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1. Creatively bridging the gap

Author

Van Hook, Gordan E., CAPT and Cropper, Thomas C., CAPT

Subjects
NAVY - United States, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, COMMAND, RISK, WAR AND TECHNOLOGY
Abstract

illus

Published
2005

2. Climate change across the Macaronesian geographical region, 1850-2100

Author

Cropper, Thomas E., Hanna, Edward, and Bigg, Grant

Subjects
550
Abstract

The Macaronesian geographical zone extends from 10-40°N, 325-355°E and primarily includes the island chains of the Azores, Madeira, the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. This thesis presents a wide-ranging analysis of the physical climate and oceanography of the region back to 1850, in order to place recent climate change within a historical context. Subsequently, this thesis presents the most complete documentation of the physical climate of Macaronesia in the English language literature. One of the main outputs of this thesis is the creation of a long-term, monthly surface air temperature record for each island chain (from 1865 for the Azores and Madeira, 1885 for the Canary Islands and 1895 for Cape Verde). These temperature records exhibit generally coherent patterns of variability, and a post-1976 increase in temperature - most probably reflecting an anthropogenic climate signal - is the most ubiquitous, significant rise (or fall) in the record. Precipitation variability is also analysed, although only trends from Cape Verde are particularly significant, where a slight precipitation recovery - after the turn of the Twenty-first Century since drought conditions in the mid-late Twentieth Century - is apparent. Climatological extreme indices, based on calculations that assimilate daily temperature and precipitation data, were also analysed for the recent past (1979-2011) and point towards warmer conditions. An assessment of potential future changes in the mean state and extreme indices of climate across the islands by the end of the Twenty-first Century is provided. Warming magnitudes for the 2071-2100 period range between 0.8-3.0°C above the 1976-2005 mean temperature. Precipitation is expected to decrease across the Canary Islands and Madeira, whereas the Azores is expected to experience more extreme precipitation events and precipitation changes across Cape Verde are uncertain. In addition to the analysis of temperature and precipitation changes, a daily North Atlantic Oscillation index extending back to 1850 using historical sea-level pressure data from the Azores was constructed. The temporal length of this newly created index exceeds the length of any previously available long-running, daily-resolution series by a hundred years and should be of great value to researchers across multiple disciplines. The spatial and temporal variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation was analysed, finding an increase in post-2004 winter variability, alongside a post-1991 negative summer trend. A novel method to characterise the strength of the Trade Winds by using data from the Azores and Cape Verde was also developed. The newly-defined Trade Wind index has been steadily increasing since 1973. An additional analysis was a comprehensive overview and reconciliation of multiple data sources to answer the question of whether coastal upwelling has been increasing across the Canary Upwelling Ecosystem along the northwest African coastline. This analysis determined that the Bakun upwelling intensification hypothesis developed in 1990 appears to be realised in the summertime coastal upwelling indices. The North Atlantic Oscillation was discovered to be strongly related to upwelling magnitudes for all seasons except summer, in addition to exerting a strong control on temperatures and precipitation across the three northernmost Macaronesian island chains. The small-scale features affecting island climates and the large-scale modes of variability that influence the Macaronesian region are also discussed.

