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The negative outcomes of ageism in the workplace have been well documented. In this study, we turn to potential factors that may counter such outcomes. Relying on the Intergroup Contact Theory (ICT...

Cross-organizational collaboration and the exchange of process data are indispensable for many processes in federally organized governments. Conventional IT solutions, such as cross-organizational workflow management systems, address these requirements through centralized process management and architectures. However, such centralization is difficult and often undesirable in federal contexts. One alternative solution that emphasizes decentralized process management and a decentralized architecture is the blockchain solution of Germany’s Federal Office for Migration and Refugees. Here, we investigate the architecture of this solution and examine how it addresses the requirements of federal contexts. We find that the solution’s architecture resembles an improvement and cross-organizational adaption of an old architectural paradigm, the enterprise service bus.

HUG (Hinanjo Un-ei Game), an evacuation shelter simulation game developed by Shizuoka Prefecture, was adopted as the base for promoting cross-organizational and multidisciplinary collaboration in local communities. HUG is a simulation game in which participants place the cards containing evacuees personal information such as their age, gender, citizenship, and special circumstances into the floor plans assuming the gym and classrooms in the evacuation shelter. Participants experience finding solutions to various events occurring in the evacuation center. The game experience gives participants the opportunity to determine how to assign evacuees to individual rooms while considering the needs of evacuees requiring special assistance. The program also allows public health nurses, disaster prevention managers, and other government employees to gain experience in dealing with more than 100 issues that must be considered in improving the environment and safety of pregnant and nursing women and children. This experience will be useful especially for training voluntary disaster relief organizations that play a central role in operating evacuation shelters.

International audience; It is increasingly emphasized that the innovative performance of regions depends on the right balance between local development and external openness. The paper contributes to this discussion by exploring how regional gatekeepers contribute to inventive performance through their intermediation role as they establish extra-local linkages in addition to their local embeddedness. More specifically, we investigate whether firms benefit from the gatekeeping position of their inventors. To do so, we identify corporate inventors with a gatekeeper position, and study whether their presence in inventor teams affects the quality of inventions and differs when gatekeepers cross organizational (intrafirm, interfirm versus science-industry) and/or regional boundaries (one or multiple regions). Our results show that gatekeepers have a higher impact on the quality of inventions when they work for firms involved in inter-firm collaborations unlike external stars who have either no effect or a negative impact on inventive quality.

Cross-organizational business processes emerge from the cooperation of intra-organizational business processes exchanging messages. The cooperating processes establish temporal agreements in the form of constraints, representing timeliness obligations on the one hand and guarantees on the other hand. These constraints also form requirements for the design of the hidden implementation of the processes and are the basis of local control decisions. We present a comprehensive methodology for modeling the temporal aspects of cross-organizational business processes, checking the dynamic controllability of such processes, and supporting the reaching and the checking of temporal agreements. We do so by computing the consequences of temporal constraints and business secrecy requirements and by computing the weakest preconditions for the dynamic controllability of a participating process.

Today business processes often exceed organizational boundaries and the participants may not fully trust each other. In the past, this trust was guaranteed solely through legal contracts. To digitally establish trust without requiring a trusted third party, Blockchain technology together with Smart Contracts is used to ensure that involved organizations can not break their agreements. This experience report introduces a workflow enforcement method for a particular use case, the certification of the construction of industrial plants. The method comprises the modelling of the workflow, the verification of the models and the translation into Smart Contracts.

We report the first cross-cultural and cross-organizational evidence for an evolved hazing motivation. Using experiments performed in the United States, Japan, and among members of a hazing and a nonhazing organization, we demonstrate an invariant set of core hazing predictors. In particular, we show that the perception of near-term group benefits, which would have been ancestrally exploitable by new group members, substantially increases desired hazing severity in all samples. Results are discussed in light of human organizational psychology and the difficulty of reliably suppressing hazing behavior.

Low-cost sensors are being installed in smart buildings to gather large amounts of sensor data on building operation and occupant comfort. These sensor data enables the development of data-driven applications and the analysis of building use. Many of such applications are cross-organizational because data are being shared between a building owner and a contractor that works with data at different spatial granularities, e.g., an open plan office or a heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) zone. This is a challenge as 1) sharing the sensor data in its original form can reveal performance indexes amongst occupants and can violate occupant's privacy by revealing behavioral patterns; 2) methods proposed by previous work fails to anonymize the limited number of individual sensor streams available at smaller spatial granularities, e.g., at the zone-level. In this paper, we propose a meta-method, Time-slicer for anonymizing datasets with a limited number of individual sensor streams and for variable length to enable zone-level applications on anonymized data. The evaluation of the Time-Slicer shows that the method provides privacy protection with only a few individual data streams as it can replace the need for individual sensors with past data.

