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Background: May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) is a continuous pathological change of the left common iliac vein intraluminal wall due to compression between the right common iliac artery and a lumbar vertebra, with clinical signs of compromised venous drainage of the left leg, which eventually leads to development of left-sided deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Purpose: To analyze the correlation between iliac vessel geometry and probability of DVT in patients with MTS. Material and Methods: This study consists of two age-matched female groups: DVT (n = 21) and control (n = 28). Iliac vein geometry, including left common iliac vein (LCIV) diameter, percentage of stenosis, angle between LCIV and right common iliac vein (RCIV), tilt angle of each CIV with horizontal line, and crossing angle between right common iliac artery (RCIA) and LCIV, were measured on computed tomography venography (CTV) images. The probability of DVT development was assessed using logistic regression. Results: Comparing the DVT and control groups, the mean LCIV diameter was 2.4 mm and 3.7 mm (P = 0.001), and mean LCIV stenosis was 77.7% and 68.3% (P = 0.001), respectively. After age-adjustment, the odds of left DVT in patients with MTS correlated with LCIV diameter (odds ratio [OR]=0.25, P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.11–0.54), LCIV stenosis (%) (OR=1.12, P = 0.003, 95% CI=1.04–1.21), LCIV tilt angle (OR=0.95, P < 0.038, 95% CI=0.91–0.99), and angle between two CIVs (OR=1.04, P < 0.039, 95% CI=1.00–1.09). Conclusion: LCIV diameter and percentage of stenosis, LCIV tilt angle, and CIV angle were independent risk factors for the development of DVT in patients with MTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Modern imaging diagnostic techniques, including computed tomography (CT) with anatomical sections, were used to evaluate the nasal cavity of Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris borealis). These techniques effectively delineated the primary formations within the nasal cavity and its related formations. This investigation pioneered the use of anatomical sections and computerized tomography to describe the nasal cavity in Cory's Shearwater. We conducted a detailed examination of the anterior cranial region of Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris borealis), employing cutting-edge imaging techniques and computed tomography (CT). The fusion of CT images with anatomical cross-sectional data played a pivotal role in providing a thorough depiction of the components constituting the anterior cranial region of this species. The explication of these structures holds significant potential as an essential procedure for the prognosis and management of diverse pathologies impacting the nasal cavity of Cory's Shearwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to describe the normal structures of the head region in sheep using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cross-sectional anatomy. Eight fresh heads of adult sheep of both sexes were used; two were scanned using MRI scanner with a 1.5 tesla magnet, and six fresh heads (n = 6) were frozen at -14oC to be sectioned into transverse (n = 4) and sagittal (n = 2) sections. The accessed MR images were serially matched to the corresponding gross sections for a comprehensive visualization of the relevant anatomical structures. The anatomical structures; bones, teeth, cartilages, muscles, membranes, nasal sinuses and meatuses exhibited variable intensities using T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences. Moreover, the white and grey matter of the brain and cerebrospinal fluid were clearly outlined in T1- and T2-weighted MRI. The present study provided a normal anatomic reference of the head region of sheep using MRI to be used as a guide for further clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: For basic training in ultrasonography (US), medical students and residents must learn cross-sectional anatomy. However, the present educational material is not sufficient to learn the sectional anatomy for US. This study aimed to provide a criterion for reading ambiguous structures on US images of upper limb through the sectioned images of Visible Korean. Methods: US images of the right arm of a volunteer were scanned (28 planes). For comparison with US images, the sectioned images of the right upper limb (24 bits color, 0.5 mm intervals, 0.06 mm × 0.06 mm sized pixel) were used. After the volume model was constructed from the sectioned images using MRIcroGL, new sectioned images of 28 planes corresponding to the US images of 28 planes were created by adjusting the slope of the volume model. In all images, the anatomical terms of 59 structures from the shoulder to the fingers were annotated. Results: In the atlas, which consists of 28 sets of US images and sectioned images of various slope planes, 59 structures of the shoulder, arm, elbow, wrist, palm, and fingers were observed in detail. Conclusion: We were able to interpret the ambiguous structures on the US images using the sectioned images with high resolution and actual color. Therefore, to learn the cross-sectional anatomy for US, the sectioned images from the Visible Korean project were deemed to be the suitable data because they contained all human gross anatomical information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to delineate the detailed anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in healthy horses using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The fetlock region of 15 cadaveric forelimbs and 14 cadaveric hindlimbs from nine adult horses without orthopaedic disease underwent CBCT scanning. Additionally, arthrography CBCT scans were conducted following intra‐articular injection of a radiopaque contrast medium containing blue epoxy resin dye. Subsequently, limbs were frozen and sectioned to visualize anatomical structures in sectional planes corresponding to selected CBCT images. CBCT proved suitable for detailed visualization of the bony components of the fetlock region. Furthermore, the common digital extensor tendon, superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, suspensory ligament, and straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments were identifiable on CBCT images. However, certain ligaments, such as the collateral sesamoidean ligaments and intersesamoidean ligaments, were not clearly identified. The hyaline cartilage of the MCP and MTP joint facets was assessable on the post‐contrast sequence. In cases where a radiographic or ultrasound examination cannot provide a definitive diagnosis and determine the extent of disease, CBCT can provide additional valuable data on the equine MCP and MTP joint. The images obtained in this study can serve as a reference for CBCT examination of the equine MCP and MTP joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a detailed examination of the anterior cranial region of Cory’s Shearwater (Calonectris borealis), employing cutting-edge imaging techniques and computed tomography (CT). The fusion of CT images with anatomical cross-sectional data played a pivotal role in providing a thorough depiction of the components constituting the anterior cranial region of this species. The explication of these structures holds significant potential as an essential procedure for the prognosis and management of diverse pathologies impacting the nasal cavity of Cory’s Shearwater.

Introduction: The morphometric measurement of the proximal tibia plays an important role in determining the clinical outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), including long-term survivorship and quality of life for patients. However, due to ethnic and geographical variations in these measurements, findings from western countries cannot be directly applied to the Asian population or any other subpopulation. Aim: To describe the anatomical morphometry of the proximal tibia in the East Indian population and to explore any associations of these measurements with sex and laterality. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, MKCG Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India, from August 2020 to August 2022. A total of 200 fully ossified, dry, and processed bones from both sides, which were grossly normal and complete, were obtained from the Department of Anatomy of various medical colleges in Odisha, India. Different measurements of the tibia, such as Mediolateral Length (ML), anteroposterior length of the medial and lateral condyles, circumference, intercondylar region, and tibial tuberosity, were measured using standard procedures and standardised vernier calipers. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA). A comparison of means between two groups was conducted using an independent sample t-test, and correlation between two quantitative variables was assessed using Pearson correlation. Results: Out of the included bones, 114 (57%) were male tibiae, and 116 (58.0%) were right-side tibiae. The ML, anteroposterior length of the lateral and medial condyles, intercondylar area, tibia to tibial tuberosity length, and circumference were measured as 67.91 mm, 39.44 mm, 42.72 mm, 42.73 mm, 33.48 mm, and 19.37 mm, respectively. The ML showed a significant positive correlation (p-value < 0.001) with the anteroposterior length of the lateral tibial plateau, medial tibial plateau, and intercondylar area, with correlation coefficients (r) values of 0.726, 0.762, and 0.747, respectively. All morphometric parameters were comparable between the right and left sides of the tibia. ML, anteroposterior length of the lateral and medial condyles, intercondylar area, circumference, and tibia to tibial tuberosity length were significantly higher in males compared to females. Conclusion: This study provides a description of the morphometric parameters of the tibia among the Eastern Indian population. Although there was no significant difference in laterality, the parameters of male tibiae were significantly higher compared to females.

