combination of self-report questionnaires and US Census data. Adulthood positive change events (e.g., becoming more appreciative of things usually taken for granted) were assessed using the Epidemic-Pandemic Impacts Inventory (EPII)., Results: In regression analyses, neighborhood disadvantage in childhood, measured both by objective and subjective assessments, predicted a higher number of positive change events in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (β = .18, p = .004 and β = .15, p = .006, respectively). Examination of the positive change event subscales showed neighborhood disadvantage in childhood predicted increases in events related to 'perspective taking and charitable giving' (β = .20, p = .022 and β = .17, p = .002, respectively) and improved 'social relationships' (β = .18, p = .004 and β = .13, p = .020, respectively), but not to positive 'health behaviors' (ps > .05). All associations were independent of sociodemographic factors and childhood family dysfunction., Conclusions: Findings suggest that neighborhood disadvantage in childhood may shape prosocial responses to stress in adulthood, potentially through early life adaptions to stress that are protective when facing adversity. There are several notable implications of the study findings. Although adversity in early life has clear negative impacts, it is possible that adversity experiences may also provide opportunities to develop adaptive strategies that foster resilience and growth when facing stress. Intervention efforts should consider leveraging such stress-adapted strengths to reduce the many negative impacts of early life adversity.
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- 2021
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46. Toward a Cross-Platform Framework: Assessing the Comprehensiveness of Online Rental Listings.
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Costa A, Sass V, Kennedy I, Roy R, Walter RJ, Acolin A, Crowder K, Hess C, Ramiller A, and Chasins S
- Abstract
Research on rental housing markets in the United States has traditionally relied on national or local housing surveys. Those sources lack temporal and spatial specificity, limiting their use for tracking short-term changes in local markets. As rental housing ads have transitioned to digital spaces, a growing body of literature has utilized web scraping to analyze listing practices and variations in rental market dynamics. Those studies have primarily relied on one platform, Craigslist, as a source of data. Despite Craigslist's popularity, the authors contend that rental listings from various websites, rather than from individual ones, provide a more comprehensive picture. Using a mixed-methods approach to study listings across various platforms in five metropolitan areas, this article demonstrates considerable variation in both the types of rental units advertised and the features provided across those platforms. The article begins with an account of the birth and consolidation of online rental platforms and emergent characteristics of several selected websites, including the criteria for posting, search parameters, search results priority, and first-page search results. Visualizations are used to compare features such as the 40th percentile of rent, rent distribution, and bedroom size based on scraped data from six online platforms (Padmapper, Forrent.com, Trulia, Zillow, Craigslist, and GoSection8), 2020 Fair Market Rents, and 2019 American Community Survey data. The analyses indicate that online listing platforms target different audiences and offer distinct information on units within those market segments, resulting in markedly different estimates of local rental costs and unit size distribution depending on the platform.
- Published
- 2021
47. Is geography destiny? Disrupting the relationship between segregation and neighbohrood outcomes.
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Leibbrand C, Gabriel R, Hess C, and Crowder K
- Abstract
Considerable research has shown that, in the cross-section, segregation is associated with detrimental neighborhood outcomes for blacks and improved neighborhood outcomes for whites. However, it is unclear whether early-life experiences of segregation shape later-life neighborhood outcomes, whether this association persists for those who migrate out of the metropolitan areas in which they grew up, and how these relationships differ for blacks and whites. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics from 1979 to 2013, we find that the level of segregation experienced during adolescence is associated with significantly worse neighborhood outcomes in adulthood for blacks. However, migrating out of the metropolitan area an individual grew up in substantially moderates these relationships. In contrast, adolescent segregation is associated with improved, or not significantly different, neighborhood outcomes in adulthood for whites. These findings have important implications for theorizing about the mechanisms linking segregation and neighborhood outcomes and for considering potential means of assuaging racial disparities in harmful neighborhood exposures., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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48. Does Hypersegregation Matter for Black-White Socioeconomic Disparities?
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Hess C, Gabriel R, Leibbrand C, and Crowder K
- Subjects
- Censuses, Educational Status, Employment statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Male, Poverty Areas, Race Relations, United States, Urban Population, Black or African American statistics & numerical data, Social Segregation, Socioeconomic Factors, White People statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Massey and Denton's concept of hypersegregation describes how multiple and distinct forms of black-white segregation lead to high levels of black-white stratification. However, numerous studies assessing the association between segregation and racial stratification applied only one or two dimensions of segregation, neglecting how multiple forms of segregation combine to potentially exacerbate socioeconomic disparities between blacks and whites. We address this by using data from the U.S. Census from 1980 to 2010 and data from the American Community Survey from 2012 to 2016 to assess trajectories for black-white disparities in educational attainment, employment, and neighborhood poverty between metropolitan areas with hypersegregation and black-white segregation, as measured by the dissimilarity index. Using a time-varying measure of segregation types, our results indicate that in some cases, hypersegregated metropolitan areas have been associated with larger black-white socioeconomic disparities beyond those found in metropolitan areas that are highly segregated in terms of dissimilarity but are not hypersegregated. However, the contrasts in black-white socioeconomic inequality between hypersegregated metropolitan areas and those with high segregation largely diminish by the 2012 to 2016 observation.
- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
49. Kin location and racial disparities in exiting and entering poor neighborhoods.
- Author
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Ackert E, Spring A, Crowder K, and South SJ
- Subjects
- Black or African American statistics & numerical data, Cities statistics & numerical data, Hispanic or Latino psychology, Hispanic or Latino statistics & numerical data, Humans, Socioeconomic Factors, White People psychology, White People statistics & numerical data, Black or African American psychology, Family Relations psychology, Population Dynamics statistics & numerical data, Poverty Areas, Residence Characteristics statistics & numerical data, Urban Population statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Blacks and Latinos/as are less likely than Whites to move from a poor neighborhood to a non-poor neighborhood and are more likely to move in the reverse direction. Using individual-level data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1980-2013) and neighborhood-level census data, this study explores the role that the spatial location of familial kin networks plays in explaining these racially and ethnically disparate mobility patterns. Blacks and Latinos/as live closer than Whites to nuclear kin, and they are also more likely than Whites to have kin members living in poor neighborhoods. Close geographic proximity to kin and higher levels of kin neighborhood poverty inhibit moving from a poor to a non-poor neighborhood, and increase the risk of moving from a non-poor to a poor tract. Racial/ethnic differences in kin proximity and kin neighborhood poverty explain a substantial portion of racial gaps in exiting and entering poor neighborhoods., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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50. Residential Segregation and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Ambient Air Pollution.
- Author
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Woo B, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Sass V, Crowder K, Teixeira S, and Takeuchi DT
- Abstract
Race and ethnicity are consequential constructs when it comes to exposure to air pollution. Persistent environmental racial/ethnic inequalities call for attention to identifying the factors that maintain them. We examined associations between racial residential segregation and racial/ethnic inequalities in exposure to three types of air pollutants. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (1990-2011), the U.S. Census (1990- 2010), and the Environmental Protection Agency, we tested the independent and joint contributions of race/ethnicity and metropolitan-level residential segregation on individual levels of exposure to air pollution nationwide. We found that racial and ethnic minorities were exposed to significantly higher levels of air pollution compared to Whites. The difference between minorities and Whites in exposure to all three types of air pollution was most pronounced in metropolitan areas with high levels of residential segregation. The environmental inequities observed in this study call for public health and policy initiatives to ameliorate the sources of racial/ethnic gaps in pollution exposure. Given the links between the physical environment and health, addressing such uneven environmental burdens may be a promising way to improve population health and decrease racial/ethnic inequalities therein., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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