Recent history of Central and Eastern Europe charts multiple occupations, liberations and re-occupations by a variety of states and regimes. Museums of recent history, located across the region, strive to both constitute a memorial shaping narratives of national identity, and to represent the past in a way both recognizable and persuasive for their predominantly international tourist visitors. These visitors come with their own preconceptions and aims towards building both a historical narrative of the past and a personal identity narrative of a cultured, engaged tourist. In this paper, we chart how the historical past is used in contemporary sensemaking processes in the museums, and how tourist interpretations cross organizational and national barriers that the museum-curated historical narratives attempt to create.

A collaborative group of organizations in the rocky mountain region of the U.S. implemented sixteen intergenerational programs with varying themes (i.e. mentorship, music and art therapy, baking, life stories, etc.). This two-year study used survey data and a focus group to understand successful approaches and challenges to implementing cross-organizational partnerships between adult-serving and youth-serving organizations. We utilized qualitative data through open-ended comments on program evaluations and a focus group discussion with leaders of seven community organizations. Questions in the focus group prompted participants to describe the process of initiating, developing, and sustaining partnerships. The three main themes were: the benefits of shared organizational values, outlining programmatic roles and expectations, and an ability to cope with negative partnership experiences. Insights about successful approaches to implementing cross-organizational partnerships, as well as the challenges of developing and sustaining such partnerships may be beneficial in similar settings.

Business processes in companies lead to an enormous number of event logs in their IT systems. Evaluating these event logs using data mining can provide companies with valuable process analysis information which can uncover process improvement potentials. However, media breaks frequently occur in these processes, so that there is a risk of optimizing isolated sub-processes only. Blockchain technology may avoid these media breaks and thus create the basis for complete event log analysis. The focus of our paper is to investigate existing requirements and to identify a blockchain based solution scenario evaluated by experts.

Nowadays, the focus of project management is no longer limited to the three traditional elements – time, quality, and cost, whereas project stakeholder management has received more and more attention. Based on an extensive review of the domestic and international literature on the project stakeholder management, this study identifies 16 factors that affect the effective management of cross organizational research and development (R&D) project stakeholders. Factors were derived from interviews of Cross organizational R&D project managers from different industries, and a questionnaire was designed based on the interview results. Finally, a management framework for inter-organizational R&D project stakeholders was established based on the result of the principal component analysis. This study integrates the findings with relevant theoretical knowledge of stakeholder management and provides some suggestions for cross-organization management of R&D project stakeholders.

Instant messaging (IM) tools have been used by more and more companies for cross–organizational projects. They face two choices: dedicated systems in form of enterprise IM and public platforms like WeChat. This study conducts a comparative analysis of WeChat and enterprise IM. It examines the impact of IM usage on job satisfaction in cross-organizational projects, and uses IM Motivation as a moderator. Research shows that for WeChat, hedonic motivation plays a significant negative moderation role in the impact of instant messaging usage on job satisfaction. For enterprise IM, utilitarian motivation plays a significant positive moderation role in the impact of IM usage on job satisfaction.

This application for the doctoral consortium at CHI PLAY 2018 describes the research planned in the context of my PhD thesis, which aims at utilizing games and play to increase collaboration and innovation within a cross-organizational working environment, using a research campus as a case study. In the context of my thesis, a progressive series of pervasive game events (with participation possibilities ranging from online messages to live-action role-play) will be carried out and its effects studied.

E-government channels are a key to achieving economic savings from public digitization. Citizens tend to use multiple channels in a service encounter and often use e-government channels as a supplement instead of replacing traditional channels. There is a lack of knowledge regarding how government organizations apply findings from user studies to migrate citizens online while reducing traffic through traditional channels. The authors present a case study on how public authorities collaborate to create a multichannel strategy for an online application for single parents. After the multichannel strategy was implemented, there was an increase in the use of the application and a reduction in telephone calls. The authors wrote this chapter to contribute to channel choice and multichannel management literature.

One of the most pervasive debates in literature on managing people is whether using “hard” or “soft” approaches—seeking to influence behavior by pressuring or by nurturing—produces better organizational performance. This article examines this question in the context of a cross-organizational collaboration in English local government between police, probation, social work, and other organizations designed to reduce crime. Using a survey to gather data about the organizational context of these collaborations and actual crime data, we find interaction effects between the joint presence of “hard” and “soft” features in explaining crime reduction. Taking a phrase from pop psychology, it appears that organizations characterized by “tough love” perform better than those with only “hard” or “soft” features by themselves. We suggest that further research be conducted on the relationship of “tough love” to organizational performance.