Introduction: The morphometric measurement of the proximal tibia plays an important role in determining the clinical outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA), including long-term survivorship and quality of life for patients. However, due to ethnic and geographical variations in these measurements, findings from western countries cannot be directly applied to the Asian population or any other subpopulation. Aim: To describe the anatomical morphometry of the proximal tibia in the East Indian population and to explore any associations of these measurements with sex and laterality. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, MKCG Medical College, Berhampur, Odisha, India, from August 2020 to August 2022. A total of 200 fully ossified, dry, and processed bones from both sides, which were grossly normal and complete, were obtained from the Department of Anatomy of various medical colleges in Odisha, India. Different measurements of the tibia, such as Mediolateral Length (ML), anteroposterior length of the medial and lateral condyles, circumference, intercondylar region, and tibial tuberosity, were measured using standard procedures and standardised vernier calipers. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, New York, USA). A comparison of means between two groups was conducted using an independent sample t-test, and correlation between two quantitative variables was assessed using Pearson correlation. Results: Out of the included bones, 114 (57%) were male tibiae, and 116 (58.0%) were right-side tibiae. The ML, anteroposterior length of the lateral and medial condyles, intercondylar area, tibia to tibial tuberosity length, and circumference were measured as 67.91 mm, 39.44 mm, 42.72 mm, 42.73 mm, 33.48 mm, and 19.37 mm, respectively. The ML showed a significant positive correlation (p-value < 0.001) with the anteroposterior length of the lateral tibial plateau, medial tibial plateau, and intercondylar area, with correlation coefficients (r) values of 0.726, 0.762, and 0.747, respectively. All morphometric parameters were comparable between the right and left sides of the tibia. ML, anteroposterior length of the lateral and medial condyles, intercondylar area, circumference, and tibia to tibial tuberosity length were significantly higher in males compared to females. Conclusion: This study provides a description of the morphometric parameters of the tibia among the Eastern Indian population. Although there was no significant difference in laterality, the parameters of male tibiae were significantly higher compared to females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Causes of vocal cord palsy (VCP) can be identified even before its clinical presentation if a radiologist has knowledge about signs of vocal cord palsy, its various mimics and the anatomy of recurrent laryngeal nerve. Objectives are to know the signs and underlying causes leading to VCP and various mimics which may lead to the false positive diagnosis of VCP. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional pilot study comprising 54 patients with vocal cord palsy proven by IDL was conducted. 3 groups were identified. The first group comprised missed VCP on cross-sectional imaging. The second group was, of missed cause of VCP in patients with clinical diagnoses. The third group was patients with mimics of the palsy. Results:Thirteen (76.5%) patients had missed diagnosis due to lack of knowledge of signs and 23.5% due to lack of time, overwork and tiredness. A vigilant search for the cause was not done in 31.6% of patients and in 68.4% of patients, the cause was identified but not correlated. A total of 8 patients had false positive diagnoses due to failure to differentiate from mimics. Conclusion: There is an increasing trend of missed diagnosis of vocal cord palsy on cross-sectional imaging in patients with established clinical diagnosis due to a lack of knowledge of VCP signs and missed causes along the course of recurrent laryngeal nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to define the anatomical structures by comparing the transversal computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images of the forelimb joints of the rabbits with the cross‐sectional plastinated images. A total of 14 (seven females, seven males) one‐year‐old adult New Zealand rabbits were used in the study. After the CT and MR imaging procedures were completed, the forelimbs were removed from the body. The forelimbs were plastinated using the silicone plastination method and sectioned transversal. Cross‐sectional plastinates were evaluated and correlated anatomically with conjugate CT and MR images. Joint and surrounding anatomical structures were defined in sections. Cross‐sectional plastinated samples were highly correlated with CT and MR images in terms of bone and soft tissue, respectively. It is thought that the anatomical and radiological data obtained from the forelimb joints of rabbits will provide a basis for scientists who are involved in both experimental surgical interventions and clinical anatomy education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cholesteatoma is caused by disorders of the middle ear ventilation that trigger a progressive series of events responsible for its formation. The aim of this study was to identify possible radiological CT-derived parameters predisposing to ventilation disorders and cholesteatoma. Methods: In this retrospective study, patients diagnosed with cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media who underwent temporal bone CT and open tympanoplasty surgery have been included, as well as control patients with clinical examination negative for organic otological pathology who underwent temporal bone CT for other reasons. For each patient, the following parameters have been extracted from CT volumes: degree of mastoid pneumatization, prominence of the cog, patency of the Eustachian tube, antrum width, aditus width, anterior and posterior epitympanic widths, and epitympanic height. Results: Sixty patients have been included, thirty of whom belonged to the group of patients with cholesteatoma and the remaining part to the group of patients without organic otological pathology. The prevalence of a low degree of mastoid pneumatization was significantly higher among patients with cholesteatoma, as well as for the prevalence of cog prominence (p < 0.001). All the continuous variables were found to have statistical significance (p < 0.05) in the comparison between groups except for the width of the antrum. Conclusion: Mastoid pneumatization degree, prominence of the cog and epitympanic measures based on temporal bone CT could be good radiological correlates of the ventilatory capabilities of the epitympanum which, if compromised, can facilitate the development of cholesteatoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The distal great saphenous vein is a popular site for venous access by means of percutaneous cannulation or venous cutdown in a hemodynamically unstable patient. The aim of this study was to precisely define the surface anatomy and dimensions of the distal part of the great saphenous vein to facilitate the aforementioned procedures. Cross-sectional anatomy of the distal saphenous vein was studied in 24 cadaveric ankles sectioned at a horizontal plane across the most prominent points of the medial and lateral malleoli. The curvilinear distance from the most prominent point of the medial malleolus to the center of the saphenous vein, its widest collapsed diameter and skin depth were obtained. The great saphenous vein was located at a mean distance of 24.4 ± 7.9 mm anterior to the medial malleolus. The mean widest collapsed diameter was 3.8 ± 1.5 mm. The mean distance from the skin surface to the vein was 4.1 ± 1.2 mm. These measurements could be used to locate the saphenous vein accurately, particularly in hemodynamically unstable patients with visually indiscernible veins.

