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This article argues that a society's level of social trust influences employers' hiring strategies. Employers can focus either on applicants' potential and select on foundational skills (e.g., social skills, math skills) or on their readiness and select on more-advanced skills (e.g., pricing a derivative). The higher (lower) the social trust—people's trust in their fellow members of society—the more (less) employers are willing to invest in employees and grant them role flexibility. Employers in higher-trust societies are therefore more attentive to applicants' potential, focusing more on foundational skills than on advanced skills. We empirically test this theory by using a novel dataset of more than 50 million job postings from the 28 European Union countries. We find that the higher a country's social trust, the more its employers require foundational skills instead of advanced skills. Our identification strategy takes advantage of multinational firms in our sample and uses measures of bilateral (country-to-country) trust to predict job requirements, while including an instrumental variable and fixed effects on country, year, employer, and occupation. These findings suggest a novel pathway by which social trust shapes employment practices and organizational strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandemic lockdowns in early 2020 disrupted daily life worldwide and created an opportunity for self-reflection and consumption paradigm shifts. However, consumption patterns might take different directions, and opposing views exist about whether consumers (1) prolong reduced consumption after lockdown or (2) compensate for lockdown consumption restrictions through self-indulgence. Drawing from self-determination theory and individual–cultural values frameworks, this article develops a conceptual model of postlockdown consumption patterns related to three factors: consumers' fulfillment of basic psychological needs during lockdowns, individual consumer values, and country-level cultural orientations. Consumer surveys conducted after the first lockdowns in three culturally different European countries (the United Kingdom, Germany, and Romania) show that both satisfaction and dissatisfaction of psychological needs during lockdown impact consumption patterns, at least in the short term. The direction of consumption patterns is driven by hedonism and universalism values at an individual level and differences in postmaterialism and indulgence at a country level. The results provide implications for international marketers and policy makers in postpandemic marketplaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore and compare the didactic approaches to practical skills learning at simulation centres in Scandinavian universities and university colleges. Background: Academic simulation centres are an important arena for learning practical nursing skills which are essential to ensure competent performance regarding patient safety and quality of care. Knowledge of didactic approaches to enhance learning is essential in promoting the provision and retention of students' practical nursing skills. However, research on didactical approaches to practical nursing skills learning is lacking. Design: A qualitative comparative design was used. Methods: During November and December 2019, interviews were conducted with a total of 37 simulation centre directors or assistant directors, each of whom possessed in‐depth knowledge of practical skills in teaching and learning. They represented bachelor nursing education in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. A qualitative deductive content analysis was conducted. Results: The results revealed all five predetermined didactical components derived from the didactical relationship model. Twenty‐two corresponding categories that described a variation in didactic approaches to practical skills learning in Scandinavian nursing simulation centres were identified. The didactical components of Learning process revealed mostly similarities, Setting mostly differences and Assessment showed only differences in didactic approaches. Conclusion: Although various didactic approaches were described across the countries, no common approach was found. Nursing educational institutions are encouraged to cooperate in developing a shared understanding of how didactic approaches can enhance practical skills learning. Implications for Profession and/or Patient Care: Cross‐country comparisons of practical nursing skills learning in Scandinavian countries highlight the importance of educator awareness concerning the impact diverse didactic approaches may have on competent performance in nursing education. Competent performance is pivotal for ensuring patient safety and the provision of high‐quality care. Patient or Public Contribution: No Patient or Public Contribution. Reporting Method: This study followed the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research reporting guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the relationship between corporate tax avoidance and environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance and the moderating effect of financial constraints on the relationship between corporate tax avoidance and ESG performance. Design/methodology/approach: The sample consists of a global data set involving 24,259 firm-year observations from 49 countries for the years 2011–2020. Corporate ESG performance was extracted from the Thomson Reuters database. The book-tax difference model was used for measuring corporate tax avoidance, while financially constrained firms were identified using the Kaplan and Zingales (1997) index. Findings: The results show that firms with higher tax avoidance are associated with higher ESG performance, but lower ESG performance is shown for firms with higher financial constraints. The results further indicate that the positive impact of corporate tax avoidance on ESG performance becomes weaker for firms with higher financial constraints. Practical implications: The findings imply that policymakers and regulators should focus on mechanisms to promote more internal funds to assist firms in pursuing ESG-related initiatives, such as through tax incentives. Investors should understand the "smokescreen" effect of corporate tax avoidance on ESG performance, especially for firms with financial constraints. Originality/value: This analysis provides international evidence on the link between tax avoidance and ESG and considers the joint effect of pressures for internal funds, through tax and financing constraints, on corporate ESG performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to evaluate four distinct models for multi-population mortality projection in order to ascertain the most effective approach for forecasting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality. Utilizing data from the Human Mortality Database for five countries—Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United States—the study identifies the generalized additive model (GAM) within the age–period–cohort (APC) analytical framework as the most promising for precise mortality forecasts. Consequently, this model serves as the basis for projecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on future mortality rates. By examining various pandemic scenarios, ranging from mild to severe, the study concludes that projections assuming a diminishing impact of the pandemic over time are most consistent, especially for middle-aged and elderly populations. Projections derived from the superior GAM-APC model offer guidance for strategic planning and decision-making within sectors facing the challenges posed by extreme historical mortality events and uncertain future mortality trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid aging of populations in developing Asia calls for an in-depth understanding of the factors that determine the well-being of older people beyond the classic metrics such as income and poverty. We use a