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The article examines the role of the Euroregions in the first Covid-19 pandemic wave in Europe. The beginning of the pandemic in the spring of 2020 led to the closures of state borders. This complicated the situation of Polish cross-border commuters working in Germany and the Czech Republic. The border closure also showed the strength of Euroregions, able to react and transmit the demands of borderlanders to the Polish government. To analyse this question, we adapt the deliberative system theory. The actions taken by Euroregions, as institutions of public space, were considered as deliberative consequences of non-deliberative actions of government.

Luxembourg is characterized by phenomena of mobility that include cross-border commuters and residential migrants. While both groups have been mainly examined from a socioeconomic perspective, this paper adopts a sociocultural approach. We will focus on the question of the extent to which cross-border mobility in everyday life promotes cross-border lifeworlds. This will involve examining people’s social contacts at their place of work and/or place of residence as well as the spatial organization of practices of the everyday life of both groups. The paper gives insights into everyday lives at the EU’s internal borders, whose organization into nation states is subordinate and at the same time constitutive.

We analyze the impact of obtaining a residence permit on foreign workers' labor market and residential attachment. To overcome the usually severe selection issues, we exploit a unique migration lottery that randomly assigns access to residence permits for workers with an employment contract in Liechtenstein, which is situated centrally in Europe. Using an instrumental variable approach, our results show that lottery compliers raise their employment probability in Liechtenstein by on average 24 percentage points across outcome periods (2008 to 2018) as a result of receiving a permit. Relatedly, their activity level and employment duration in Liechtenstein increase by on average 20 percentage points and 1.15 years, respectively, over the outcome window. These substantial and statistically significant effects are predominantly driven by individuals not (yet) working in Liechtenstein prior to the lottery rather than by previous cross-border commuters, but even for the latter group, positive employment effects emerge in the longer run. Indeed, we find both the labor market and residential effects to be persistent even several years after the lottery with no sign of fading out. These results suggest that granting resident permits to foreign workers can be effective to foster labor supply, despite the alternative of commuting cross-border from adjacent regions Revised Version: November 6, 2021

We investigate how the introduction of free movement of workers affects enrolment of natives in tertiary education. In a difference-in-differences framework, we exploit a policy change that led to a significant increase in the share of cross-border commuters in local employment in border regions of Switzerland. Our results show a rise in enrolment at Universities of Applied Sciences in affected relative to non-affected regions in the post-reform period but no change in enrolment at traditional universities. Furthermore, we find that enrolment increases in non-STEM fields that build skills less transferable across national borders. This allows for complementarities with foreign workers who are more likely to hold occupations requiring STEM training. Individuals with a labor market oriented education such as vocationally trained respond to the increase in labor market competition because they have employment opportunities and access to tertiary education through Universities of Applied Sciences.

We investigate how the introduction of free movement of workers affects enrolment of natives in tertiary education. In a difference-in-differences framework, we exploit a policy change that led to a significant increase in the share of cross-border commuters in local employment in border regions of Switzerland. Our results show a rise in enrolment at Universities of Applied Sciences in affected relative to non-affected regions in the post-reform period but no change in enrolment at traditional universities. Furthermore, we find that enrolment increases in non-STEM fields that build skills less transferable across national borders. This allows for complementarities with foreign workers who are more likely to hold occupations requiring STEM training. Individuals with a labor market oriented education such as vocationally trained respond to the increase in labor market competition because they have employment opportunities and access to tertiary education through Universities of Applied Sciences.

We investigate how the introduction of free movement of workers affects enrolment of natives in tertiary education. In a difference-in-differences framework, we exploit a policy change that led to a significant increase in the share of cross-border commuters in local employment in border regions of Switzerland. Our results show a rise in enrolment at Universities of Applied Sciences in affected relative to non-affected regions in the post-reform period but no change in enrolment at traditional universities. Furthermore, we find that enrolment increases in non-STEM fields that build skills less transferable across national borders. This allows for complementarities with foreign workers whoare more likely to hold occupations requiring STEM training. Individuals with a labor market oriented education such as vocationally trained respond to the increase in labor market competition because they have employment opportunities and access to tertiary education through Universities of Applied Sciences.