Background: Accurate diagnosis of diseases in animals is crucial for their treatment, and imaging evaluations such as radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are important tools for this purpose. However, a cross-sectional anatomical atlas of normal skeletal and internal organs of long-tailed gorals (Naemorhedus caudatus) has not yet been prepared for diagnosing their diseases. Objectives: The objective of this study was to create an anatomical atlas of gorals using CT and MRI, which are imaging techniques that have not been extensively studied in this type of wild animal in Korea. Methods: The researchers used CT and MRI to create an anatomical atlas of gorals, and selected 37 cross-sections from the head, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrum parts of gorals to produce an average cross-sectional anatomy atlas. Results: This study successfully created an anatomical atlas of gorals using CT and MRI. Conclusions: The atlas provides valuable information for the diagnosis of diseases in gorals, which can improve their treatment and welfare. The study highlights the importance of developing cross-sectional anatomical atlases of gorals to diagnose and treat their diseases effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: In the field of orthopedic surgery, novel techniques of three-dimensional shape modeling using two-dimensional tomographic images are used for bone-shape measurements, preoperative planning in joint-replacement surgery, and postoperative evaluation. ZedView® (three-dimensional measurement instrument and preoperative-planning software) had previously been developed. Our group is also using ZedView® for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation for more accurate implant placement and osteotomy. This study aimed to evaluate the measurement error in this software in comparison to a three-dimensional measuring instrument (3DMI) using human bones. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using three bones from cadavers: the pelvic bone, femur, and tibia. Three markers were attached to each bone. Study 1: The bones with markers were fixed on the 3DMI. For each bone, the coordinates of the center point of the markers were measured, and the distances and angles between these three points were calculated and defined as "true values." Study 2: The posterior surface of the femur was placed face down on the 3DMI, and the distances from the table to the center of each marker were measured and defined as "true values." In each study, the same bone was imaged using computed tomography, measured with this software, and the measurement error from the corresponding "true values" was calculated. Results: Study 1: The mean diameter of the same marker using the 3DMI was 23.951 ± 0.055 mm. Comparisons between measurements using the 3DMI and this software revealed that the mean error in length was <0.3 mm, and the error in angle was <0.25°. Study 2: In the bones adjusted to the retrocondylar plane with the 3DMI and this software, the average error in the distance from the planes to each marker was 0.43 (0.32–0.58) mm. Conclusion: This surgical planning software could measure the distance and angle between the centers of the markers with high accuracy; therefore, this is very useful for pre- and postoperative evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although the function of subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI) has been examined, structural analysis by ultrasound scanning of the structures surrounding the ankle is limited. Before such structural comparisons between injured and uninjured people can be made it is important to investigate a reliable measurement protocol of structures possibly related to CAI. The aim of this study was to investigate the inter-intra examiner reliability of ultrasonic characteristics of selected structures in healthy subjects. Methods: Eleven healthy participants were assessed by an experienced sonographer and inexperienced certificated examiner. Ultrasound images were collected of the ATFL length and ankle muscles of gastrocnemius medialis (GM), tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneals. Thickness was measured for the muscles, whilst cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured for the peroneals. Inexperienced examiner repeated the measurements a week later. Results: Inter-examiner reliability was excellent for all structures (ICC3,1 = 0.91–0.98). Intra-examiner reliability shows excellent agreement for all structures (ICC3,1 = 0.92–0.98) except GM (good agreement) (ICC3,1 = 0.82). LoA, relative to structure size, ranged from 1.38 to 6.88% for inter-reliability and from 0.07 to 5.79% for intra-reliability. Conclusion: This study shows a high level of inter-intra examiner reliability in measuring the structures possibly related to CAI. Future research has been planned to investigate the structural analysis in CAI by using applied MSUS protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-sectional anatomy is a challenging yet a vital foundation to clinical practice. The traditional teachings of gross anatomy cadaveric dissections do not cover adequate training of recognizing anatomical structures on CT, MRI and sonographic cross-sections. New modern technologies are emerging as teaching tools in anatomy aiming to deliver visual interactive experience. The Visible Human Project provides a library of cross-sectional images compiled from cryosectioned body donors that was utilized by modern technologies such as the virtual dissection table (Anatomage) in constructing 3D software applications visualizing the internal composition of the human body virtually. Hereby, this article explores an integrative approach utilizing the Visible Human Project based applications and basic radiological modalities. The purpose of our newly implemented teaching approach was to test and assure technology fitness to the medical curriculum and its potential influence on students' performance in learning gross as well as cross-sectional anatomy in much depth. A three years (2021–2024) observational study was conducted by implanting a practical cross-sectional anatomy optional course by selectively utilizing Anatmage interactively beside CT, MRI and ultrasound practice. The performance of 50 participants was evaluated in the form of a written test comprised of labeling of ten cross-sectional images and drawing of two cross-section schemes. Their optional course test scores were compared to their obligatory anatomy subject test scores; and to a non-participants control group of 50 retrospective obligatory anatomy subject test scores. In addition, the participants' attitude toward the training lessons was assessed through a survey focused on satisfaction level, competence and ability to recognize structures on radiological images. The participants reported a high level of practical engagement. The test scores in the anatomy obligatory subject were positively influenced by this implemented practical course. Students showed improved test scores in the standardized labeling keyword questions, while the scheme questions showed discrepancy. Integrating Visible Human Project based applications with radiological modalities showed positive efficacy on the students' engagement and learning performance. Inevitably, cadaveric dissection and prosection remain the cornerstone of gross anatomy education. Integrating both modalities of teaching would excel students' practical skills in applied clinical anatomy. [Display omitted] • The Visible Human Project based applications in teaching Cross-Sectional Anatomy. • The virtual dissection table (Anatomage) presented an interactive approach. • Implementing an integrative approach with basic radiological modalities. • Excelling essential practical CT/MRI DICOM viewer and real-time ultrasound skills. • Better equipped when trained from an early stage of the medical curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distal great saphenous vein is a popular site for venous access by means of percutaneous cannulation or venous cutdown in a hemodynamically unstable patient. The aim of this study was to precisely define the surface anatomy and dimensions of the distal part of the great saphenous vein to facilitate the aforementioned procedures. Cross-sectional anatomy of the distal saphenous vein was studied in 24 cadaveric ankles sectioned at a horizontal plane across the most prominent points of the medial and lateral malleoli. The curvilinear distance from the most prominent point of the medial malleolus to the center of the saphenous vein, its widest collapsed diameter and skin depth were obtained. The great saphenous vein was located at a mean distance of 24.4 ± 7.9 mm anterior to the medial malleolus. The mean widest collapsed diameter was 3.8 ± 1.5 mm. The mean distance from the skin surface to the vein was 4.1 ± 1.2 mm. These measurements could be used to locate the saphenous vein accurately, particularly in hemodynamically unstable patients with visually indiscernible veins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound education traditionally involves theoretical and practical training on patients or on simulators; however, difficulty accessing training equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for home-based training systems. Due to the prohibitive cost of ultrasound probes, few