novel dataset of older individuals in nine countries across East Asia (the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Korea); Southeast Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam); and South Asia (Bangladesh and India), to examine the correlates of well-being in old age, as measured by life satisfaction and mental health screening test scores. Consistent with the prevailing literature across multiple disciplines, our findings emphasize that age is positively associated with well-being, while it negatively predicts ill-being in most countries. Other demographic characteristics such as gender, marital status, education level, residential area, and living arrangement do not show consistent patterns of association with well-being or ill-being in old age across countries. Beyond demographic characteristics, the findings from the existing literature point to four dimensions of well-being in old age: being productive through work, maintaining physical health and mobility, achieving retirement financial preparedness, and engaging actively in family and social life. Our results are aligned with this literature in that they predict higher life satisfaction and a reduction of depressive symptoms. However, the sign and magnitude of the associations vary substantially between countries, which are at different stages of population aging with heterogeneous cultural and institutional settings. Overall, we observe a relatively high incidence of depression and loneliness among older people in the region, which dampens indicators of well-being in later life, particularly among older women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This explorative cross-country qualitative study aims to describe experiences of receiving a dementia diagnosis and experiences of support following a diagnosis in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and Poland. Method: Qualitative study using projective techniques during online focus groups, online and telephone interviews with people with dementia and caregivers. Results: Twenty-three people with dementia and 53 caregivers participated. Qualitative content analysis revealed five themes; (1) 'Coming to terms with dementia' helped people deal with complex emotions to move forward. (3) 'The social network as a source of support' and (4) 'The challenges and realities of formal support' and impacted 'Coming to terms with dementia'. (2) 'Navigating life with dementia as a caregiver' highlights caregiver burden and was impacted by (4) 'The challenges and realities of formal support'. People were (5) 'Self-caring and preparing for tomorrow' as they focused on maintaining current health whilst planning the future. Despite differences in healthcare and post-diagnostic support systems, there were more similarities across countries than differences. Conclusion: Across countries, formal support and support from friends and family are crucial for people with dementia and caregivers to come to terms with dementia and maintain carer wellbeing to ultimately live well with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite clear evidence detailing the academic and psychosocial benefits resulting from a sense of school belonging, there is currently no consistent global consensus about the strategies that can be employed to promote school belonging. In addition, existing research is primarily derived from democratic and developed countries. The current study sought to explore if students in Australia, Greece, Iran, and Qatar differed in their experience of school belonging and to establish common and unique practices students voiced as improving their sense of belonging. Cross-country responses from 698 secondary school students (from Australia, Greece, Iran, and Qatar) were analysed using both quantitative (ANOVA) and qualitative (thematic analysis) methods. Iranian students reported significantly higher school belonging than their Australian, Greek, and Qatari counterparts, while Qatari students also scored higher than those from Australia and Greece. Common teacher- and school-level belonging practices were established from the student responses, and cross-country differences are discussed. The study underscores the importance of cultural sensitivity and student involvement in crafting context-specific strategies to enhance school belonging for optimal student wellbeing and success. Implications for cross-country belonging practices are discussed and considered within the context of the study’s limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars studying entrepreneurship are increasingly interested in understanding the impact of informal factors, such as national culture or norms, on entrepreneurial behavior. One concept that is receiving particular attention is fear of failure. While the prevailing assumption here is that it functions as a hindrance, recent studies are beginning to challenge this view. Adopting a perspective on fear of failure as a country’s cultural characteristic, we examine its differential effects on the emergence of entrepreneurship at the country level across three stages of the entrepreneurial process: the pre-launch, launch and post-launch stage. Across a set of 89 countries, we find empirical evidence showing that the effects of collective fear of failure unfold differently at subsequent stages of entrepreneurship. While collective fear of failure is negatively related to the emergence of entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity-seeking behavior, it is positively related to entrepreneurial activity in later stages that aims to achieve growth and innovation. Our research contributes to the field of entrepreneurship by reconciling previously conflicting findings on the role of fear of failure in entrepreneurship and extends the ongoing discussion of entrepreneurship as a process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to evaluate four distinct models for multi-population mortality projection in order to ascertain the most effective approach for forecasting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mortality. Utilizing data from the Human Mortality Database for five countries—Finland, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United States—the study identifies the generalized additive model (GAM) within the age–period–cohort (APC) analytical framework as the most promising for precise mortality forecasts. Consequently, this model serves as the basis for projecting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on future mortality rates. By examining various pandemic scenarios, ranging from mild to severe, the study concludes that projections assuming a diminishing impact of the pandemic over time are most consistent, especially for middle-aged and elderly populations. Projections derived from the superior GAM-APC model offer guidance for strategic planning and decision-making within sectors facing the challenges posed by extreme historical mortality events and uncertain future mortality trajectories.