This paper portrays cross-organizational collaboration in service networks as a new challenging context for service design. The paper reflects on the role of cross-organizational service networks in a Finnish municipality-initiated research and development project. The project sought to develop new practices for supporting independent living for the elderly involving diverse organizations across public, private and third sectors. The intent was to apply collaborative and customer-centred service development. For this paper, interviews were reviewed from 16 project participants to find out how they perceived cross-organizational collaboration and the role of service design in this project. From these findings, we identified barriers to collaborations that originated in tensions between different organizations and structural and situational barriers that sometimes could be traced to specific mindsets on an organizational level. Based on the insights from these interviews, we explain how service desi...

Information sharing is a vital component of unified planning among multiple agencies performing varied tasks and activities toward effective emergency response, which promotes effective coordination. Insufficient information sharing and ineffective coordination among organizations during a disaster response creates a bottleneck in need of urgent resolution to effect preparedness. Building a highly effective emergency management information system would help to solve this problem. Modern information technology processing techniques have produced tools and approaches for information sharing across multiple agencies. However, Chinese and international scholars who study the multi-agency unified response systems of various countries have found that such systems are not in practice. This study took a socio-technical system perspective to analyze the characteristics of emergency response organizations and tasks involved in the response to the 2008 Wenchuan (China) earthquake as a case study. Existing problems and possible causes were analyzed from system and technology perspectives to identify possible resolutions to problems in cross-organizational information sharing and coordination that would improve the quality and speed of information sharing and coordination among multiple agencies. The results suggest a basic theoretical approach for the analysis and design of an open, cross-organizational relief management information system that can efficiently and effectively respond to large-scale disasters.

The application of single-use systems, or disposables, has increased dramatically in the past 10 years. Although some elements of the pharmaceutical and biotech manufacturing process were single-use and therefore disposable and not reused, the majority of the process equipment and fluid path was cleaned and reused by end users. Today, much more of the manufacturing process is composed of single-use systems, and there are some biotech plants that use single-use systems exclusively. Because of this increasing reliance on suppliers, there is an urgent need for more formal standards specifically for single-use system technology. The objective of this PDA-sponsored workshop held on May 14, 2014 was twofold: (1) to promote a harmonized approach to supporting single-use system activities within the industry and in so doing to minimize duplication of efforts, and (2) to communicate ongoing single-use system initiatives among the group. Representatives of ASME, ASTM, BPOG, BPSA, ELSIE, PDA, PQRI, and USP, as well as representatives of CBER and CDER of FDA, attended. LAY ABSTRACT: Today, the majority of pharmaceutical and biotech drug manufacturing equipment is cleaned and reused. However, in the past 10 years, the use of disposable manufacturing systems has increased dramatically; there are even some biotech-derived drugs that are manufactured entirely using single-use technology. This movement toward disposables has placed increased reliance on disposable equipment suppliers, each of which manufactures its products independently to meet customer needs. This fact has led to non-uniformity in design for connectors and similar sub-processes, and has made the need for more formal industry standards. The objective of this PDA-sponsored workshop held on May 14, 2014 was twofold: (1) to promote a harmonized approach to supporting single-use system projects within the industry and in so doing to minimize duplication of efforts, and (2) to communicate ongoing single-use system initiatives among the group. Representatives of industry associations and standard-setting organizations, as well as representatives of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, attended.

Proposals to re-empower the U.S. labor movement emphasize the importance of unions to work in coalition with community nonprofits at the local level. An extensive literature analyzes how such cross-organizational collaborations have benefitted unions, such as in their fights to prevent plant closures, to establish or renew union contracts, to organize the unorganized, and to pass living wage policies. This article instead emphasizes the experience of nonprofit organizations that work with unions in local policy coalitions that seek to promote the labor rights of immigrants and other low-wage workers. Drawing on case study material of San Francisco's living and minimum wage campaigns, this article argues that differences in organizational resources, tax-exempt status, and community connections affect nonprofits' role as public policy advocates relative to unions, but not uniformly in the same way across different stages of the policymaking process. While these differences in advocacy assets give unions the means to crowd nonprofits out of the policy enactment process, they enable nonprofits to hold their own in the initial agenda-setting process and even to outshine unions in the final policy implementation process.