medical students have access to the equipment required for at home training. Our proof of concept study focused on the development and assessment of the technical feasibility and training performance of an at-home training solution to teach the basics of interpreting and generating ultrasound data. The training solution relies on monitor-based augmented reality for displaying virtual content and requires only a marker printed on paper and a computer with webcam. With input webcam video, we performed body pose estimation to track the student's limbs and used surface tracking of printed fiducials to track the position of a simulated ultrasound probe. The novelty of our work is in its combination of printed markers with marker-free body pose tracking. In a small user study, four ultrasound lecturers evaluated the training quality with a questionnaire and indicated the potential of our system. The strength of our method is that it allows students to learn the manipulation of an ultrasound probe through the simulated probe combined with the tracking system and to learn how to read ultrasounds in B-mode and Doppler mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sectional anatomy knowledge is essential for a wide spectrum of health professionals and is extensively applied to their everyday practice. We performed a scoping review to find which are the most effective methods of teaching sectional anatomy., Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library to detect articles which investigated the effectiveness of sectional anatomy education methods, based on test scores. From each included paper, we extracted: author(s), number of participants, the anatomical region or regions, the method or methods of sectional anatomy education and the outcomes concerning only the acquisition of sectional anatomy knowledge., Results: Seven studies were included. There were four articles, which involved combined teaching approaches, and three articles, which did not comprise such approaches. In all studies which evaluated the effectiveness of a combination of teaching methods (comprising three-dimensional digital or physical tools) compared to cross-sections only, the anatomy test scores were significantly higher in the first case. The students' interaction with the educational material significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the implemented methods., Conclusions: The multimodal teaching of sectional anatomy, especially involving three-dimensional methods, both digital and physical, was more effective than teaching based only on cross-sections. The students' interaction with the educational material improved the effectiveness of the teaching, which they received. These outcomes may stimulate anatomy teachers to enhance sectional anatomy education and encourage researchers to shed more light on the investigation of the optimal teaching strategies., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background and Objectives: In the field of orthopedic surgery, novel techniques of three-dimensional shape modeling using two-dimensional tomographic images are used for bone-shape measurements, preoperative planning in joint-replacement surgery, and postoperative evaluation. ZedView® (three-dimensional measurement instrument and preoperative-planning software) had previously been developed. Our group is also using ZedView® for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation for more accurate implant placement and osteotomy. This study aimed to evaluate the measurement error in this software in comparison to a three-dimensional measuring instrument (3DMI) using human bones. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using three bones from cadavers: the pelvic bone, femur, and tibia. Three markers were attached to each bone. Study 1: The bones with markers were fixed on the 3DMI. For each bone, the coordinates of the center point of the markers were measured, and the distances and angles between these three points were calculated and defined as “true values.” Study 2: The posterior surface of the femur was placed face down on the 3DMI, and the distances from the table to the center of each marker were measured and defined as “true values.” In each study, the same bone was imaged using computed tomography, measured with this software, and the measurement error from the corresponding “true values” was calculated. Results: Study 1: The mean diameter of the same marker using the 3DMI was 23.951 ± 0.055 mm. Comparisons between measurements using the 3DMI and this software revealed that the mean error in length was Conclusion: This surgical planning software could measure the distance and angle between the centers of the markers with high accuracy; therefore, this is very useful for pre- and postoperative evaluation.

Background: The vidian canal (VC) is normally a reliable anatomical landmark for locating the petrous internal carotid artery (pICA). This study determined the influence of petroclival chondrosarcoma on the relationship between the VC and pICA. Methods: Nine patients (3 males, 6 females; median age 49) with petroclival chondrosarcoma, and depiction of the pICA on contrast-enhanced CT, were retrospectively studied. CT-based measurements were performed by two observers, both in the presence of the petroclival chondrosarcoma (case) and on the contralateral control side. The antero-posterior (AP) and craniocaudal (CC) measurements from the posterior VC to the pICA, whether the pICA was in the trajectory of the VC, and the coronal relationship of the pICA anterior genu with the VC were recorded. Results: Chondrosarcoma usually displaced the pICA anteriorly (8/9 cases) and superiorly (6/9 cases) relative to the normal side with mean AP and CC measurements of 3.9 mm v 7.2 mm (p = 0.054) and 4.4 mm v 1.4 mm (p = 0.061). The VC trajectory less frequently intersected the pICA cross-section in the presence of chondrosarcoma however it was in the line of the eroded dorsal VC in one case. The anterior genu of the pICA was displaced more laterally by chondrosarcoma but usually remained superior to the VC. Conclusion: Petroclival chondrosarcoma variably influences the anatomical relationship between the VC and the pICA, hence requiring an individualised approach. The pICA is usually anterosuperiorly displaced, and the anterior genu remains superior to the VC, however it may be located in the line of the canal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to protect and preserve the cross‐sectional diagnostic characteristics of the anatomy samples by using silicone plastination method, to examine them both macroscopically and microscopically, and to use them as an educational material. After the dissection procedures of 10 total sheep heads obtained from the slaughterhouse were completed, they were freshly frozen and sliced to prepare cross‐sectional samples. Then, statistical analysis was performed after the colorimetric measurements. For microscopic examination, 30 brain samples were divided into three groups (Fresh–F, plastination–P, plastination/deplastination–P/D). Of the total brain samples, 20 were subject to routine plastination protocol. After the plastination/deplastination procedure, the changes occurring in cerebral histology were compared. In terms of tissue preservation, the effect of plastination and deplastination was examined using a light microscope. Plastinates subject to silicone plastination under room temperature were very similar to their natural appearance, and it was observed that they preserved their morphological features. Colour changes in the tissues were statistically evaluated. Volumetric shrinkages were observed as qualitative, especially in the brain. As a result of the evaluation done, it was seen that deplastination with toluene is not possible for the brain tissues. In addition, it was not possible to take cross sections of the plastinated tissues that were not deplastinated. On the contrary, findings regarding that deplastination with 5% sodium methoxide dissolved in methanol can allow microscopic examination in long‐term preserved plastinated brain tissues were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of oval‐shaped root canals at the apical, medial and coronal cross sections of all tooth groups using CBCT and image analysis software. Based on the diameter values, the long/short diameter ratio was calculated and each root canal was classified regarding its shape. Oval‐shaped canals were present in 45% at the apical, 50% at the medial and 56% at the coronal level of all teeth. The mandibular central incisors presented oval canals in 24%, long oval in 28% and flat in 2% at the apical level. Mandibular molars showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the distribution of oval‐shaped canals between cross‐sectional levels. Analysis of CBCT scans with an image analysis software could be a reliable and reproducible method and a valuable tool for objective determination of root canal shape in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aimed to study the anatomical features of the guinea pig's head by two medical imaging techniques: computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and their correlation with the anatomical cross‐sectional images. Six adult healthy guinea pigs were used in the present study. Two heads were imaged by CT scanner and then by MRI. The examined