This study investigates the adoption of indoor air quality (IAQ) management technologies in Germany and Portugal, focusing on the common and differentiating factors influencing individuals' motivations and the perceived health impacts of these technologies. Utilizing a model based on the protection motivation theory, we surveyed 800 participants (400 from each country) to understand how their perceptions of the risks associated with poor IAQ and their evaluations of the effectiveness and costs of technologies like air purifiers and sensors drive the adoption intention of these technologies and well‐being of individuals. To estimate the complex relationships in our model, we employed partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM). Our model explains nearly 50% of the variance in well‐being for both countries. The results revealed significant differences in the factors driving technology adoption: Germans are primarily motivated by individual efficacy and personal responsibility with the people close to them. Regarding the similarities, participants from both countries value the technology's effectiveness in improving IAQ and do not see being vulnerable to health issues derived from poor IAQ as a motivator. These insights highlight the need for strategies that are tailored to specific cultural and national contexts to promote the adoption of IAQ management technologies, aiming to enhance IAQ and public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a novel multinomial logistic model for detecting and forecasting concurrent recessions and bear markets across multiple countries. Our framework leverages cross-country panel features and provides additional information for robust analysis. Through a comprehensive simulation study, we demonstrate the computational efficiency and accuracy of our model, even when handling multiple binary indicators. Applying our framework to empirical data from the United States, the UK, and Euro Area, we find that the multinomial logistic model produces superior medium-term forecasting of concurrent recession and bear market events across countries compared to multiple independent single logistic models. Additionally, our counterfactual analysis reveals that specific events, such as a recession and bear market in the United States, along with the tightening of financial conditions and a negative interest rate spread in the United States, increase the probability of concurrent and individual recession and bear market occurrences in the UK and Euro Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Widowhood has been shown to decrease surviving spouses' economic well-being. However, previous research has focused mostly on income-related outcomes, and has been less attentive to the importance of wealth, the processual nature of spousal death, and cross-national variation. In this study, we assessed how total, housing, and nonhousing wealth changes over the process of widowhood across 11 European countries. Methods Individual fixed-effects regressions and longitudinal data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe were used to estimate how household net total wealth, housing wealth, and nonhousing wealth changed 3 years prior and 6 or more years after spousal death relative to 4 or more years prior to widowhood in 11 European countries. Results In all countries, household net wealth stayed relatively constant across the widowhood process, except for Austria, the Czech Republic, and Poland, where wealth declines were observed especially in the years following death. However, we found declines in housing wealth over the widowhood process, including prior to spousal death, across most countries in our sample, particularly in Austria, France, Denmark, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Declines in housing wealth were generally not reflected by changes in nonhousing wealth but coincided with leaving homeownership and downsizing. Discussion Widowhood is associated with lower wealth, especially housing wealth, even in the years before spousal loss. Future research should focus on adjudicating the mechanisms behind country differences and exploring the implications of lost wealth following widowhood for surviving spouses' well-being and intergenerational transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past research indicates interviewer effects lead to an underestimation of network size and higher nonresponse to the "important matters" name generator. Self-administered surveys offer a potential solution, but evidence is mixed and context-specific. We employ a logistic multilevel regression, estimated using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach, to analyze nonresponse to this name generator from 33 post-electoral surveys across 21 countries in the Comparative National Election Project. We find higher nonresponse in interviewer-administered surveys compared to self-administered surveys, particularly among specific demographic groups. Finally, we discuss the trade-offs in selecting survey modes for collecting ego-network data using this instrument. • Cross-country analysis of interview modes and nonresponse to the name generator. • Positive association between interviewer-administered surveys and nonresponse. • Consistency with prior studies on survey modes and nonresponse behavior. • Exploration of interplay between interviewer presence and respondent characteristics. • Caution advised in interpreting nonresponse as a sole indicator of social isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we summarise the existing literature and present new empirical evidence in order to address the questions of whether educational expansion is an effective tool for reducing inequality and whether some educational systems have better associations with lower inequality and others worse. We argue that – depending on the form the policies take, on the extent of intergenerational correlations in income and on the levers of educational access – policies that aim at increasing education are not necessarily beneficial in the sense of reducing inequality. Differential impacts of different systems by gender are particularly striking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the international market selection process of entrepreneurs operating internationally. Design/methodology/approach: Four small and medium-sized comparative and rich-information case studies were purposefully selected from among Australian and Arabian firms. Data were collected via in-depth personal interviews, follow-up interviews and questionnaire instrument. Findings: The results revealed that entrepreneurs used a four-stage systematic decision-making process to attain profitable foreign market choices. The decision process was influenced by cognitive boundaries as entrepreneurs relied on the availability experiential, anchoring and adjustment heuristic. Research limitations/implications: The research's findings and the proposed decision model will, significantly, assist entrepreneurs, willing to expand internationally, in enhancing their decision-making to attain profitable foreign market choices. Further, it provides benefits to foreign investment policymakers in host countries by assisting them to attract more inward foreign direct investments, and, accordingly, enhance the economic and social development movement in their countries. Originality/value: This study provides a significant theoretical contribution to the literature on the internationalization process of entrepreneurs and small- and medium-sized enterprises through developing a decision model for selecting and entering foreign markets by entrepreneurs in a cross-country context. Further, the study provides significant methodological contributions with regard to the effectiveness of the qualitative case study method in capturing elements of the foreign market selection process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Once considered improbable, the fusion of sustainability and luxury has emerged as a captivating concept in contemporary consumer culture. The growing emphasis on integrating sustainability into luxury products has raised concerns about potential consumer backlash. The current research proposes that consumers’ traditional luxury personal and social purchase motives (i.e. luxury values) can be shaped by their opinions on luxury sustainability (i.e. perceived luxury sustainability).Design/methodology/approach The analysis was conducted in two stages using the PROCESS macro. We utilized a sample of 600 participants, equally distributed across two distinct cultures: individualistic with a high sustainable orientation and collectivistic with a developing sustainable orientation. In the first stage, we employed Model 4 to examine the anticipated influence of perceived luxury service (PLS) on perceived luxury values that underpin consumers’ purchase intentions (PI). In the second stage, we investigated the country’s moderating role in shaping the relationships explored in the first stage. A moderated mediation analysis was conducted using Model 7 of the PROCESS