Cross-border commuting might be a way to improve an efficient allocation of labour resources, improve the economic performance of border regions and reduce economic and territorial inequality. This study explores the impact of a set of socio-economic, infrastructural or cultural explanatory variables that drive cross-border commuting in the EU and Switzerland for all outgoing commuters from living countries and for all incoming commuters towards their working countries. We find that cross-border commuters respond in general in the theoretically expected way to wages, unemployment, accessibility, language similarity and distance. But besides these general findings we also find that, in the end, cross-border commuting is a result of push and pull factors that seem to work out differently for different groups of commuters. This may reduce the inequality at the region level both between countries and within countries, although the effects are most likely small given the relatively small number of commuters. However, the results by gender, age, education and sector show substantial differences indicating that at the level of individuals and specific groups the reduction in inequalities might be very limited and may even increase.

Luxembourg is characterized by phenomena of mobility that includecross-border commuters and residential migrants. While both groups havebeen mainly examined from a socioeconomic perspective, this paperadopts a sociocultural approach. We will focus on the question of the ex-tent to which cross-border mobility in everyday life promotes cross-borderlifeworlds. This will involve examining people’s social contacts at theirplace of work and/or place of residence as well as the spatial organizationof practices of the everyday life of both groups. The paper gives insights in-to everyday lives at the EU’s internal borders, whose organization into na-tion states is subordinate and at the same time constitutive.

According to the principles of sustainable mobility, public transport (PT) is becoming a new paradigm to measure the accessibility of a region. This paper analyses PT accessibility for commuters that travel in cross-border areas of Central Europe, a region that has registered a significant growth of transnational movements in the last 20 years. A specific geographic area (i.e. the boundary between Hungary and Austria) is then deepened, according to its territorial and socio-economic peculiarities. Here, the indicators usually adopted in a gravity model (i.e. distance between origins and destinations and their number of inhabitants) do not completely match with the registered movements; rather, the average income and the work opportunities available in the destinations explain the cross-border flows better. Then, a Cross-Border Commuting PT Accessibility based on the Relative Network Efficiency Indicator is made for the main connections and compared with the Domestic Commuting PT Accessibility. This analysis highlights that 1) cross-border accessibility by PT is limited for several rural destinations that have few inhabitants but a non-negligible number of cross-border commuters; 2) the differences in PT attractiveness between domestic and transnational journeys are still very high and are mainly due to long travel times, complex multimodal chains, and unappealing fares. These results suggest the importance of an integrated approach among operators from different territories, which are called upon to bridge the existing technical, coordination and cooperation gaps.

Cet article étudie les déterminants individuels et territoriaux des navettes transfrontalières de travail ayant lieu depuis la France vers les pays voisins. L’objectif est de déceler si le travail transfrontalier se distingue des autres navettes, notamment des navettes effectuées par les actifs en dehors de leur propre aire urbaine. Nous mobilisons les données du recensement de la population de 2013 au niveau individuel et caractérisons le territoire à l'échelle des communes afin de capter la relative polarisation des lieux de résidence au sein du système urbain national. Sur base de modèles logistiques multinomiaux appliqués à toute la France ou à la façade frontalière, nous trouvons que les facteurs liés au genre, à l’âge, à l’éducation, au type et au secteur d’emploi, ou encore à la localisation de la résidence par rapport aux pôles d’emplois, en France expliquent les navettes vers une autre aire urbaine française comme les navettes transfrontalières. Cependant, l’effet sur le travail frontalier est souvent plus intense que l’effet de sortie vers une autre aire urbaine. Après avoir contrôlé l’effet des différents pays de travail, nous identifions encore clairement un comportement différencié des migrants résidentiels (élastiques) aux frontières ainsi qu’un effet de la distance à la frontière et de la densité d’emplois à proximité, sur les navettes transfrontalières. This article focuses on the individual and territorial determinants of cross-border commuting from France to its neighbouring countries. We seek to identify whether cross-border commuting is a distinct form of commuting, especially whether it differs for an active resident from commuting outside his/her reference functional urban area. We use individual data from the 2013 census and characterize the territory at the municipal scale in order to capture the relative polarisation of residential places within the national urban system. From our multinomial logistic models applied to the whole France or the border fringe, we find that gender, age, education, type and sector of activity, as well as the location of the commune with respect to employment poles in France, explain similarly the commute of active individuals towards another urban area in France and across the border. However, the effect is more intensive for cross-border commuting. After controlling the impact of the different neighbouring countries, we still clearly identify a different behaviour from elastic migrants in border areas and an effect of the distance to the border and of the job density on the cross-border commutes.