heads were cut sagittally and transversely, and two skulls were macerated. The anatomical features were identified on the anatomical sections and compared with the tomographic and MRI images obtained. Data were presented as three‐dimensional reconstructed images of the head. In addition, representative combinations of the sagittal and transverse anatomical sections and the corresponding CT scans and MRI images were also presented. Reconstruction of CT images enabled the visualization of different bony structures and airways of the guinea pig head. In addition, skull bones were easily visualized on CT scans, while different parts of the brain were identified on MRI images. Air cavities could be identified by their different contrast on the CT scans and their low intensity on MRI images. The study showed that guinea pig had poorly developed paranasal sinus system represented by rostral and caudal maxillary sinuses. On the contrary, the guinea pig had two tympanic bullae: a small dorsal and a large ventral bulla. In conclusion, this study provides one of the first investigations that uses the multislice CT scans and MRI to study the guinea pig's head and their correlation with the corresponding anatomical sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadaver‐specific postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) has become an integral part in anatomy teaching at several universities. Recently, the feasibility of contrast‐enhanced (CE)‐PMCT has been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to identify particular strengths and weaknesses of both non‐enhanced and contrast‐enhanced PMCT compared to conventional cadaver dissection. First, the students' perception of the learning effectiveness of the three different modalities have been assessed using a 34‐item survey (five‐point Likert scale) covering all anatomy course modules. Results were compared using the nonparametric Friedman Test. Second, the most frequent artifacts in cadaver CT scans, were systematically analyzed in 122 PMCT and 31 CE‐PMCT data sets to quantify method‐related limitations and characteristics. Perfusion quality was assessed in 57 vascular segments (38 arterial and 19 venous). The survey was answered by n = 257/320 (80.3%) students. Increased learning benefits of PMCT/ CE‐PMCT compared to cadaver dissection were found in osteology (2/3 categories, P < 0.001), head and neck (2/5 categories, P < 0.01), and brain anatomy (3/3 categories, P < 0.01). Contrast‐enhanced‐PMCT was perceived particularly useful in learning vascular anatomy (10/10 categories, P < 0.01). Cadaver dissection received significantly higher scores compared to PMCT and CE‐PMCT in all categories of the abdomen and thorax (7/7 categories, P < 0.001), as well as the majority of muscular anatomy (5/6 categories, P < 0.001). Frequent postmortem artifacts (total n = 28, native‐phase n = 21, contrast injection‐related n = 7) were identified and assessed. The results of this work contribute to the understanding of the value of integrating cadaver‐specific PMCT in anatomy teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify sequential changes in the actual sites and shapes of wrist structures on the high-resolution sectioned images and to compare these with those on ultrasound (US) images. These images of the wrist may yield guidelines for diagnosing various pathological lesions in the wrist. In the sectioned images of a whole cadaver body, and the images including the wrist were selected, and part of the hand was cropped. A wrist of one healthy Korean subject was scanned by ultrasonography to obtain US images of the wrist. Wrist structures were identified and labeled in detail on the sectioned images and the corresponding US images. Serial changes of the sites and shapes of the wrist structures mainly occurred in the bones, median nerve, ulnar artery, ulnar nerve, and the flexor pollicis longus tendon, along with thickening of the thenar and hypothenar muscles. The present results could provide a new guide for anatomy mapping, diagnosing, and detecting various lesions of the wrist. They can also be useful and effective for educational purposes related to interpreting US images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brain is the most essential part of the central nervous system which regulates and coordinates all body activities. Based on its phylogenetic development from the neural tube, the brain is divided into rhombencephalon (hindbrain), mesencephalon (midbrain) and prosencephalon (forebrain). The present study is achieved to describe the morphological characteristics of the normal forebrain in the donkey using the matched magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cross‐sectional anatomy. Ten cadaveric heads of healthy adult donkeys of both sexes were used. Two heads were examined using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner, and the brains of the other heads were gently extracted; six brains were sectioned into transverse, dorsal and sagittal slices, and two brains were grossly inspected. MR images were selected in correlation to their closely corresponding gross sections. Both cross‐sectional anatomy and MRI scans showed extensive gyration of the neocortex. The forebrain structures appeared with variable intensities on three sequences, Flair, T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted MRI, enabling comprehensive evaluation of the relevant neuroanatomical structures. The present study provided a precise neuroanatomical atlas of the forebrain in the donkey which could help in the quick and efficient interpretation of clinical diseases of the forebrain, localization of the forebrain functions and evolutionary neurobiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a complex malformation affecting not merely the aortic valve. However, little is known regarding the dynamic physiology of the aortic annulus in these patients and whether it is similar to tricuspid aortic valves (TAV). Determining the BAV annular plane is more challenging than for TAV. Our aim was to present a standardized methodology to determine BAV annulus and investigate its changes in shape and dimensions during the cardiac cycle. Methods: BAV patients were prospectively included and underwent an ECG-gated cardiac CTA. The annulus plane was manually identified on reconstructions at 5% intervals of the cardiac cycle with a new standardized method for different BAV types. Based on semi-automatically defined contours, maximum and minimum diameter, area, area-derived diameter, perimeter, asymmetry ratio (AR), and relative area were calculated. Differences of dynamic annular parameters were assessed also per BAV type. Results: Of the 55 patients included (38.4 ± 13.3 years; 58% males), 38 had BAV Sievers type 1, 10 type 0, and 7 type 2. The minimum diameter, perimeter, area, and area-derived diameter were significantly higher in systole than in diastole with a relative change of 13.7%, 4.8%, 13.7%, and 7.2% respectively (all p < 0.001). The AR was ≥ 1.1 in all phases, indicating an elliptic shape, with more pronounced flattening in diastole (p < 0.001). Different BAV types showed comparable dynamic changes. Conclusions: BAV annulus undergo significant changes in shape during the cardiac cycle with a wider area in systole and a more elliptic conformation in diastole regardless of valve type. Key Points: • A refined method for the identification of the annulus plane on CT scans of patients with bicuspid aortic valves, tailored for the specific anatomy of each valve type, is proposed. • The annulus of patients with bicuspid aortic valves undergoes significant changes during the cardiac cycle with a wider area and more circular shape in systole regardless of valve type. • As compared to previously published data, the bicuspid aortic valve annulus has physiological dynamics similar to that encountered in tricuspid valves but with overall larger dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound education traditionally involves theoretical and practical training on patients or on simulators; however, difficulty accessing training equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for home-based training systems. Due to the prohibitive cost of ultrasound probes, few medical students have access to the equipment required for at home training. Our proof of concept study focused on the development and assessment of the technical feasibility and training performance of an at-home training solution to teach the basics of interpreting and generating ultrasound data. The training solution relies on monitor-based augmented reality for displaying virtual content and requires only a marker printed on paper and a computer with webcam. With input webcam video, we performed body pose estimation to track the student’s limbs and used surface tracking of printed fiducials to track the position of a simulated ultrasound probe. The novelty of our work is in its combination of printed markers with marker-free body pose tracking. In a small user study, four ultrasound lecturers evaluated the training quality with a questionnaire and indicated the potential of our system. The strength of our method is that it allows students to learn the manipulation of an ultrasound probe through the simulated probe combined with the tracking system and to learn how to read ultrasounds in B-mode and Doppler mode.