The optimal resource allocation (ORA) strategy for cooperative task scheduling is very important to form an efficient execution team to complete an instance in cross-organizational business processes (COBPs). In team formation, members of a team refer to the performers with specific skills and knowledge, and accomplish various tasks by cooperation and collaboration of corresponding resource roles. The team as a whole should focus on the overall comprehensive ability, which includes professional ability (PA) of members and cooperative ability (CA) between them, instead of individual combat. To address the resource allocation issue of COBPs for social networking cooperation, this paper proposes an ORA model for cooperative task scheduling based on the PA of performer who is qualified to complete task and the CA between performers whose roles require cooperation. In the proposed model, the tabu search (TS) algorithm is utilized to address the objective function solution, which outputs the optimal solutions mapping on resource allocation strategies. Finally, experiments show that the proposed optimization model for resource allocation supporting cooperative task scheduling is more in line with modern enterprise resource management models and it provides a new way for resource allocation during the cooperative task scheduling in COBPs.

Bringing Blockchain technology and business process management together, we follow the Design Science Research approach and design, implement, and evaluate a Blockchain prototype for cross-organizational workflow management together with a German bank. For the use case of a documentary letter of credit we describe the status quo of the process, identify areas of improvement, implement a Blockchain solution, and compare both workflows. The prototype illustrates that the process, as of today paper-based and with high manual effort, can be significantly improved. Our research reveals that a tamper-proof process history for improved auditability, automation of manual process steps and the decentralized nature of the system can be major advantages of a Blockchain solution for cross-organizational workflow management. Further, our research provides insights how Blockchain technology can be used for business process management in general.

Organizations increasingly need to establish partnerships to face environment changes and remain competitive. This cross-organizational relationship allows organizations to share resources and collaborate to handle business opportunities better. However, besides all benefits, these organizations usually face several challenges during the partnership. This research aims to explore the cross-organizational relationship management, thus outlining the systematic literature review performed to understand the collaboration between different organizations and organizing an ICT related body of knowledge about the topic.

Information systems execute increasingly complex business processes, often across organizations. Blockchain technology has emerged as a potential facilitator of (semi)-autonomous cross-organizational business process execution, in particular, so-called consortium blockchains can be considered as promising enablers in this context, as they do not require the use of cryptocurrency-based blockchain technology, as long as the trusted (authenticated) members of the network are willing to provide computing resources for consensus-finding. However, increased autonomy in the execution of business processes also requires the delegation of business decisions to machines. To support complex decision-making processes by assessing potential future outcomes, agent-based simulations can be considered a useful tool for the autonomous enterprise. In this paper, we explore the intersection of multi-agent simulations and consortium blockchain technology in the context of enterprise applications by devising architectures and technology stacks for both off-chain and on-chain agent-based simulation in the context of blockchain-based business process execution.

The paper presents intrinsic properties of cross-organizational collaboration in shared information spaces and motivates the concept of ambient communities with particular reference to the tourism sector. Our approach is informed by an ethnographic analysis of assembling innovative information-based products for tourists. Qualitative data collection methods combined with online 'tells' reveal that in cross-organizational settings togetherness stems from ambient affiliates' recurrent co-engagement in computer-mediated distributed collective practices. Intriguing aspects of such practices are its boundary function, an underlying emergent knowledge process and its entanglement with socio-material realities of partners.

We believe that one of the major research questions that will drive the field of technical communication during the next 5--10 years is, "How can technical communication scholars navigate increasingly cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary, and cross-organizational contexts to support social justice through better communication?"

We conservatively extend the declarative Dynamic Condition Response (DCR) Graph process model, introduced in the PhD thesis of the second author, to allow for discrete time deadlines. We prove that safety and liveness properties can be verified by mapping finite timed DCR Graphs to finite state transition systems. We exemplify how deadlines can introduce time-locks and deadlocks and violate liveness. We then prove that the general technique for safe distribution of DCR Graphs provided in previous work can be extended to timed DCR Graphs. We exemplify the use of timed DCR Graphs and the distribution technique in praxis on a timed extension of a cross-organizational case management process arising from a previous case study. The example shows how a timed DCR Graph can be used to describe the global contract for a timed workflow process involving several organizations, which can then be distributed as a network of communicating timed DCR Graphs describing the local contract for each organization.

Establishing a new organization is becoming more difficult day by day due to the extremely competitive business environment. A new organization may not have enough experience to survive in the competitive market; which in turn may push down the reputation of the organization and the trust of the investors. The goal of this research project work is to design a framework for the cross-organizational information system for assessment and decision making using machine learning with the emphasis on the educational sector. In the proposed framework, organizations share information (even raw data) with each other and machine learning tool will be utilized for shared data analysis for decision making for a particular organization. A framework like this can help new organizations to get benefit from the experience of other ‘older’ organizations and institutions. Such knowledge-based machine learning system helps to improve the organizational capability of newly established institutions. As an implementation of the framework, we build a fuzzy system that can effectively work as a cross-platform system for educational entities.