Published
2015

3. Introduction

Author

Boyer, Tim, primary, Bartow-Gillies, Ellen, additional, Abida, A., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Adusumilli, Susheel, additional, Agyakwah, W., additional, Ahmasuk, Brandon, additional, Aldeco, Laura S., additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Alfaro, Eric J., additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Allgood, Adam, additional, Alves, Lincoln. M., additional, Amador, Jorge A., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Andrade, B., additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Atkinson, C., additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Avalos, Grinia, additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Backensto, Stacia A., additional, Bader, Stephan, additional, Baez, Julian, additional, Baiman, Rebecca, additional, Ballinger, Thomas J., additional, Banwell, Alison F., additional, Bardin, M. Yu, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Barreira, Sandra, additional, Beadling, Rebecca L., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Becker, Emily J., additional, Bekele, E., additional, Bellido, Guillem Martín, additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Benestad, Rasmus, additional, Berne, Christine, additional, Berner, Logan. T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bhatt, Uma S., additional, Bhuiyan, A. E., additional, Bigalke, Siiri, additional, Biló, Tiago, additional, Bissolli, Peter, additional, Bjerke Jarle, W., additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blake, Eric S., additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Blunden, Jessica, additional, Bochníček, Oliver, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodenstein, Barbara, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bozkurt, Deniz, additional, Brettschneider, Brian, additional, Bringas, Francis G., additional, Bringas, Francis, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Bukunt, Brandon, additional, Calderón, Blanca, additional, Camargo, Suzana J., additional, Campbell, Jayaka, additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Carter, Brendan R., additional, Cetinić, Ivona, additional, Chambers, Don P., additional, Chan, Duo, additional, Chandler, Elise, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Chen, Hua, additional, Chen, Lin, additional, Cheng, Lijing, additional, Cheng, Vincent Y. S., additional, Chomiak, Leah, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clarke, Leonardo, additional, Clem, Kyle R., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coelho, Caio A.S., additional, Cohen, Judah L., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Colwell, Steve, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Correa, Kris, additional, Costa, Felipe, additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Coy, Lawrence, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crhova, Lenka, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cronin, Meghan F., additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cunha, Ana P., additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Datta, Rajashree T., additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, De Bock, Veerle, additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, De Laat, Jos, additional, Decharme, Bertrand, additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Demircan, Mesut, additional, Derksen, Chris, additional, Deus, Ricardo, additional, Dhurmea, K. R., additional, Diamond, Howard J., additional, Dirkse, S., additional, Divine, Dmitry, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dong, Shenfu, additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Drost Jensen, Caroline, additional, Druckenmiller, Matthew L., additional, Drumond, Paula, additional, du Plessis, Marcel, additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, additional, Dunmire, Devon, additional, Dunn, Robert J. H., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dusek, Robert, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Ekici, Mithat, additional, Elias Chereque, Alesksandra, additional, ElKharrim, M., additional, Epstein, Howard E., additional, Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fauchereau, Nicolas, additional, Fausto, Robert S., additional, Feely, Richard A., additional, Fenimore, Chris, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fettweis, Xavier, additional, Fioletov, vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Fogarty, Chris, additional, Fogt, Ryan L., additional, Forbes, Bruce C., additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan A., additional, Freeman, Natalie M., additional, Fricker, Helen A., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Frost, Gerald V. (JJ), additional, Fuhrman, Steven, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Ganter, Catherine, additional, Gao, Meng, additional, Gardner, Alex S., additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Gille, Sarah T., additional, Gilson, John, additional, Gleason, Karin, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Goetz, Scott J., additional, Goldenberg, Stanley B., additional, Goni, Gustavo, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Grooß, Jens-Uwe, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Guard, Charles “Chip” P., additional, Hagos, S., additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Hamlington, Benjamin D., additional, Hanna, Edward, additional, Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, additional, Harnos, Daniel S., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, He, Qiong, additional, Heim, Richard R., additional, Hellström, Sverker, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Hicks, J., additional, Hidalgo, Hugo G., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng (Ben), additional, Hobbs, W., additional, Holmes, Robert M., additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hu, Zeng-Zhen, additional, Huang, Boyin, additional, Huang, Hongjie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Ialongo, Iolanda, additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, Ishii, Masayoshi, additional, Jadra, Gerardo, additional, Jevrejeva, Svetlana, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Johns, W., additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Johnson, Bryan, additional, Johnson, Gregory C., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Jones, Timothy, additional, Josey, Simon A., additional, Jumaux, G., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kabidi, K., additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaler, Robb S.A., additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kazemi, Amin Fazl, additional, Keller, Linda M., additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kendon, Mike, additional, Kennedy, John, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kerr, Kenneth, additional, Khan, Valentina, additional, Khiem, Mai Van, additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Mi Ju, additional, Kim, Seong-Joong, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Klotzbach, Philip J., additional, Knaff, John A., additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Korshunova, Natalia N., additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya A., additional, Kruger, A. C., additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, Kumar, Arun, additional, L’Heureux, Michelle, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Labe, Zachary M., additional, Lader, Rick, additional, Lakatos, Mónika, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Lam, Hoang Phuc, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Landschützer, Peter, additional, Landsea, Chris W., additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lankhorst, Matthias, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lara, Mark J., additional, Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Lazzara, Matthew A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Lee, Tsz-Cheung, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Leuliette, Eric, additional, Leung, Kinson H. Y., additional, Lieser, Jan L., additional, Likso, Tanja, additional, Lin, I-I., additional, Lindsey, Jackie, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Locarnini, Ricardo, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loomis, Bryant D., additional, Lorrey, Andrew M., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Lu, Rui, additional, Lumpkin, Rick, additional, Luo, Jing-Jia, additional, Luojus, Kari, additional, Lyman, John M., additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Macander, Matthew J., additional, MacFerrin, Michael, additional, MacGilchrist, Graeme A., additional, MacLennan, Michelle L., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magee, Andrew D., additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Mamen, Jostein, additional, Mankoff, Ken D., additional, Manney, Gloria L., additional, Marcinonienė, Izolda, additional, Marengo, Jose A., additional, Marjan, Mohammadi, additional, Martínez, Ana E., additional, Massom, Robert A., additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, Mazloff, Matthew R., additional, McAfee, Stephanie A., additional, McBride, C., additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McClelland, James W., additional, McPhaden, Michael J., additional, Mcvicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Meier, Walter N., additional, Mekonnen, A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Merrifield, Mark A., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Meyers, Tristan, additional, Mikolajczyk, David E., additional, Miller, John B., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Misevicius, Noelia, additional, Mishonov, Alexey, additional, Mitchum, Gary T., additional, Moat, Ben I., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Moise, Aurel, additional, Molina-Carpio, Jorge, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Moon, Twila A., additional, Moore, G. W. K., additional, Mora, Natali, additional, Morán, Johnny, additional, Morehen, Claire, additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mostafa, A. E., additional, Mote, Thomas L., additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mudryk, Lawrence, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Müller, Rolf, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nash, Eric R., additional, Nerem, R. Steven, additional, Newman, Paul A., additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, Norton, Taylor, additional, Nyland, Kelsey E., additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Ochwat, Naomi, additional, Oikawa, Yoshinori, additional, Okunaka, Yuka, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Overland, James E., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Parrish, Julia K., additional, Pasch, Richard J., additional, Pascual Ramírez, Reynaldo, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Perčec Tadić, Melita, additional, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Petersen, Guðrún Nína, additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Petty, Alek, additional, Pezza, Alexandre B., additional, Pezzi, Luciano P., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Phoenix, Gareth K., additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Pires, Vanda, additional, Pitts, Michael, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Poinar, Kristin, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Purkey, Sarah G., additional, Qiu, Bo, additional, Quisbert, Kenny, additional, Quispe, Willy R., additional, Rajeevan, M., additional, Ramos, Andrea M., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rantanen, Mika, additional, Raphael, Marilyn N., additional, Reagan, James, additional, Recalde, Cristina, additional, Reid, Phillip, additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Reyes Kohler, Alejandra J., additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Robjhon, M., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez Guisado, Esteban, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Romanovsky, Vladimir E., additional, Ronchail, Josyane, additional, Rosencrans, Matthew, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rösner, Benjamin, additional, Rösner, Henrieke, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rubek, Frans, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Salinas, Roberto, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Santee, Michelle L., additional, Santini, Marcelo, additional, Sato, Katsunari, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Sayouri, A., additional, Scambos, Theodore, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schimanke, Semjon, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Claudia, additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Schreck, Carl J., additional, Schultz, Cristina, additional, _, _, additional, Segele, Z. T., additional, Sensoy, Serhat, additional, Serbin, Shawn P., additional, Serreze, Mark C., additional, Setiawan, Amsari Mudzakir, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Sharp, Jonathan D., additional, Sheffield, Gay, additional, Shi, Jia-Rui, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shiklomanov, Alexander I., additional, Shiklomanov, Nikolay I., additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Shukla, R., additional, Siegel, David A., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Sima, F., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smeed, David A., additional, Smith, Adam, additional, Smith, Matthew M., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Souza, Everaldo, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Spence-Hemmings, Jacqueline, additional, Spencer, Robert G. M., additional, Spillane, Sandra, additional, Sreejith, O. P., additional, Srivastava, A. K., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stammerjohn, Sharon, additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stella, Jose L., additional, Stephenson, Tannecia S., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Strahan, Susan E., additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Suslova, Anya, additional, Svendby, Tove, additional, Sweet, William, additional, Takahashi, Kiyotoshi, additional, Takemura, Kazuto, additional, Tank, Suzanne E., additional, Taylor, Michael A., additional, Tedesco, Marco, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thiaw, W. M., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Thoman, Richard L., additional, Thompson, Andrew F., additional, Thompson, Philip R., additional, Tian-Kunze, Xiangshan, additional, Timmermans, Mary-Louise, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tobin, Skie, additional, Tømmervik, Hans, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Trescilo, Lidia, additional, Tretiakov, Mikhail, additional, Trewin, Blair C., additional, Triñanes, Joaquin A., additional, Trotman, Adrian, additional, Truchelut, Ryan E., additional, Trusel, Luke D., additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, Van Hemert, Caroline, additional, Van Meerbeeck, Cedric J., additional, van vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Vazife, Ahad, additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Volkov, Denis L., additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Walker, Donald (Skip) A., additional, Walsh, John E., additional, Wang, Bin, additional, Wang, Hui, additional, Wang, Muyin, additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Wanninkhof, Rik, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, Wehrlé, Adrian, additional, Wen, Caihong, additional, Westberry, Toby K., additional, Widlansky, Matthew J., additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Wille, Jonathan D., additional, Willems, An, additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Willis, J., additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Wood, Kimberly M., additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Xie, Ping-Ping, additional, Yang, Daqing, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yin, Ziqi, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhang, Huai-min, additional, Zhang, Li, additional, Zhang, Peiqun, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Zhu, Zhiwei, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zolkos, Scott, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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4. Global Climate