The knee joint is not only the most important and complex structure to present during anatomy lectures, but also a significant region for radiologists and orthopedicians. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to evaluate the efficacy of plastinated specimens by measuring colorimetric differentiation and 2) to compare the anatomical structures of the images obtained from computed tomography (CT) and silicone plastination cross-sections and perform three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed models of the specimens. A total of 16 knee joints selected from the 10% formalin fixed/dissected group (n=6), non-fixed/dissected group (n=6) and non-dissected whole knee joint group (n=4) were scanned by CT and plastinated by using the S10B silicone technique. The color changes of the structures were quantitatively determined with the colorimeter device. Plastinated whole knee joints were cut transversally with a band saw and compared with CT images. Finally, 3D reconstruction of the knee joints was performed from CT images with the 3D reconstruction program. There were statistically significant differences between the fixed and non-fixed groups in terms of color changes (p

When performing deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus, practitioners should interpret the magnetic resonance images (MRI) correctly so they can place the DBS electrode accurately at the target without damaging the other structures. The aim of this study is to provide a real color volume model of a cadaver head that would help medical students and practitioners to better understand the sectional anatomy of DBS surgery. Sectioned images of a cadaver head were reconstructed into a real color volume model with a voxel size of 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm. According to preoperative MRIs and postoperative computed tomographys (CT) of 31 patients, a virtual DBS electrode was rendered on the volume model of a cadaver. The volume model was sectioned at the classical and oblique planes to produce real color images. In addition, segmented images of a cadaver head were formed into volume models. On the classical and oblique planes, the anatomical structures around the course of the DBS electrode were identified. The entry point, waypoint, target point, and nearby structures where the DBS electrode could be misplaced were also elucidated. The oblique planes could be understood concretely by comparing the volume model of the sectioned images with that of the segmented images. The real color and high resolution of the volume model enabled observations of minute structures even on the oblique planes. The volume models can be downloaded by users to be correlated with other patients' data for grasping the anatomical orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to create a detailed cross‐sectional anatomical reference atlas of the Pannon minipig by correlating good resolution CT and MR images with high quality cross‐sectional anatomical images. According to the authors knowledge, no detailed anatomical atlas is available for the minipig. Material and method: An adult female minipig was utilized for this purpose. The animal was placed in a PVC half tube, and CT generated images of 0.6 mm slice thickness and MR images of 1.41 mm slice thickness were obtained. The images covered the whole body from the most rostral portion of the snout to the tip of the tail. The CT and MR scans were aligned with frozen anatomical sections prepared with an anatomical band saw from the same animal and significant structures were identified and labelled. The terminology employed has been referenced from the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria 6th edition–2017. Findings and conclusions: The resulting atlas consists of 109 anatomical slices and the corresponding 109 CT and 109 MR scans (altogether 327 images) and the nomenclature list for each image. Although this publication contains limited images of the resulted atlas, it is a reference source for anatomy education and clinical sciences. We are of the opinion that more comprehensive and especially online available interactive atlases should be prepared using similar methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design A cross-sectional design. Purpose To determine the characteristics of lumbar extensor muscle (LEM) size and isometric muscle strength and examine their correlations in women with lumbar degenerative diseases (LDDs). Overview of Literature Many studies have evaluated the relationship between muscle size and strength, but the results have been controversial. Methods Seventy-four female patients (mean age, 66 years) who consecutively underwent posterior lumbar interbody fusion (L1–S1) were recruited. The cross-sectional area (CSA) of the back extensor muscles was measured between L1–2 to L5–S1, and the total sum of the CSAs at each disc level was calculated. Back extensor muscle strength was evaluated using a MedX lumbar extension machine. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI, 0–100) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS, 0–10) of lower back pain were determined. Results The mean CSAs of the LEM at each level (L1/2–L5/S1) and the total sum were 34.3, 36.3, 35.1, 31.4, 21.9, and 156.2 cm2, respectively. The mean isometric strength at each angle (range, 0°–72°) was 32.5, 50.1, 72.0, 88.7, 100.7, 112.2, and 126.2 ft-lb, respectively. The mean ODI and VAS scores were 54.6 and 6.6, and the mean body weight and body mass index (BMI) were 59.9 kg and 24.9 kg/m2, respectively. The CSAs of the upper lumbar level (L1–4) and the total sum of the CSAs were associated with isometric strength, which was negatively correlated with patients’ age and ODI and positively associated with body weight and BMI, mainly at higher lumbar flexion angles (48°–72°). Conclusions In women with LDD, LEM sizes of the upper lumbar levels (L1–4) were larger than those of the lower levels (L4–S1) and were positively associated with muscle strength. The upper lumbar levels in patients with LDDs appear to play a compensatory role when degenerative lesions are present in the lower lumbar levels.