macro.Findings This research has uncovered a profound connection between luxury and sustainability that challenges conventional knowledge. The results confirm that perceiving luxury as sustainable enhances consumers’ perceptions of its quality and material aspects, increasing their intent to purchase luxury items. However, this perception also seems to diminish other traditional luxury values. This trend holds across diverse cultural contexts. Nevertheless, insights from this study highlight the importance of considering cultural differences, particularly in social motives, in the context of luxury and sustainability.Originality The current research adds to the understanding of the self-congruity concept, which influences consumers’ evaluation of products based on how they relate product or brand values to their self-identity. This study employs a novel approach to investigate how comprehensive variables—including personal and social values, cultural orientation, and sustainable perception—might influence consumers’ purchase intentions (PI) toward luxury products, regardless of sustainable labeling. For the first time, it reveals how consumers innately link sustainability to luxury values across different cultures. Previous studies have focused explicitly on sustainably labeled luxury products, considering limited luxury values and never conducting cross-cultural tests. Given these findings, the current article proposes managerial recommendations to navigate this complex consumer landscape.

The objectives of this study were (a) to explore the preliminary cross‐cultural validity of a visual‐perceptual method to assess body image; (b) to examine potential differences and similarities in body image phenomena between women from two Western countries (i.e., Canada and Spain). 201 self‐identified women participated in this cross‐sectional study. Ideal, normal, and self‐perceived body sizes were assessed using a visual‐perceptual method, whereas body dissatisfaction was measured using both a visual‐perceptual method and a questionnaire. Visual‐perceptual body dissatisfaction was significantly correlated with questionnaire body dissatisfaction, suggesting a preliminary convergent validity between the two assessment methods. Women in both countries were dissatisfied with their bodies. Compared to their self‐perceived body, all women chose a significantly thinner visual representation of their "normal" and ideal body. These results may suggest a shift towards the "thin" body as not only ideal, but also normative. This study provides the first evidence for the cross‐cultural validity of a visual‐perceptual body image assessment tool. The results of the current study confirm the presence of "normative discontent", and suggest more cross‐country similarities than differences among women from these two Western societies. Highlights: This study had two objectives: (a) to explore the preliminary cross‐cultural validity of a visual‐perceptual method to assess body image; (b) to examine potential differences and similarities in body image phenomena between women from Canada and Spain.The results highlight the preliminary validity of a novel continuum of 3D bodies as a valid cross‐cultural visual‐perceptual method to assess body image phenomena.Women in both countries were dissatisfied with their bodies.Compared to their self‐perceived body, all women chose a significantly thinner visual representation of their "normal" and ideal body. These results may suggest a shift towards the "thin" body as not only ideal, but also normative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the current study was to qualitatively explore the home mathematical environment across two regions in two different countries (i.e., Cuba and Mexico), replicating a qualitative study previously conducted in Northern Ireland (NI), United Kingdom (Cahoon et al., 2017). Semi‐structured interviews with parents/caregivers of children (3‐ to 5‐year‐olds) in both Mexico (n = 13) and Cuba (n = 40) were completed to investigate their views, experiences and attitudes towards the home mathematical environment. Thematic analysis was used to explore themes relevant to the home mathematical environment. Three consistent themes were found in the Mexican and Cuban data: Numeracy Environment Structure, Expectations and Attitudes and Views of Technology. Two unique themes were found in the Mexico data: Interactions Related to Reading or Mathematics, and Child's Attitudes in Relation to Mathematics. One unique theme was found in the Cuban interviews: Interactions for Learning. Although diverse themes were identified, consistencies were also observed. This suggests that some home numeracy practices may be universal in nature. This research increases the understanding of human development in context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing pressure for everyone to adopt sustainable behaviours and typically this starts at-home via appropriate food-based disposal practices; however, this is associated with various barriers impacting compliance. Targeted education in college and/or the university environment could provide a viable approach to overcome such difficulties; yet, limited readily available resources exist to bring this forth. This paper explores students' food packaging expectations and attitudes as well as information preferences in four countries (UK, France, India, and China). Students (n = 533) completed an online survey capturing food packaging purchase-based decisions, disposal-related challenges, and communication preferences. Students noted that food packaging had a dominant role in product choice. Fresh produce was considered an area for improvement, especially in the UK, India, and France, whereas snacks/baked goods were a priority in China. Disposal-related challenges were mostly associated with mixed materials. Students cited no clear information, limited choices, excessive packaging, and no nearby bins as common food packaging issues. This suggests that improving infrastructure (more bins, clearer signing) could be fundamental to encourage students to implement more sustainable food packaging behaviour. Furthermore, colleges and/or universities should consider students' preferred information formats (infographics, videos) and develop targeted education (recyclability) which can be easily disseminated to promote engagement and sustainable food packaging knowledge and awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic stress among adolescents can undermine academic achievement and harm mental health. Levels of academic stress vary considerably across countries and education systems, but little is known regarding the causes of this variation. In this paper, I develop a theoretical framework positing that stress will be lower in education systems that reduce the stakes attached to academic achievements, temper competition and high aspirations, and weaken the link between achievements and self‐worth. I test observable implications of the framework by analysing if stress is influenced by the degree of external differentiation and vocational orientation of education systems, using harmonised survey data on pupils in more than 30 countries. The empirical analyses largely support the implications of the framework: pupils in more differentiated and vocationally orientated systems report significantly lower levels of stress, also in models adjusting for country fixed effects. Moreover, academic achievement is a less important predictor of stress in differentiated or vocational systems, possibly due to lower stakes attached to achievements. I end by proposing further predictions of the framework that can be tested in future research, and by discussing implications of the results with regard to possible trade‐offs between different goals of education policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a growing body of literature links the stressor of job insecurity (JI) with poor employee well‐being and increased work‐to‐family conflict (WFC), the current study specifically tests WFC as an