Author

Dunn, Robert J. H., primary, Miller, John B., additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Alexe, Mihai, additional, Allan, Richard P., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Arguez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Barnes, John E., additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael, additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Campos, Diego, additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Clingan, Scott, additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Créatux, Jean-François, additional, Crimmins, Theresa, additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Culpepper, Joshua, additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Dokulil, Martin T., additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Dugan, Hilary A., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dutton, Geoff, additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Estrella, Nicole, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Franz, Bryan, additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gibbes, Badin, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Goto, Atsushi, additional, Gruber, Alexander, additional, Gu, Guojun, additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Bradley D., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hemming, Deborah L., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-peng, additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hu, Guojie, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, Kraemer, Benjamin M., additional, Kramarova, Natalya, additional, Kruger, Andries, additional, La Fuente, Sofia, additional, Laas, Alo, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lang, Timothy, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lavers, David A., additional, Leblanc, Thierry, additional, Leibensperger, Eric M., additional, Lennard, Chris, additional, Liu, Yakun, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Maberly, Stephen C., additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Magnin, Florence, additional, Matsuzaki, Shin-Ichiro, additional, May, Linda, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McVicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Meyer, Michael F., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Moesinger, Leander, additional, Monet, Ghislaine, additional, Montzka, Stephan A., additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mrekaj, Ivan, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Nance, David, additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Osborn, Timothy J., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Parrington, Mark, additional, Pellet, Cécile, additional, Pelto, Mauri S., additional, Petersen, Kyle, additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Pierson, Don, additional, Pinto, Izidine, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Pogliotti, Paolo, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Rocha, Willy, additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodriguez-Fernandez, Nemesio, additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rozkošný, Jozef, additional, Rusanovskaya, Olga O., additional, Rutishauser, This, additional, Sabeerali, C. T., additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schmid, Martin, additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Sezaki, Fumi, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Shimaraeva, Svetlana V., additional, Silow, Eugene A., additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Sreejith, O.P., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Streletskiy, Dmitry A., additional, Surendran, Divya E., additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Timofeyev, Maxim A., additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, van Vliet, Arnold J.H., additional, Verburg, Piet, additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastián, additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Wang, Xinyue, additional, Warnock, Taran, additional, Weber, Mark, additional, Wiese, David N., additional, Wild, Jeannette D., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Woolway, Richard Iestyn, additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Zeng, Zhenzhong, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional, Zou, Cheng-Zhi, additional, Allen, Jessicca, additional, Camper, Amy V., additional, Haley, Bridgette O., additional, Hammer, Gregory, additional, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, additional, Ohlmann, Laura, additional, Noguchi, Lukas, additional, Riddle, Deborah B., additional, and Veasey, Sara W., additional

Published
2023
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8. Quantifying daytime heating biases in marine air temperature observations from ships

Author

Cropper, Thomas, Berry, David, Cornes, Richard, Kent, Elizabeth, Cropper, Thomas, Berry, David, Cornes, Richard, and Kent, Elizabeth

Abstract

Marine air temperatures recorded on ships during the daytime are known to be biased warm on average due to energy storage by the superstructure of the vessels. This makes unadjusted daytime observations unsuitable for many applications including for the monitoring of long-term temperature change over the oceans. In this paper a physics-based approach is used to estimate this heating bias in ship observations from ICOADS. Under this approach, empirically determined coefficients represent the energy transfer terms of a heat budget model which quantifies the heating bias and is applied as a function of cloud cover and the relative wind speed over individual ships. The coefficients for each ship are derived from the anomalous diurnal heating relative to nighttime air temperature. Model coefficients, cloud cover and relative wind speed are then used to estimate the heating bias ship-by-ship and generate nighttime-equivalent time series. A variety of methodological approaches were tested. Application of this method enables the inclusion of some daytime observations in climate records based on marine air temperatures, allowing an earlier start date and giving an increase in spatial coverage compared to existing records that exclude daytime observations.