Purpose: In all educational materials, the foot cannot be peeled from skin to the bone at constant intervals, like as real dissection. The aim of this study was to produce the peeled images which the foot structures can be peeled gradually along a skin-curved surface in real color, like a real dissection. In addition, the sectioned images of typical and atypical planes are presented in real color and high resolution. Methods: From the sectioned images of real color, foot volume models were made using Photoshop, Matlab, and MRIcroGL. Peeled images and sectioned images of the typical planes were produced from the volume models. All images were placed into the browsing software. An atypical plane could be shown in a real-time using the volume models of the foot. Results: Using the peeled images, in which the foot can be rotated at 5-degree intervals and stripped gradually at 0–30 mm depth, the foot anatomy could be learned precisely and efficiently. The sectional anatomy of the foot for radiology and orthopedic surgery could also be learned easily using the sectioned images of typical (horizontal, coronal, and sagittal) and atypical planes. Conclusion: The most significant merit of the volume models is that all outcomes can be displayed with proper colors of the body structures on any plane. By virtue of these merits, the volume models are useful for learning medical education, research, and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Visible Korean, serially sectioned images with real color and high resolution have been prepared from four cadaveric subjects: male whole body, female whole body, male head, and female pelvis. Recently, segmented images of the female whole body were manufactured, permitting the distribution of the complete four data sets. The purpose of this report was to promote the applications of sectioned and segmented images from the Visible Korean by announcing them. Reduced image data were loaded to self-developed browsing software; using the browsing software, the contents could be quickly grasped and evaluated by other investigators. The four data sets were compared to disclose the individual merits and demerits. The sectioned and segmented images showed the possibility to be used to reconstruct the stereoscopic volume and surface models of body structures. The Visible Korean is expected to contribute to the interactive simulation of medical learning and clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the COVID-19 pandemic modified the ways of teaching and learning, switching from face-to-face classes in classrooms and laboratories to non-synchronous or asynchronous non-face to face classes on virtual platforms. Human anatomy courses require internships to understand anatomical structures. Objective: it is intended to explore the perception of the students of Medicine, Nursing and Psychology about the methodologies, content and didactics of learning that were developed in three courses of human anatomy adapted to the pandemic. Methodology: cross-sectional observational study, using fifteen-question on an online survey, conducted at the end of semester 2020-I about perception; scope of expectations; instructions; learning activities; probability of recommending only virtual, combined or face-to-face courses and points for or against the virtual methodology used. The study in 157 students participated, this way: 56 % (88/157) medical anatomy course, 27 % (43/157) morphology course and 17 % (26/157) neuroanatomy course. Results: a variety of assessments were found for or against adaptations made for anatomical virtual education amid the contingency. However, points in favor of virtuality such as the possibility of recording and not physical displacement plus access to models of computer anatomy, fail to overcome the comprehension of a teacher and the enthusiasm that awakens the palpable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a universally widespread wild carnivore in the world. It has an important impact on human interests and plays a vital role in conservation biology. There is no report to describe computed tomography (CT) of the red fox head and its correlation with gross anatomy. Therefore, the intent of the present study was to document, by CT, the basic anatomical structures in the head region of the red fox to lay the groundwork of an appropriate anatomical description of the head structures comparable with traditional dissection technique. Three red fox heads were imaged sagittally and transversely using CT scanner. Six red fox heads were then serially cut, sagittally and transversely, by an electric band saw, and the obtained slices were cleaned and photographed. Different anatomical structures on CT images and the corresponding anatomic sections were identified and labelled. CT images revealed an excellent three‐dimensional definition of bony structures of the entire craniofacial region. Moreover, CT scans revealed different contrasts between bones, oral and nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and pharynx which enabled good visualization of those structures. The paranasal sinus system in red fox was poorly developed and represented by a frontal sinus and a small sphenoid sinus, in addition to a maxillary recess. In conclusion, the series of CT images of the normal red fox head presented in the current study will serve as an anatomical reference for the normal head of the red fox, which in turn will improve knowledge for clinical interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presentation of pre‐sliced specimens is a frequently used method in the laboratory teaching of cross‐sectional anatomy. In the present study, a new teaching method based on a hands‐on slicing activity was introduced into the teaching of brain, heart, and liver cross‐sectional anatomy. A randomized, controlled trial was performed. A total of 182 third‐year medical students were randomized into a control group taught with the prosection mode (pre‐sliced organ viewing) and an experimental group taught with the dissection mode (hands‐on organ slicing). These teaching methods were assessed by testing the students' knowledge of cross‐sectional specimens and cross‐sectional radiological images, and analyzing students' feedback. Using a specimen test on three organs (brain, heart, and liver), significant differences were observed in the mean scores of the control and experimental groups: for brain 59.6% (±14.2) vs. 70.1% (±15.5), (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.17); for heart: 57.6% (±12.5) vs. 75.6% (±15.3), (P < 0.001, d = 0.30); and for liver: 60.4% (±14.5) vs. 81.7% (±14.2), (P < 0.001, d = 0.46). In a cross‐sectional radiological image test, better performance was also found in the experimental group (P < 0.001). The mean scores of the control vs. experimental groups were as follows: for brain imaging 63.9% (±15.1) vs. 71.1% (±16.1); for heart imaging 64.7% (±14.5) vs. 75.2% (±15.5); and for liver imaging 61.1% (±15.5) vs. 81.2% (±14.6), respectively. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) were 0.05, 0.23, and 0.52, respectively. Students in the lower tertile benefited the most from the slicing experiences. Students' feedback was generally positive. Hands‐on slicing activity can increase the effectiveness of anatomy teaching and increase students' ability to interpret radiological images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which contain the somata of primary sensory neurons, have increasingly been considered as novel targets for clinical neural interfaces, both for neuroprosthetic and pain applications. Effective use of either neural recording or stimulation technologies requires an appropriate spatial position relative to the target neural element, whether axon or cell body. However, the internal three‐dimensional spatial organization of human DRG neural fibers and somata has not been quantitatively described. In this study, we analyzed 202 cross‐sectional images across the length of 31 human L4 and L5 DRG from 10 donors. We used a custom semi‐automated graphical user interface to identify the locations of neural elements in the images and normalize the output to a consistent spatial reference for direct comparison by spinal level. By applying a recursive partitioning algorithm, we found that the highest density of cell bodies at both spinal levels could be found in the inner 85% of DRG length, the outer‐most 25–30% radially, and the dorsal‐most 69–76%. While axonal density was fairly homogeneous across the DRG length, there was a distinct low density region in the outer 7–11% radially. These findings are consistent with previous qualitative reports of neural distribution in DRG. The quantitative measurements we provide will enable improved targeting of future neural interface technologies and DRG‐focused pharmaceutical therapies, and provide a rigorous anatomical description of the bridge between the central and peripheral nervous systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroanatomy education is a challenging field which could benefit from modern innovations, such as augmented reality (AR) applications. This study investigates the differences on test scores, cognitive load, and motivation after neuroanatomy learning using AR applications or using cross‐sections of the brain. Prior to two practical assignments, a pretest (extended matching questions, double‐choice questions and a test on cross‐sectional anatomy) and a mental rotation test (MRT) were completed. Sex and MRT scores were used to stratify students over the two groups. The two practical