This paper deals with employment practices in the context of East–West cross-border commuting in the Central European Region (CENTROPE). The purpose of the analysis is to better understand the demand side of labour commuting from the border regions of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Slovakia to Austria. Methodologically, 20 expert interviews were conducted with mayors, business owners, European Employment Services (EURES) employees and trade unionists operating in the region between 2011 and 2013. The analysis provides comprehensive information about the practice of employers, in particular their preference towards commuters as a flexible workforce and their patterns of rationalization of this preference, e. g. by referring to the commuters’ specific work behaviour or differences in their local resident labour market in terms of income levels and employment opportunities.

Crossing borders, be it international or regional, often go together with price, wage or indeed wealth discontinuities. This paper identifies substantial wealth differences between Luxembourg resident households and cross-border commuter households despite their similar incomes. The average (median) net wealth difference is estimated to be €367,000 (€129,000) and increases for higher percentiles. Using several different regression and decomposition techniques, spatial (regional) differences in real estate price developments, and thus differences in accumulated nominal capital gains are shown to be one main driving factor for these wealth differences. Other factors contributing to the observed wealth differences are differences in age, income, education and other household characteristics.

International audience; Die starke Automobilabhängigkeit der Grenzpendler in Luxemburg ist vor allem auf den Mangel an effizienten Alternativen zur Überwindung der Strecke zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort zurückzuführen. Die Besonderheiten des grenzüberschreitenden Arbeitsmarkts (Lohnniveau) und die Attraktivität Luxemburgs (Steuervorteile) stimulieren den Erwerb und den Gebrauch von PKWs und stellen eine neue Facette der Automobilabhängigkeit dar. Angesichts der Infrastrukturauslastung und der Wachstumsprognosen für das Grenzpendlerwesen scheint eine Reduktion der PKW-Nutzung unausweichlich. Eine Förderung des öffentlichen Verkehrs setzt dabei eine Verbesserung der grenzüberschreitenden Verbindungen voraus und erfordert die Verständigung auf eine geeignete Interventionsebene unter Berücksichtigung der lokalen Gegeben; The strong car dependence of cross-border working force of Luxemburg is mainly due to the lack of efficient commuting alternatives. Specificities of cross-border labour market (wages conditions) as well as the attractive power of Luxemburg (taxation regime) enhance trans-border trips and motorization of frontier workers households, which in turn, drive new mechanisms into the car dependency process. Reducing frontiers workers car dependency seems inevitable based on increasing traffic congestion level and growing perspectives of cross-border labour market. Supporting modal report from cars to public transportation is one of potential solutions, but it requires defining the appropriate level of intervention, taking into account local territories specificities, so as to improve trans-border links and transit.; La forte dépendance automobile des travailleurs frontaliers du Luxembourg est essentiellement liée au manque d'alternatives efficaces capables de concurrencer l'automobile pour les déplacements domicile/travail. Les spécificités du marché de l'emploi frontalier (conditions salariales) et l'attractivité du Luxembourg (en termes de fiscalité) tendraient à stimuler les déplacements transfrontaliers ainsi que l'équipement en automobile des frontaliers, constituant alors des éléments nouveaux dans les mécanismes du processus de dépendance automobile. Réduire la dépendance automobile des frontaliers apparaît comme inévitable en raison notamment de la saturation des infrastructures et des prévisions de croissance de la main d'oeuvre frontalière. Favoriser le report modal vers les transports collectifs est une des solutions mais elle nécessite d'améliorer les liaisons transfrontalières, en définissant un niveau d'intervention adéquat et tenant compte des réalités territoriales locales.