Published
2023

12. Global Climate:STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2021

Author

Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Aldred, Freya, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., de Jeu, Richard A.M., Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Gobron, Nadine, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu Pen, Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, L'Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miller, John B., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O'Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., Van Der, A. Ronald, van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Vliet, Mendy, van der Werf, Guido R., van Vliet, Arnold, Vernier, Jean Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H.J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. I., Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Zotta, Ruxandra M., Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Ohlmann, Laura, Riddle, Deborah B., Veasey, Sara W., Earth and Climate, Earth Sciences, and Amsterdam Sustainability Institute

Published
2022

14. Global Climate

Author

Dunn, Robert J. H., primary, Aldred, Freya, additional, Gobron, Nadine, additional, Miller, John B., additional, Willett, Kate M., additional, Ades, Melanie, additional, Adler, Robert, additional, Allan, R. P., additional, Anderson, John, additional, Anneville, Orlane, additional, Aono, Yasuyuki, additional, Argüez, Anthony, additional, Arosio, Carlo, additional, Augustine, John A., additional, Azorin-Molina, Cesar, additional, Barichivich, Jonathan, additional, Basu, Aman, additional, Beck, Hylke E., additional, Bellouin, Nicolas, additional, Benedetti, Angela, additional, Blagrave, Kevin, additional, Blenkinsop, Stephen, additional, Bock, Olivier, additional, Bodin, Xavier, additional, Bosilovich, Michael G., additional, Boucher, Olivier, additional, Bove, Gerald, additional, Buechler, Dennis, additional, Buehler, Stefan A., additional, Carrea, Laura, additional, Chang, Kai-Lan, additional, Christiansen, Hanne H., additional, Christy, John R., additional, Chung, Eui-Seok, additional, Ciasto, Laura M., additional, Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, additional, Cooper, Owen R., additional, Cornes, Richard C., additional, Covey, Curt, additional, Cropper, Thomas, additional, Crotwell, Molly, additional, Cusicanqui, Diego, additional, Davis, Sean M., additional, de Jeu, Richard A. M., additional, Degenstein, Doug, additional, Delaloye, Reynald, additional, Donat, Markus G., additional, Dorigo, Wouter A., additional, Durre, Imke, additional, Dutton, Geoff S., additional, Duveiller, Gregory, additional, Elkins, James W., additional, Estilow, Thomas W., additional, Fedaeff, Nava, additional, Fereday, David, additional, Fioletov, Vitali E., additional, Flemming, Johannes, additional, Foster, Michael J., additional, Frith, Stacey M., additional, Froidevaux, Lucien, additional, Füllekrug, Martin, additional, Garforth, Judith, additional, Garg, Jay, additional, Gentry, Matthew, additional, Goodman, Steven, additional, Gou, Qiqi, additional, Granin, Nikolay, additional, Guglielmin, Mauro, additional, Hahn, Sebastian, additional, Haimberger, Leopold, additional, Hall, Brad D., additional, Harris, Ian, additional, Hemming, Debbie L., additional, Hirschi, Martin, additional, Ho, Shu-pen (Ben), additional, Holzworth, Robert, additional, Hrbáček, Filip, additional, Hubert, Daan, additional, Hulsman, Petra, additional, Hurst, Dale F., additional, Inness, Antje, additional, Isaksen, Ketil, additional, John, Viju O., additional, Jones, Philip D., additional, Junod, Robert, additional, Kääb, Andreas, additional, Kaiser, Johannes W., additional, Kaufmann, Viktor, additional, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, additional, Kent, Elizabeth C., additional, Kidd, Richard, additional, Kim, Hyungiun, additional, Kipling, Zak, additional, Koppa, Akash, additional, L’Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, additional, Lan, Xin, additional, Lantz, Kathleen O., additional, Lavers, David, additional, Loeb, Norman G., additional, Loyola, Diego, additional, Madelon, Remi, additional, Malmquist, Hilmar J., additional, Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, additional, Mayer, Michael, additional, McCabe, Matthew F., additional, McVicar, Tim R., additional, Mears, Carl A., additional, Menzel, Annette, additional, Merchant, Christopher J., additional, Miralles, Diego G., additional, Montzka, Stephen A., additional, Morice, Colin, additional, Mösinger, Leander, additional, Mühle, Jens, additional, Nicolas, Julien P., additional, Noetzli, Jeannette, additional, Nõges, Tiina, additional, Noll, Ben, additional, O’Keefe, John, additional, Osborn, Tim J., additional, Park, Taejin, additional, Pellet, Cecile, additional, Pelto, Maury S., additional, Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., additional, Phillips, Coda, additional, Po-Chedley, Stephen, additional, Polvani, Lorenzo, additional, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, additional, Price, Colin, additional, Pulkkanen, Merja, additional, Rains, Dominik G., additional, Randel, William J., additional, Rémy, Samuel, additional, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, additional, Richardson, Andrew D., additional, Robinson, David A., additional, Rodell, Matthew, additional, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., additional, Rosenlof, Karen H., additional, Roth, Chris, additional, Rozanov, Alexei, additional, Rutishäuser, This, additional, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, additional, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, additional, Schenzinger, Verena, additional, Schlegel, Robert W., additional, Schneider, Udo, additional, Sharma, Sapna, additional, Shi, Lei, additional, Simmons, Adrian J., additional, Siso, Carolina, additional, Smith, Sharon L., additional, Soden, Brian J., additional, Sofieva, Viktoria, additional, Sparks, Tim H., additional, Stackhouse, Paul W., additional, Stauffer, Ryan, additional, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, additional, Steiner, Andrea K., additional, Stewart, Kenton, additional, Stradiotti, Pietro, additional, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., additional, Telg, Hagen, additional, Thackeray, Stephen J., additional, Thibert, Emmanuel, additional, Todt, Michael, additional, Tokuda, Daisuke, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Tye, Mari R., additional, van der A, Ronald, additional, van der Schalie, Robin, additional, van der Schrier, Gerard, additional, van der Vliet, Mendy, additional, van der Werf, Guido R., additional, van Vliet, Arnold., additional, Vernier, Jean-Paul, additional, Vimont, Isaac J., additional, Virts, Katrina, additional, Vivero, Sebastiàn, additional, Vömel, Holger, additional, Vose, Russell S., additional, Wang, Ray H. J., additional, Weber, Markus, additional, Wiese, David, additional, Wild, Jeanette D., additional, Williams, Earle, additional, Wong, Takmeng, additional, Woolway, R. I., additional, Yin, Xungang, additional, Yuan, Ye, additional, Zhao, Lin, additional, Zhou, Xinjia, additional, Ziemke, Jerry R., additional, Ziese, Markus, additional, and Zotta, Ruxandra M., additional