We introduce a novel architectural solution (BYODCert) for managing the Bring Your Own Device paradigm at a cross-organizational level by exploiting mobile device certifications. BYODCert acts as a trusted third party allowing organizations to verify the compliance of their employees’ personal devices against BYOD security policies. BYODCert is implemented as a cloud service that can be adopted by organizations as an external and on-demand BYOD solution.

Increasingly more organizations are involved in critical cross-organizational business processes. Reachability analysis is one important way to guarantee the correctness of these processes. This paper proposes a new way of combing Role Network Model (RNM) and Pi- calculus to support reachability analysis for distributed and highly dyanmic processes. We first formally describe RNM in Pi-calculus. We then propose a reachability verification method based on RNM and μ-calculus for both structured and dynamic business processes. We evaluated our approach using a real-world government administrative permit system in China. The results show that proposed method can analyze and improve the reachability aspects of cross-organizational business processes, especially for dynamic business processes. 

Overinclusive authorship practices such as honorary or guest authorship have been widely reported, and they appear to be exacerbated by the rise of large interdisciplinary collaborations that make authorship decisions particularly complex. Although many studies have reported on the frequency of honorary authorship and potential solutions to it, few have probed how the underlying dynamics of large interdisciplinary teams contribute to the problem. This article reports on a qualitative study of the authorship standards and practices of six National Science Foundation-funded interdisciplinary environmental science teams. Using interviews of the lead principal investigator and an early-career member on each team, our study explores the nature of honorary authorship practices as well as some of the motivating factors that may contribute to these practices. These factors include both structural elements (policies and procedures) and cultural elements (values and norms) that cross organizational boundaries. Therefore, we provide recommendations that address the intersection of these factors and that can be applied at multiple organizational levels.

Historically, the pharmaceutical industry has provided investors with robust growth and patients with a range of life-enhancing treatments; academic institutions conducted early-stage research largely supported by the government; disease foundations funded projects in their areas of interest; and venture capital built exciting new startups with bold ambitions. Today, those institutions are all facing scientific, economic and operating challenges. As a result, they are experimenting with new organizational and funding models. We consider some of those models in the life sciences in general, as well as in the development and delivery of novel regenerative medicines. In particular, the changing roles of the venture capital and disease foundation communities are considered in the context of academic and commercial collaborations.

Variants of the same process may be encountered in different organizations, e.g., any municipality will have a process to handle building permits. New paradigms such as Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and Cloud Computing stimulate organizations to share a BPM infrastructure. The shared infrastructure has to support many processes and their variants. Dealing with such large collections of similar process models for multiple organizations is challenging. However, a shared BPM infrastructure also enables cross-organizational process mining. Since events are recorded in a unified way, it is possible to cross-correlate process models and the actual observed behavior in different organizations. This paper presents a novel approach to compare collections of process models and their events logs. The approach is used to compare processes in different Dutch municipalities. Keywords: cross-organizational process mining – software-as-a-service – process model collections – configurable process models

In the cloud manufacturing systems, both manufacturing tasks and manufacturing services are in a dynamic environment. How could cloud manufacturing platform optimizes manufacturing cloud services based on QoS, matching an optimal service composition for manufacturing tasks has become an urgent problem at present. In view of this problem, we study the matching of manufacturing tasks and manufacturing services from the perspective of complex network theory. On the basis of manufacturing task network and manufacturing service network, a dynamic matching network theory model of manufacturing task-service is constructed. And then, we take a dynamic assessment of QoS. Finally, we use load and dynamic QoS as the optimization objectivities, transform the optimal manufacturing service composition problem into the shortest path problem, and the dynamic scheduling of manufacturing services is realized.

In recent years, the trend towards publishing data on the Web is gaining momentum. People have witnessed a sharp growth of diversities and amounts of available data. Integration and synthesis of heterogeneous, autonomous and distributed data sources have been an essential and hard issue in enterprise computing, scientific computing and social computing. It is not always feasible to achieve effective data integration around definite schemas when there are difficulties in getting them cross organizational borders and when such issues as compatibility, scalability, timeliness, and user manipulation are concerned. Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Cloud computing have brought light to dealing with these hard issues. While Cloud computing helps to establish a scalable and better optimized infrastructure for storing, retrieving and managing such distributed and large-scale data, SOA provides a loosely-coupled and standard-friendly way to realize data integration. SOA is being employed