explanatory mechanism of the relationships between affective JI (i.e., emotional reactions to the perceived threat to one's job) and poor health outcomes (i.e., mental and physical health). Moreover, this study uniquely examines how family–work stereotype threat (FWST; i.e., fears of confirming negative stereotypes about workers with family obligations) may exacerbate the relationship between perceived threats to one's job and employee reports of WFC. Using a cross‐country design, data from 707 employees in the United States (two‐wave) and 763 employees nested within 100 organizations in Italy (multilevel, cross‐sectional) largely supported the hypothesized mediation model. Specifically, WFC explains the association of JI with individual mental and physical health in both countries. Moreover, FWST exacerbates the direct relation of JI with WFC in the United States, but not in Italy. These findings suggest that the fear of losing one's job may prompt employee experiences of WFC and subsequent poorer physical and mental health; additionally, in the United States, this effect is even stronger among employees who reported higher levels of FWST. We interpret these heterogeneous findings in the light of nation‐related factors in managing increasingly insecure employment markets, especially after the COVID‐19 pandemic. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed for improving both health and work–life boundary management of post‐pandemic workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After submaximal exercise, blood values of eventing horses show physiological reactions. Objectives: This prospective longitudinal study investigated blood parameters in 20 elite eventing horses before and after two–four‐star cross‐country rides. Methods: Using a mixed model adjusting for plasma volume shift, we assessed exercise‐dependent parameters and compared blood values with reference ranges for healthy horses at rest. Results: Following exercise, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) showed short‐term increases, and superoxide‐dismutase showed a small short‐term increase. Hepatic values showed short‐term (haemoglobin [HGB], globulins) or sustained increases (bilirubin, glutamate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase). Digestion‐related parameters showed small short‐term increases (α‐amylase, triglycerides) or decreases (cholesterol, DGGR‐lipase), apparent through plasma shift adjustment. Zinc decreased in the short term, and iron showed a delayed decrease. White blood cell count increased persistently after training, whereas serum amyloid A remained unchanged. Conclusions: Exercised eventing horses had consistently elevated HGB and cortisol levels 10 and 30 min after submaximal exercise, exceeding the reference ranges for healthy horses at rest. Exercise activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical and hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axes. Antioxidant activity was observed. Increased energy requirements led to the mobilization of energy reserves, and a sustained increase in liver enzymes indicated hepatocellular injury. Mild haemolysis suggested increased muscle metabolism, whereas signs of inflammation were subtle. Further research is needed to identify which horses deviate from mean values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the female labour force participation rate on urbanization, which is the question of reverse causality, was not investigated in the earlier literature despite the widespread belief that urbanization leads to modernization and social transformation. The paper used World Bank data from 217 countries from 1991 to 2022 to address this issue. The Random Effect (RE) Two-Stage least squares (2SLS) regression analysis suggests that urbanization has a detrimental effect on the ratio of female to male labour force participation. On the other hand, the proportion of women to men participating in the labour force positively influences urbanization. The GDP growth rate and the proportion of female employers favourably influence the participation rate of women in the labour force. However, the estimated results do not support the idea that long-term economic growth and the percentage of women in the labour force follow a U-shaped pattern. The results do not support a U-shaped association between the female labour force participation rate and urbanization. However, a causal and long-term stable association exists between female labour force participation rate and urbanization. Finally, we suggest several policies that will benefit women's labour force participation rate during the process of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and aims: The increasing market for energy drinks (EDs) in recent years, as well as the health risks caused by their consumption, prompt calls to estimate the prevalence of ED use among different countries. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to synthesize the prevalence of ED use in different continents and age groups. Method: We searched two databases (i.e. PubMed and PsycInfo) on 31 March 2023 to identify studies reporting the prevalence of ED use. A total of 192 studies (196 distinct samples; n = 1 120 613; 53.37% males) from the United States, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa were included in the analysis. A random‐effects model was applied to estimate the overall pooled prevalence at several time‐periods. Subgroup analyses were performed to provide prevalence based on continent and age group. The quality of articles was assessed using Joana Brigg's Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. Measurements included prevalence of ED use (i.e. life‐time, past 12 months, past 30 days, past 7 days and daily use), continent and age group (i.e. children, adolescents, young adults and adults). Results: The life‐time ED use world‐wide‐pooled prevalence was estimated to be 54.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 48.8–60.6; I2 = 99.80], 43.4% (95% CI = 36.1–50.6; I2 = 99.92) in the past 12 months, 32.3% (95% CI = 28.8–35.8; I2 = 99.82) in the past 30 days, 21.6% (95% CI = 18.7–24.5; I2 = 99.95) in the past 7 days and 8.82% (95% CI = 6.3–11.4; I2 = 99.95) daily ED use. Subgroups analyses showed significant differences in ED life‐time use within age groups (P = 0.002) and continents (P = 0.035). Conclusions: The world‐wide prevalence of energy drink use appears to be high, particularly among adolescents and young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural background can influence cognition, including executive functions (EFs), abilities that encompass skills responsible for selfregulation of thoughts and behavior. The seminal unity and diversity model of EFs proposes the existence, in adulthood, of at least three correlated but separable EF latent (shared variance in more than one task/indicator) domains: inhibition, updating and shifting. However, evidence of the cross-cultural generality of this framework is lacking, especially in adolescence, an age during which these domains become more clearly separable. We tested whether this EF fractionation could be observed in early adolescents (9- to 15-year-olds) from metropolitan areas in Brazil (São Paulo) and Iran (Tehran) (total sample: 739; 407 Iranians; 358 girls). Participants carried out two open-access tasks that are representative of each EF domain and that were adapted to each cultural context. Seven latent model configurations were tested. The three-correlated latent factor structure had adequate fit, and multiplegroup confirmatory factor analysis invariance testing showed invariance for country at the level of the latent factor structure (configural), factor loadings (metric), and partial invariance at the intercept (scalar) level. Iranians had higher scores in all domains. Multiple indicators multiple causes invariance testing showed model invariance across age (except for one task) and parental education. Performance in all domains improved with age and only minimally with parental schooling. We conclude