Published
2022
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17. Vector-borne diseases of public health importance for personnel on military installations in the United States

Author

Garcia, Melissa N., Cropper, Thomas L., Gunter, Sarah M., Kramm, Mathew M., Pawlak, Mary T., Roachell, Walter, Ronca, Shannon E., Stidham, Ralph A., Webber, Bryant J., and Yun, Heather C.

Subjects
United States. Department of Defense -- Standards, United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention -- Standards, Military personnel -- Care and treatment, Disease transmission -- Prevention, Medical research, Military bases -- Usage, Health
Abstract

Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The history of US military medicine dates from the formation of the Continental Army in the 1770s. [...]

Published
2017

18. Extended north Atlantic oscillation and Greenland blocking indices 1800–2020 from new meteorological reanalysis

Author

Hanna, Edward, Cropper, Thomas E., Hall, Richard J., Cornes, Richard, Barriendos, Mariano, Hanna, Edward, Cropper, Thomas E., Hall, Richard J., Cornes, Richard, and Barriendos, Mariano

Abstract

Based on newly-available meteorological reanalysis, we compile and present extended seasonal series of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Greenland Blocking indices spanning 1800–2020, which we analyse for evidence of significant trends. This represents a major backward extension of the previously available instrumental-/reanalysis-based Azores–Iceland and principal component-based NAO indices, and allows us to evaluate the potential effect of natural climate perturbations, especially the 1809 and 1815 major volcanic eruptions and ~1790s–1830 Dalton solar minimum, on North Atlantic atmospheric circulation. We find that winters 1809/10 and 1816/17 mark positive NAO peaks, relative to several years before and afterwards, which is in accordance with the theory of volcanic forcing of climate. However, there is little evidence of a summer NAO volcanic signature. Overall, based on the significantly longer new reanalysis time series, the new series presented here corroborate and extend our previous results of: (1) a significantly more variable year-to-year NAO with a recent exceptional clustering of extreme events since 2000 for winter; (2) a significant increasing trend in blocking over Greenland in summer. These trends have major repercussions for the probability of the occurrence of extreme weather events over northwest Europe and for the sensitivity and response of the Greenland Ice Sheet to global warming, especially if they continue as an integral part of anthropogenic climate change

Published
2022

19. Global Climate

Author

Natural Environment Research Council (UK), European Commission, Department of Energy (US)an), Estonian Research Council, National Research Foundation of Korea, European Research Council, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Fundación BBVA, Royal Society (UK), NASA Astrobiology Institute (US), Dunn, Robert J. H., Aldred, Freya, Gobron, Nadine, Miller, John B., Willett, Kate M., Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorín-Molina, César, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai-Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui-Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., Jeu, Richard A. M. de, Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu-pen (Ben), Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, Henning L’Abée-Lund, Jan, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O’Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse Jr., Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., Van der A, Ronald, Schalie, Robin van der, Schrier, Gerard van der, Vliet, Mendy van der, Werf, Guido R. van der, Vliet, Arnold. van, Vernier, Jean-Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H. J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. Iestyn, Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Zotta, Ruxandra M., Natural Environment Research Council (UK), European Commission, Department of Energy (US)an), Estonian Research Council, National Research Foundation of Korea, European Research Council, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Fundación BBVA, Royal Society (UK), NASA Astrobiology Institute (US), Dunn, Robert J. H., Aldred, Freya, Gobron, Nadine, Miller, John B., Willett, Kate M., Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorín-Molina, César, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai-Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui-Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., Jeu, Richard A. M. de, Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu-pen (Ben), Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, Henning L’Abée-Lund, Jan, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O’Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse Jr., Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., Van der A, Ronald, Schalie, Robin van der, Schrier, Gerard van der, Vliet, Mendy van der, Werf, Guido R. van der, Vliet, Arnold. van, Vernier, Jean-Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H. J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. Iestyn, Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, and Zotta, Ruxandra M.

Abstract

In 2021, both social and economic activities began to return towards the levels preceding the COVID-19 pandemic for some parts of the globe, with others still experiencing restrictions. Meanwhile, the climate has continued to respond to the ongoing increase in greenhouse gases and resulting warming. La Niña, a phenomenon which tends to depress global temperatures while changing rainfall patterns in many regions, prevailed for all but two months of the year. Despite this, 2021 was one of the six-warmest years on record as measured by global mean surface temperature with an anomaly of between +0.21° and +0.28°C above the 1991–2020 climatology.