assignments were designed to study (1) general brain anatomy and (2) subcortical structures. Subsequently, participants completed a posttest similar to the pretest and a motivational questionnaire. Finally, a focus group interview was conducted to appraise participants' perceptions. Medical and biomedical students (n = 31); 19 males (61.3%) and 12 females (38.7%), mean age 19.2 ± 1.7 years participated in this experiment. Students who worked with cross‐sections (n = 16) showed significantly more improvement on test scores than students who worked with GreyMapp‐AR (P = 0.035) (n = 15). Further analysis showed that this difference was primarily caused by significant improvement on the cross‐sectional questions. Students in the cross‐section group, moreover, experienced a significantly higher germane (P = 0.009) and extraneous cognitive load (P = 0.016) than students in the GreyMapp‐AR group. No significant differences were found in motivational scores. To conclude, this study suggests that AR applications can play a role in future anatomy education as an add‐on educational tool, especially in learning three‐dimensional relations of anatomical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy of ITK-SNAP software for measuring volumes of a non-regular shape structure, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, besides for developing a mathematical model to correct the software measurement error in case it existed. Methods: A phantom made by moulding a rubber duck's head was filled with total (38,000 mm3) and partial volumes of water (7000 mm3, 14,000 mm3, 21,000 mm3, 28,000 mm3 and 35,000 mm3), which constituted the gold standards. The sound phantom and the phantom filled with different volumes of water were scanned in a Picasso Trio CBCT unit set at 80 kVp, 3.7 mA, 0.2 mm3 voxel and 12 × 8.5 cm field of view. Semi-automatic segmentation was performed with ITK-SNAP 3.0 software by two trained oral radiologists. Linear regression analyzed the relation between ITK-SNAP calculated volumes and the gold standard. Intraclass correlation coefficient was applied to analyze the reproducibility of the method. Significance level was set at 5%. Results: Linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship between ITK-SNAP volumes and the gold standard (F = 22,537.3, p < 0.0001), with an R2 of 0.9993. The average error found was 4.7 (± 4.3) %. To minimize this error, a mathematical model was developed and provided a reduction of it. ICC revealed excellent intra-examiner agreements for both examiners 1 (ICC = 0.9991, p < 0.0001) and 2 (ICC = 0.9989, p < 0.0001). Likewise, inter-examiner agreement was excellent (ICC = 0.9991, p < 0.0001). Conclusion: The software showed to be accurate for evaluating non-regular shape structures. The mathematical model developed reduced an already small error on the software's measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify sequential changes in the actual sites and shapes of wrist structures on the high-resolution sectioned images and to compare these with those on ultrasound (US) images. These images of the wrist may yield guidelines for diagnosing various pathological lesions in the wrist. In the sectioned images of a whole cadaver body, and the images including the wrist were selected, and part of the hand was cropped. A wrist of one healthy Korean subject was scanned by ultrasonography to obtain US images of the wrist. Wrist structures were identified and labeled in detail on the sectioned images and the corresponding US images. Serial changes of the sites and shapes of the wrist structures mainly occurred in the bones, median nerve, ulnar artery, ulnar nerve, and the flexor pollicis longus tendon, along with thickening of the thenar and hypothenar muscles. The present results could provide a new guide for anatomy mapping, diagnosing, and detecting various lesions of the wrist. They can also be useful and effective for educational purposes related to interpreting US images.

When performing deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus, practitioners should interpret the magnetic resonance images (MRI) correctly so they can place the DBS electrode accurately at the target without damaging the other structures. The aim of this study is to provide a real color volume model of a cadaver head that would help medical students and practitioners to better understand the sectional anatomy of DBS surgery. Sectioned images of a cadaver head were reconstructed into a real color volume model with a voxel size of 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm. According to preoperative MRIs and postoperative computed tomographys (CT) of 31 patients, a virtual DBS electrode was rendered on the volume model of a cadaver. The volume model was sectioned at the classical and oblique planes to produce real color images. In addition, segmented images of a cadaver head were formed into volume models. On the classical and oblique planes, the anatomical structures around the course of the DBS electrode were identified. The entry point, waypoint, target point, and nearby structures where the DBS electrode could be misplaced were also elucidated. The oblique planes could be understood concretely by comparing the volume model of the sectioned images with that of the segmented images. The real color and high resolution of the volume model enabled observations of minute structures even on the oblique planes. The volume models can be downloaded by users to be correlated with other patients’ data for grasping the anatomical orientation.

Background: Quick and large-scale segmentation along with three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is necessary to make precise 3D musculoskeletal models for surface anatomy education, palpation training, medical communication, morphology research, and virtual surgery simulation. However, automatic segmentation of the skin and muscles remain undeveloped.Materials and Methods: Therefore, in this study, we developed workflows for semi-automatic segmentation and surface reconstruction, using rotoscoping and warping techniques.Results: The techniques were applied to multi detector computed tomography images, which were optimised to quickly generate surface models of the skin and the anatomical structures underlying the fat tissue.Conclusions: The workflows developed in this study are expected to enable researchers to create segmented images and optimised surface models from any set of serially sectioned images quickly and conveniently. Moreover, these optimised surface models can easily be modified for further application or educational use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knee joint is not only the most important and complex structure to present during anatomy lectures, but also a significant region for radiologists and orthopedicians. The objectives of this paper are: 1) to evaluate the efficacy of plastinated specimens by measuring colorimetric differentiation and 2) to compare the anatomical structures of the images obtained from computed tomography (CT) and silicone plastination crosssections and perform three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed models of the specimens. A total of 16 knee joints selected from the 10% formalin fi xed/dissected group (n=6), non-fi xed/dissected group (n=6) and non-dissected whole knee joint group (n=4) were scanned by CT and plastinated by using the S10B silicone technique. The color changes of the structures were quantitatively determined with the colorimeter device. Plastinated whole knee joints were cut transversally with a band saw and compared with CT images. Finally, 3D reconstruction of the knee joints was performed from CT images with the 3D reconstruction program. There were statistically significant differences between the fi xed and non-fixed groups in terms of color changes (p<0.001). The anatomical structures were identified and matched in the cross-sections of plastinates and corresponding CT images. It was observed that plastinated samples were elastic, durable and non-hazardous specimens to use in the veterinary orthopedics and anatomy courses and lectures. It has been found that fi xation was useful for the final product morphology. It is thought that the 3D images obtained from this study will support comprehension of the relationships between the bones, muscles, and ligaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The sectioned images of a male's whole body were used for making the four learning tools: the first tool to show the sectioned and color-filled images; the second tool to show surface models of individual structures; the third tool to show a volume model that was continuously peeled; the fourth tool to show a volume model that was freely sectioned. This study was intended to propose the possible learning effects of the four tools. Methods: The fourth tool that was recently developed to facilitate oblique sectioning and rotation of the volume model in real time. Results: The four learning tools had their own characteristics, so that they could be separately used for specific achievements. Further, the combination of the tools based on the same raw data may result in a synergic effect. All the tools can be downloaded from the Visible Korean homepage (anatomy.co.kr) gratis. Conclusions: With the four learning tools, students may experience virtual dissection simulation regardless of the place, time, or economic status. Such free learning tools and commercial learning tools need to be improved to compensate and compete with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]