that EF fractionation into three domains is present in the first half of adolescence in two samples from underrepresented populations in the literature, suggesting a potential generality of EF latent unity/diversity development at this age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing up with a nonresident biological father has been portrayed as problematic for different aspects of father–child relationships, but it is unclear whether experiencing nonresidential fatherhood is less problematic in countries where this family structure is more common and thus probably less stigmatized. Cross-country research into nonresidential fatherhood is scarce, especially including Caribbean countries where many children grow up without their biological father in the home. This study examined associations between nonresidential fatherhood and father–child relationship quality and fathers' parenting behaviors among Curaçaoan and Dutch adolescents and young adults. Curaçaoan (n = 450) and Dutch (n = 585) participants completed a digital questionnaire in class, using the same procedures on Curaçao and in the Netherlands. We estimated structural equation models of perceived avoidant and anxious father–child attachment and paternal emotional warmth, rejection, and monitoring for both groups separately because of measurement variance across countries. Nonresidential fatherhood was unrelated to perceptions of most aspects of father–child relationships among both Curaçaoan and Dutch participants. This study adds an important cross-country perspective to the current literature on nonresidential fatherhood and tentatively suggests that correlates of nonresidential fatherhood for father–child relationships might be less evident than previous studies suggest. Instead, young people's socioeconomic status (SES) and the frequency of contact between fathers and children seem to be more important for father–child attachment and paternal rearing behaviors. Further research across demographic characteristics and child outcomes is required to understand whether, when, and how nonresidence of the biological father might affect child well-being and development in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banking relationships are key factors that influence the financing decisions of real estate investment trusts (REITs) which are mandated to hold highly specific assets. Using a comprehensive data set of loan facilities by REITs across different markets, this paper empirically tests the effect of REIT-bank relationships on credit costs and other non-price credit terms. We find that REITs with past banking relationships enjoy favorable loan terms that include lower loan rates, higher loan amount, and a less stringent collateral requirement. These favorable terms were kept by relationship banks during the global financial crisis from 2007 to 2009. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Question/Issue: We examine the association between foreign institutional ownership and climate change disclosure quality from 2006 to 2018 across 34 countries. We find that firms with a higher level of foreign institutional ownership demonstrate better quality climate change disclosures, whereas domestic institutional ownership has immaterial impacts on such disclosures. We utilize a difference‐in‐differences (DiD) analysis using a firm's addition to the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) index as an exogenous shock to control for endogeneity. Our findings are robust to various other endogeneity controls. We also establish evidence on an indirect effect of climate change disclosure quality in mediating the positive association between foreign institutional investors and firm valuation. Research Findings/Insights: We find that the positive association between foreign institutional ownership and climate change disclosure quality is more pronounced for (1) firms domiciled in stakeholder‐orientated countries, (2) firms domiciled in countries that adopt emission trading schemes, and (3) firms with a greater level of information asymmetry. Additionally, our results are more robust when foreign investors are domiciled in countries that care more about the environment. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our study contributes to climate change disclosures, corporate governance, and international business literature by showing that foreign rather than domestic institutional investors contribute to improved corporate climate change disclosure quality in their portfolio firms. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our study urges regulators to increase their market oversight, especially in firms with less foreign institutional ownership. This is required because such firms are prone to exhibiting poorer accountability for their climate risk management practices, and their disclosures are bereft of effective external monitoring mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental fatigue (MF) has been shown to acutely impair the psychological responses and endurance running performance of orienteers. This study aimed to explore MF levels experienced by orienteers during a 4‐day competition preparation camp that consisted of simulated sprint, middle‐distance, long‐distance, relay and night races. Eleven national junior orienteers participated in the study (age: 15–17 years, height: 1.69 ± 0.07 m and body mass: 59.9 ± 5.22 kg). Subjective ratings of MF, motivation, stress, physical fatigue (PF) and tiredness were measured using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was utilized to assess the mood state of the orienteers. The self‐report measures were taken within 30 min of waking, immediately after the post‐training session, and after 24 and 48 h following the final training session. The pre–post orienteering training combined analysis showed that there was a moderate increase in perceived MF (ES = 1.06 [0.66, 1.45]), PF (ES = 1.07 [0.69, 1.45]) and BRUMS fatigue (ES = 0.74 [0.4, 1.1]) after orienteering training. At 48 h post the final training session, MF remained moderately elevated (ES = 0.86 [−0.07, 1.75]), while PF also remained elevated to a small extent (ES = 0.46 [−0.46, 1.39]) compared to the pre‐training values. A moderate impairment was still observed in BRUMS vigor (ES = −1.02 [−1.65, −0.36]), but BRUMS confusion scores were moderately lower (ES = −0.85 [−1.71, 0.04]) than pre‐training values. This study found that orienteering training induced acute MF, persisting for at least 48 h after the final session. Highlights: National junior orienteers experienced perceived mental fatigue during an orienteering training camp, and recovery of psychological responses was incomplete after 48 h.There was a moderate correlation between changes in perceived mental fatigue and physical fatigue during the orienteering training camp, suggesting that while being related they represent distinct constructs of fatigue.Perceived mental fatigue did not recover to its pre‐training value on the following training day, suggesting a progressive accumulation effect that persisted until the completion of the training camp.After the training camp, the ratings of perceived mental fatigue, stress, and physical fatigue, as well as the scores from the Brunel Mood Scale (vigor and fatigue), remained impaired for 48 h compared to their pre‐training value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the differences related to work values and attitudes toward the technology of Generation Z in Brazil and Germany. Method: The proposed hypotheses were tested in a survey of 122 Brazilian and German participants. The data were analyzed using t-test and logistic regression models. Main Results: The results present differences between Brazilian and German Generation Z, challenging the literature that analyzes Generation Z as a global generation and reinforcing cultural differences between nationalities. The Brazilian sample presents more instrumental and prestige work values and is more positive and less negative regarding technology than the German sample. Relevance/Originality: The paper’s contribution provides evidence of Generation Z’s differences according to nationalities relevant to shaping their relationship with work and technology. The analysis of both constructs is interesting nowadays because of their interrelationship and the current changes in global work boundaries. Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: The literature predominantly presents that Generation Z is a global generation. Comparing participants from two countries with different levels of development provides an insight into their differences regarding work values and attitudes, which can be valuable for business management literature. Practical/Social Contributions: Recommendations for businesses are provided to improve attraction and retention strategies to tackle the shortage of skilled workers. This implies management strategies for firms with multicultural teams.