Published
2022

20. Global Climate: STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2021

Author

Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Aldred, Freya, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., de Jeu, Richard A.M., Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Gobron, Nadine, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu Pen, Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, L'Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miller, John B., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O'Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., Van Der, A. Ronald, van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Vliet, Mendy, van der Werf, Guido R., van Vliet, Arnold, Vernier, Jean Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H.J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. I., Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Zotta, Ruxandra M., Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Ohlmann, Laura, Riddle, Deborah B., Veasey, Sara W., Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Aldred, Freya, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., de Jeu, Richard A.M., Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Dunn, Robert J.H., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Gobron, Nadine, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu Pen, Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, L'Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miller, John B., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O'Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., Van Der, A. Ronald, van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Vliet, Mendy, van der Werf, Guido R., van Vliet, Arnold, Vernier, Jean Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H.J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Willett, Kate M., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. I., Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Zotta, Ruxandra M., Allen, Jessicca, Camper, Amy, Hammer, Gregory, Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Misch, Deborah J., Ohlmann, Laura, Riddle, Deborah B., and Veasey, Sara W.

Published
2022
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21. Global Climate

Author

Dunn, Robert J. H., Aldred, Freya, Gobron, Nadine, Miller, John B., Willett, Kate M., Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai-Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui-Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., de Jeu, Richard A. M., Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu-pen (Ben), Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, L’Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O’Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., van der A, Ronald, van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Vliet, Mendy, van der Werf, Guido R., van Vliet, Arnold., Vernier, Jean-Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H. J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. I., Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, Zotta, Ruxandra M., Dunn, Robert J. H., Aldred, Freya, Gobron, Nadine, Miller, John B., Willett, Kate M., Ades, Melanie, Adler, Robert, Allan, R. P., Anderson, John, Anneville, Orlane, Aono, Yasuyuki, Argüez, Anthony, Arosio, Carlo, Augustine, John A., Azorin-Molina, Cesar, Barichivich, Jonathan, Basu, Aman, Beck, Hylke E., Bellouin, Nicolas, Benedetti, Angela, Blagrave, Kevin, Blenkinsop, Stephen, Bock, Olivier, Bodin, Xavier, Bosilovich, Michael G., Boucher, Olivier, Bove, Gerald, Buechler, Dennis, Buehler, Stefan A., Carrea, Laura, Chang, Kai-Lan, Christiansen, Hanne H., Christy, John R., Chung, Eui-Seok, Ciasto, Laura M., Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, Cooper, Owen R., Cornes, Richard C., Covey, Curt, Cropper, Thomas, Crotwell, Molly, Cusicanqui, Diego, Davis, Sean M., de Jeu, Richard A. M., Degenstein, Doug, Delaloye, Reynald, Donat, Markus G., Dorigo, Wouter A., Durre, Imke, Dutton, Geoff S., Duveiller, Gregory, Elkins, James W., Estilow, Thomas W., Fedaeff, Nava, Fereday, David, Fioletov, Vitali E., Flemming, Johannes, Foster, Michael J., Frith, Stacey M., Froidevaux, Lucien, Füllekrug, Martin, Garforth, Judith, Garg, Jay, Gentry, Matthew, Goodman, Steven, Gou, Qiqi, Granin, Nikolay, Guglielmin, Mauro, Hahn, Sebastian, Haimberger, Leopold, Hall, Brad D., Harris, Ian, Hemming, Debbie L., Hirschi, Martin, Ho, Shu-pen (Ben), Holzworth, Robert, Hrbáček, Filip, Hubert, Daan, Hulsman, Petra, Hurst, Dale F., Inness, Antje, Isaksen, Ketil, John, Viju O., Jones, Philip D., Junod, Robert, Kääb, Andreas, Kaiser, Johannes W., Kaufmann, Viktor, Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Andreas, Kent, Elizabeth C., Kidd, Richard, Kim, Hyungiun, Kipling, Zak, Koppa, Akash, L’Abée-Lund, Jan Henning, Lan, Xin, Lantz, Kathleen O., Lavers, David, Loeb, Norman G., Loyola, Diego, Madelon, Remi, Malmquist, Hilmar J., Marszelewski, Wlodzimierz, Mayer, Michael, McCabe, Matthew F., McVicar, Tim R., Mears, Carl A., Menzel, Annette, Merchant, Christopher J., Miralles, Diego G., Montzka, Stephen A., Morice, Colin, Mösinger, Leander, Mühle, Jens, Nicolas, Julien P., Noetzli, Jeannette, Nõges, Tiina, Noll, Ben, O’Keefe, John, Osborn, Tim J., Park, Taejin, Pellet, Cecile, Pelto, Maury S., Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E., Phillips, Coda, Po-Chedley, Stephen, Polvani, Lorenzo, Preimesberger, Wolfgang, Price, Colin, Pulkkanen, Merja, Rains, Dominik G., Randel, William J., Rémy, Samuel, Ricciardulli, Lucrezia, Richardson, Andrew D., Robinson, David A., Rodell, Matthew, Rodríguez-Fernández, Nemesio J., Rosenlof, Karen H., Roth, Chris, Rozanov, Alexei, Rutishäuser, This, Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, Sawaengphokhai, Parnchai, Schenzinger, Verena, Schlegel, Robert W., Schneider, Udo, Sharma, Sapna, Shi, Lei, Simmons, Adrian J., Siso, Carolina, Smith, Sharon L., Soden, Brian J., Sofieva, Viktoria, Sparks, Tim H., Stackhouse, Paul W., Stauffer, Ryan, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Steiner, Andrea K., Stewart, Kenton, Stradiotti, Pietro, Streletskiy, Dimitri A., Telg, Hagen, Thackeray, Stephen J., Thibert, Emmanuel, Todt, Michael, Tokuda, Daisuke, Tourpali, Kleareti, Tye, Mari R., van der A, Ronald, van der Schalie, Robin, van der Schrier, Gerard, van der Vliet, Mendy, van der Werf, Guido R., van Vliet, Arnold., Vernier, Jean-Paul, Vimont, Isaac J., Virts, Katrina, Vivero, Sebastiàn, Vömel, Holger, Vose, Russell S., Wang, Ray H. J., Weber, Markus, Wiese, David, Wild, Jeanette D., Williams, Earle, Wong, Takmeng, Woolway, R. I., Yin, Xungang, Yuan, Ye, Zhao, Lin, Zhou, Xinjia, Ziemke, Jerry R., Ziese, Markus, and Zotta, Ruxandra M.