International audience; Die starke Automobilabhängigkeit der Grenzpendler in Luxemburg ist vor allem auf den Mangel an effizienten Alternativen zur Überwindung der Strecke zwischen Wohn- und Arbeitsort zurückzuführen. Die Besonderheiten des grenzüberschreitenden Arbeitsmarkts (Lohnniveau) und die Attraktivität Luxemburgs (Steuervorteile) stimulieren den Erwerb und den Gebrauch von PKWs und stellen eine neue Facette der Automobilabhängigkeit dar. Angesichts der Infrastrukturauslastung und der Wachstumsprognosen für das Grenzpendlerwesen scheint eine Reduktion der PKW-Nutzung unausweichlich. Eine Förderung des öffentlichen Verkehrs setzt dabei eine Verbesserung der grenzüberschreitenden Verbindungen voraus und erfordert die Verständigung auf eine geeignete Interventionsebene unter Berücksichtigung der lokalen Gegeben; The strong car dependence of cross-border working force of Luxemburg is mainly due to the lack of efficient commuting alternatives. Specificities of cross-border labour market (wages conditions) as well as the attractive power of Luxemburg (taxation regime) enhance trans-border trips and motorization of frontier workers households, which in turn, drive new mechanisms into the car dependency process. Reducing frontiers workers car dependency seems inevitable based on increasing traffic congestion level and growing perspectives of cross-border labour market. Supporting modal report from cars to public transportation is one of potential solutions, but it requires defining the appropriate level of intervention, taking into account local territories specificities, so as to improve trans-border links and transit.; La forte dépendance automobile des travailleurs frontaliers du Luxembourg est essentiellement liée au manque d'alternatives efficaces capables de concurrencer l'automobile pour les déplacements domicile/travail. Les spécificités du marché de l'emploi frontalier (conditions salariales) et l'attractivité du Luxembourg (en termes de fiscalité) tendraient à stimuler les déplacements transfrontaliers ainsi que l'équipement en automobile des frontaliers, constituant alors des éléments nouveaux dans les mécanismes du processus de dépendance automobile. Réduire la dépendance automobile des frontaliers apparaît comme inévitable en raison notamment de la saturation des infrastructures et des prévisions de croissance de la main d'oeuvre frontalière. Favoriser le report modal vers les transports collectifs est une des solutions mais elle nécessite d'améliorer les liaisons transfrontalières, en définissant un niveau d'intervention adéquat et tenant compte des réalités territoriales locales.

This paper analyses the willingness to commute and migrate across borders. We focus on differences in the effects of individual characteristics on the willingness to migrate and the willingness to commute. Based on a random utility model we estimate a multinomial probit regression using individual level data on migration and commuting plans in regions of the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia bordering on Austria. We find that indirect costs of mobility have a smaller impact on the probability of being willing to commute. Variables associated with potential earnings have mostly low marginal effects and no evidence of selection by education.

The paper extends the familiar standard tax competition model for the possibility of cross-border commuting by introducing an additional level of jurisdictions. For separating the impact of landownership and cross-border commuting different schemes of landownership are considered. It will be shown that the possibility of cross-border commuting increases the problem of tax competition since an additional indirect fiscal externality arises via the potential reallocation of labor. The resulting change in the supply of publicly provided goods depends crucially on the considered structure of landownership respectively on the aim of the local policy makers. If the tax burden can be exported via external possession of land, the undersupply of publicly provided goods will be reduced and in the extreme case, an oversupply may arise.

The aim of this paper is to study the utility variation related to the commuting mobility of University staff members due to their future workplace relocation. During the year 2012, a travel survey was completed by a total of 397 staff members, representing 36.4% of the university employees, who filled in a questionnaire which revealed complex decision making patterns due to the special traveling scenario involving four countries at once. A Multinomial Logit model has been used to anticipate the impact of university relocation from the capital city to a developing area in the south of the country which will happen between 2015 and 2018 and that will affect most of the employees. The effects of several Travel Demand Management measures are discussed based on the analysis of alternative scenarios.