Combining data on around four million respondents from the Gallup World Poll and the US Daily Tracker Poll we rank 164 countries, the 50 states of the United States and the District of Colombia on eight wellbeing measures. These are four positive wellbeing measures—life satisfaction, enjoyment, smiling and being well-rested—and four negative wellbeing variables—pain, sadness, anger and worry. Pooling the data for 2008–2017 we find country and state rankings differ markedly depending on whether they are ranked using positive or negative affect measures. The United States ranks lower on negative than positive affect, that is, its country wellbeing ranking looks worse using negative affect than it does when using positive affect. Combining rankings on all eight measures into a summary ranking index for 215 geographical locations we find that nine of the top ten and 16 of the top 20 ranked are US states. Only one US state ranks outside the top 100—West Virginia (101). Iraq ranks lowest—just below South Sudan. The Nordic countries that traditionally rank high using life satisfaction do not rank as highly on other measures. Country-level rankings on the summary wellbeing index differ sharply from those reported in the World Happiness Index and are more comparable to those obtained with the Human Development Index. The state level rankings on the summary index look very different from those just based on positive affect measures and look more similar to rankings based on objective wellbeing measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare workers (HCWs) were at increased risk for mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, with prior data suggesting women may be particularly vulnerable. Our global mental health study aimed to examine factors associated with gender differences in psychological distress and depressive symptoms among HCWs during COVID-19. Across 22 countries in South America, Europe, Asia and Africa, 32,410HCWs participated in the COVID-19 HEalth caRe wOrkErS (HEROES) study between March 2020 and February 2021. They completed the General Health Questionnaire-12, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and questions about pandemic-relevant exposures. Consistently across countries, women reported elevated mental health problems compared to men. Women also reported increased COVID-19-relevant stressors, including insufficient personal protective equipment and less support from colleagues, while men reported increased contact with COVID-19 patients. At the country level, HCWs in countries with higher gender inequality reported less mental health problems. Higher COVID-19 mortality rates were associated with increased psychological distress merely among women. Our findings suggest that among HCWs, women may have been disproportionately exposed to COVID-19-relevant stressors at the individual and country level. This highlights the importance of considering gender in emergency response efforts to safeguard women's well-being and ensure healthcare system preparedness during future public health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preinjury Knee and Ankle Mechanics during Running Are Reduced among Collegiate Runners Who Develop Achilles Tendinopathy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 128-133, 2024. Introduction: Achilles tendinopathies (AT) are common in runners, but prospective data assessing running mechanics associated with developing AT are limited. Asymmetry in running mechanics is also considered a risk factor for injury, although it is unknown if the problematic mechanics occur on the injured limb only or are present bilaterally. Purpose: This study aimed to prospectively identify differences in preinjury running biomechanics in collegiate runners who did and did not develop AT and determine if between-limb asymmetries were associated with which limb developed AT. Methods: Running gait data were obtained preseason on healthy collegiate cross-country runners, and AT incidence was prospectively recorded each year. Spatiotemporal, ground reaction forces, and joint kinematics and kinetics were analyzed. Linear mixed-effects models assessed differences in biomechanics between those who did and did not develop AT during the subsequent year. Generalized linear mixed-effects models determined if the asymmetry direction was associated with which limb developed an AT, with odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) reported. Results: Data from 106 runners were analyzed and 15 developed AT. Preinjury biomechanics of runners who developed AT showed less peak knee flexion (noninjured: 45.9° (45.2°–46.6°), injured: 43.2° (41.5°–44.9°), P < 0.001), ankle dorsiflexion (noninjured: 28.7° (28.0°–30.2°), injured: 26.0° (23.8°–28.3°), P = 0.01), and knee extensor moment (noninjured: −2.18 (N·m)·kg-1 (−2.24 to −2.12 (N·m)·kg-1 ), injured: −2.00 (N·m)·kg-1 (−2.17 to -1.84 (N·m)·kg-1 ), P = 0.02). The limb demonstrating less peak knee flexion had greater odds of sustaining an AT (OR, 1.29 (1.00–1.65), P = 0.05). Conclusions: Knee and ankle kinematics, in addition to knee kinetics, were associated with developing an AT. Monitoring these mechanics may be useful for prospectively identifying runners at risk of developing AT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the most recent global health crisis, academic institutions have made significant transitions towards virtual platforms, enabling students to pursue their studies from remote locations while being physically situated elsewhere. Such separation can create a cross-cultural psychological dilemma. The investigation of this phenomenon centered on 12 Filipino senior high school students residing in the United Arab Emirates who studied virtually in educational institutions in the Philippines. They were selected using a purposive, convenience sampling technique. The findings obtained indicated that participants encountered various difficulties during their distance education experiences, such as time zone discrepancies, cultural and linguistic barriers, technological problems, and interruptions from their surroundings. Notwithstanding, the students derived personal advantages from their immersion in the academic and cultural milieu of the Philippines, such as development of their identity and connections, readiness for advanced education, and personal values. Additionally, participants realized the benefits of broadened social networks and developed a heightened recognition of the importance of ongoing education. The findings of this research can be utilized to create effective approaches and support mechanisms to improve the quality of distance education and cross-cultural pedagogical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The nature of snow and the ever-changing environment makes measuring friction on snow and ice challenging. Additionally, due to the low friction involved, the equipment used must exhibit high sensitivity. Previous investigations of ski–snow friction have ranged from small-scale model experiments performed in the laboratory to experiments with full-sized skis outdoors. However, few have been conducted under conditions similar to those encountered during actual skiing. Here, we present a novel sled tribometer which provides highly reproducible coefficient of friction (COF) values for full-sized skis gliding at relevant speeds (approximately 5.9 m/s) in a controlled indoor environment. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of the COF is as low as 0.5%. The continuous recording of velocity allows for innovative investigations into COF variations when skis are permitted to free-glide in a natural setting. Different methods of analysing the results are presented which shows that the precision is not a single number, but a function of the range of velocities over which the average COF is calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether there is a premium in country size. We study whether there are significant gains from being a small or a large country in terms of certain socioeconomic indicators and how large this premium is. Using panel data for 200 countries over 50 years, we estimate premia for various sizes of nations across a variety of key economic and socioeconomic performance indicators. We find that smaller countries are richer, have larger governments, and are more prudent in terms of fiscal policies than larger ones. On the other hand, smaller countries seem to be subject to higher absolute and per capita costs for the provision of essential public goods, which may lower their socioeconomic performance in terms of health and education. In terms of economic performance, small countries seem to do better than large countries, compensating for smallness by relying on foreign trade and foreign direct investment. The latter comes at the cost of higher vulnerability to external shocks, resulting in higher volatility of growth rates. This paper's findings offer essential guidance to policymakers, international organizations, and business researchers, especially those assessing a country's economic or socioeconomic performance or potential. The study implies that comparisons with medium-sized or large countries may be of little utility in predicting the performance of small countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate clinic visits and running-related injury (RRI) characteristics among child and adolescent runners seeking care at an outpatient clinic over a 10-year time frame. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Outpatient hospital-affiliated Injured Runners Clinic. Patients: Children and adolescent runners (6-17 years) with RRIs. Independent Variables: We examined electronic medical records (EMRs) among child and adolescent patients in the hospital database from 2011 to 2021 to obtain RRI characteristics and key demographic factors. Main Outcome Measures: We assessed volume and frequency of patient visits to the clinic by RRI characteristics. Chi square analyses were used to compare the proportion of clinic visits over time and injury trends by body region and diagnosis. Results: There were 392 patients (sex; 277 F; mean age: 16.1 ± 1.3years) and an average of 5 clinic visits per diagnosis (5 ± 4 visits; min: 1 visit, max: 31 visits). Number of visits generally increased over time up to 2016 but declined most drastically during the years of the pandemic (2020-2021; χ² = 644, P < 0 .001). Of the 654 new injury diagnoses, 77.68% were attributed to repetitive stress. Bone stress injuries to the tibia were the most common RRI (χ² = 1940,P < 0.001; N = 132; 20.2% of all injuries) and constituted most of the clinic visits (χ² = 9271, P < 0.001; N = 591; 25.4% of all visits). Conclusion: We identified that adolescents with overuse injuries, particularly bone stress injuries to the tibia, constituted most of the visits to the outpatient healthcare setting. Clinicians should emphasize injury prevention efforts in clinical practice to reduce RRI burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more academics and policy makers advocate that countries ought to deal with past human rights violations. In this article, we explore whether people across the world agree with this normative expectation, and if so, what they think should be done to "make things right" and why. Our overarching objective was to see whether we can observe any universal patterns or common themes in this regard or whether people's ideas and intuitions are primarily subject to cross-country variation. Through 283 interviews conducted in Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, the Netherlands, Poland, and the United States, we found that people largely share the belief that countries should deal with past transgressions, and that they see this as a multidimensional process that includes multiple measures that help ensure security and stability, restore harmony and peace, as well as meet other collective economic, social, and moral needs. Our findings also suggest, however, that people's ideas about the specific measures that should be part of this process are at least partially shaped by the local social, economic, cultural, and political context as well. Public Significance Statement: As more and more academics and policy makers advocate that countries ought to deal with past human rights violations, we argue that it is important to first understand whether people across the world agree and whether their ideas on what should be done and why, overlap. By interviewing 283 people in eight diverse countries (Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, the Netherlands, Poland, and the United States), we find that people generally agree but also they think that this process should include multiple measures (e.g., apologies, dialogue, developmental measures) to help ensure security and stability, restore harmony and peace, as well as meet other collective economic, social, and moral needs. We also find, however, that despite certain commonalities, people's ideas are also shaped by the local social, economic, cultural, and political context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compare and assess relationships between strength and running biomechanics among healthy adolescents and young adult males and females. Retrospective cohort. Clinic. 802 healthy participants (570 F, 232 M; 16.6 ± 2.3 years). Mass-normalized knee flexor and extensor strength, hip adductor and abductor strength, hamstrings-to-quadriceps (H:Q), and abductor-to-adductor (Abd:Add) ratios were obtained using hand-held dynamometry. Mass-normalized peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), %stance, cadence, and stride length were obtained using an instrumented treadmill. Multivariate analyses of variance were used to compare strength and biomechanics across ages and sexes. Linear regressions were used to assess the relationships between strength and biomechanics, accounting for speed, age, and sex. Independent t-tests were used to compare strength between strength ratio profiles. Strength and running biomechanics significantly differed between sexes (p-range: <0.001–0.05) and age groups (p-range: <0.001–0.02). Strength and strength ratios were significantly associated with increased cadence (p-range:0.001–0.04) and stride lengths (p-range:0.004–0.03), and decreased vGRF (p < 0.001). Lower H:Q ratios had significantly lower strength measures (p < 0.001). Higher Abd:Add ratios had significantly increased abductor strength (p < 0.001). Strength and running biomechanics differed by sexes and ages. Hip and knee strength and strength ratios were related to select spatiotemporal and kinetic biomechanical features. • Proximal strength measures related to running biomechanics among healthy young runners. • Increased thigh and hip strength were associated with increased cadence and stride lengths. • Increased thigh and hip strength were associated with lower peak vertical ground reaction forces. • Relative strength ratios between force couples related to spatiotemporal running outcomes. • These findings may serve as a basis for comparison for young runners with lower extremity injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]