Abstract

In 2021, both social and economic activities began to return towards the levels preceding the COVID-19 pandemic for some parts of the globe, with others still experiencing restrictions. Meanwhile, the climate has continued to respond to the ongoing increase in greenhouse gases and resulting warming. La Niña, a phenomenon which tends to depress global temperatures while changing rainfall patterns in many regions, prevailed for all but two months of the year. Despite this, 2021 was one of the six-warmest years on record as measured by global mean surface temperature with an anomaly of between +0.21° and +0.28°C above the 1991–2020 climatology. Lake surface temperatures were their highest on record during 2021. The number of warm days over land also reached a new record high. Exceptional heat waves struck the Pacific Coast of North America, leading to a new Canadian maximum temperature of 49.6°C at Lytton, British Columbia, on 29 June, breaking the previous national record by over 4°C. In Death Valley, California, the peak temperature reached 54.4°C on 9 July, equaling the temperature measured in 2020, and the highest temperature recorded anywhere on the globe since at least the 1930s. Over the Mediterranean, a provisional new European record of 48.8°C was set in Sicily on 11 August. In the atmosphere, the annual mean tropospheric temperature was among the 10 highest on record, while the stratosphere continued to cool. While La Niña was present except for June and July, likely influencing Australia’s coolest year since 2012 and wettest since 2016, other modes of variability played important roles. A negative Indian Ocean dipole event became established during July, associated with a warmer east and cooler west Indian Ocean. Northern Hemisphere winters were affected by a negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation at both the beginning and end of 2021. In the Southern Hemisphere, a very strong positive Southern Annular Mode (also known as the Antarctic Oscillation)

Published
2022

26. Quantifying heating biases in marine air temperature observations, ~1790 - present

Author

Cropper, Thomas, Kent, Elizabeth, Berry, David, Cornes, Richard, Recinos Rivas, Beatriz, Cropper, Thomas, Kent, Elizabeth, Berry, David, Cornes, Richard, and Recinos Rivas, Beatriz

Abstract

Accurate, long-term time series of near-surface air temperature (AT) are the fundamental datasets on which the magnitude of anthropogenic climate change is scientifically and societally addressed. Across the ocean, these (near-surface) climate records use Sea Surface Temperature (SST) instead of Marine Air Temperature (MAT) and blend the SST and AT over land to create datasets. MAT has often been overlooked as a data choice as daytime MAT observations from ships are known to contain warm biases due to the storage of accumulated solar energy. Two recent MAT datasets, CLASSnmat (1881 – 2019) and UAHNMAT (1900 – 2018), both use night-time MAT observations only. Daytime MAT observations in the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) account for over half of the MAT observations in ICOADS, and this proportion increases further back in time (i.e. pre-1850s). If long-term MAT records over the ocean are to be extended, the use of daytime MAT is vital. To adjust for the daytime MAT heating bias, and apply it to ICOADS, we present the application of a physics-based model, which accounts for the accumulated energy storage throughout the day. As the ‘true’ diurnal cycle of MAT over the ocean has not been, to-date, adequately quantified, our approach also removes the diurnal cycle from ICOADS observations and generates a night-time equivalent MAT for all observations. We fit this model to MAT observations from groups of ships in ICOADS that share similar heating biases and metadata characteristics. This enables us to use the empirically derived coefficients (representing the physical energy transfer terms of the heating model) obtained from the fit for use in removal of the heating bias and diurnal cycle from ship-based MAT observations throughout ICOADS which share similar characteristics (i.e. we can remove the diurnal cycle from a ship which only reports once daily at noon). This adjustment will create an MAT record of night-time-equivalent temperatures

Published
2021

28. Host Bloodmeal Identification in Cave-Dwelling Ornithodoros turicata Dugès (Ixodida: Argasidae), Texas, USA

Author

Busselman, Rachel E., primary, Olson, Mark F., additional, Martinez, Viridiana, additional, Davila, Edward, additional, Briggs, Cierra, additional, Eldridge, Devon S., additional, Higgins, Bailee, additional, Bass, Brittany, additional, Cropper, Thomas L., additional, Casey, Theresa M., additional, Edwards, Theresa, additional, Teel, Pete D., additional, Hamer, Sarah A., additional, and Hamer, Gabriel L., additional

Published
2021
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31. Outcomes of Embedded Athletic Training Services Within United States Air Force Basic Military Training.

Author

Fisher, Reid, Esparza, Shandra, Nye, Nathaniel S., Gottfredson, Ryan, Pawlak, Mary T., Cropper, Thomas Leo, Casey, Theresa, Tchandja, Juste, de la Motte, Sarah J., and Webber, Bryant J.

Subjects
MILITARY education, MUSCULOSKELETAL system diseases, CONFIDENCE intervals, NOSOLOGY, GAIT in humans, PHYSICAL training & conditioning, TREATMENT effectiveness, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, DIAGNOSIS, CLUSTER analysis (Statistics), STATISTICAL sampling, BODY mass index, MILITARY personnel
Abstract

Musculoskeletal injury is the leading cause of attrition from military training. To assess the effect of an embedded athletic training musculoskeletal care model within a basic military training unit. Cluster randomized trial. United States Air Force Basic Military Training, Joint Base San Antonio—Lackland. Military recruits randomly assigned to 1 of 3 training squadrons, 2 control and 1 experimental, between January 2016 and December 2018. A sports medicine care model was established in 1 squadron by embedding 2 certified athletic trainers overseen by a sports medicine fellowship-trained physician. The athletic trainers diagnosed and coordinated rehabilitation as the primary point of contact for recruits and developed interventions with medical and military leadership based on injury trends. Recruit attrition from basic training due to a musculoskeletal injury. Secondary outcomes were all-cause attrition, on-time graduation, rates of lower extremity injury and stress fracture, rates of specialty care appointments, and fiscal costs. Recruits in the athletic training musculoskeletal care arm experienced 25% lower musculoskeletal-related attrition (risk ratio = 0.75 [95% CI = 0.64, 0.89]) and 15% lower all-cause attrition (risk ratio = 0.85 [95% CI = 0.80, 0.91]), translating to a net saving of more than $10 million. The intervention reduced the incidence of lower extremity stress fracture by 16% (rate ratio = 0.84 [95% CI = 0.73, 0.97]). An embedded athletic training musculoskeletal care model outperformed usual care across operational, medical, and fiscal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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37. Greenland blocking index 1851–2015: a regional climate change signal

Author

Hanna, Edward, Cropper, Thomas E., Hall, Richard J., Cappelen, John, Hanna, Edward, Cropper, Thomas E., Hall, Richard J., and Cappelen, John

Abstract

We present an extended monthly and seasonal Greenland Blocking Index (GBI) from January 1851 to December 2015, which more than doubles the length of the existing published GBI series. We achieve this by homogenizing the Twentieth Century Reanalysis version 2c-based GBI and splicing it with the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis-based GBI. For the whole time period, there are significant decreases in GBI in autumn, October and November, and no significant monthly, seasonal or annual increases. More recently, since 1981 there are significant GBI increases in all seasons and annually, with the strongest monthly increases in July and August. A recent clustering of high GBI values is evident in summer, when 7 of the top 11 values in the last 165 years – including the two latest years 2014 and 2015 – occurred since 2007. Also, 2010 is the highest GBI year in the annual, spring, winter and December series but 2011 is the record low GBI value in the spring and April series. Moreover, since 1851 there have been significant increases in GBI variability in May and especially December. December has also shown a significant clustering of extreme high and low GBI values since 2001, mirroring a similar, recently identified phenomenon in the December North Atlantic Oscillation index, suggesting a related driving mechanism. We discuss changes in hemispheric circulation that are associated with high compared with low GBI conditions. Our GBI time series should be useful for climatologists and other scientists interested in aspects and impacts of Arctic variability and change.

Published
2016

38. A 133-year record of climate change and variability from Sheffield, England

Author

Cropper, Thomas, Cropper, Paul, Cropper, Thomas, and Cropper, Paul

Abstract

A 133-year length (1883–2015) daily climate record from Sheffield, England (53.38°N, 1.49°W) is analysed. Across the entire length of the record, there are significant warming trends annually and for all seasons, whereas precipitation shows a significant annual increase but the seasonal trends, whilst all positive, are not significant. Trends in extreme indices mirror the mean long-term warming and wetting signal. Record hot and cold daily temperatures and precipitation amounts are associated with summer anticyclonic conditions, an anomalous easterly winter jet stream and summer cyclonic activity, respectively. Whilst there are large uncertainties surrounding the calculation of return periods for the daily maximum, minimum and precipitation records from a single record, our best estimates suggest that in the current climate (2015), the existing records have return periods of 38, 529 and 252 years, respectively. The influence of several climate indices on mean and extreme indices are considered on seasonal scales, with the North Atlantic Oscillation displaying the strongest relationship. Future mean maximum temperature and precipitation alongside extreme indices representing the warmest and wettest day of the year are analysed from two downscaled climate model output archives under analysis periods of a 1.5 and 2 degree warmer world and the 2080–2099 end of 21st century period. For this mid-latitude location, there is minimal difference in model projections between a 1.5 and 2 degree world, but a significant difference between the 1.5/2 degree world and the end of century 2080–2099 period under the most severe climate warming scenarios.

Published
2016

39. An analysis of the climate of Macaronesia, 1865-2012

Author

Cropper, Thomas E. and Hanna, E.

Abstract

New monthly, long‐running, continuous surface air temperature records for four island chains throughout the Macaronesian biogeographical zone in the North Atlantic Ocean are presented. The records run from 1865 for the Azores and Madeira, 1885 for the Canary Islands and 1895 for Cape Verde. Recent (1981–2010) warming across these islands is significant in summer (JJA) for the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and Madeira, ranging from 0.40 to 0.46 °C per decade. Annually, the temperature trends across this period range from 0.30 to 0.38 °C per decade across all four island chains (significant for all but the Canary Islands), which exceed the station‐based, average global temperature rise by up to 0.10 °C per decade. Precipitation records from multiple islands across Macaronesia are also presented in addition to sea‐level pressure records from the Azores and Cape Verde. Cape Verde wet season (ASO) precipitation is found to have significantly increased at two of our three sites from 1981 to 2010. The Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira precipitation trends display no significant changes, although the three Azores stations display a recent positive tendency. The extended Azores pressure record allows us to construct an entirely station‐based Azores‐Iceland North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOI) from 1865 to 2012 and extend the daily station‐based index back to 1944, further than the longest previous daily NAOI by 6 years. In addition, we use the sea‐level pressure difference between the Azores and Cape Verde to create a novel method of characterizing trade wind strength across Macaronesia, the Trade Wind index (TWI), which points towards a recent, statistically significant increase (since 1973) throughout the region. Links between the winter and summer NAOI, TWI and Macaronesian temperature and precipitation are explored, as are the differences in warming trends between Macaronesia and analogous subtropical island chains, most of which are found to be warming at slower rates than the Macaronesia stations. © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society

Published
2014

45. A daily Azores-Iceland North Atlantic oscillation index back to 1850

Author

Cropper, Thomas, Hanna, Edward, Valente, Maria Antónia, Jónsson, Trausti, Cropper, Thomas, Hanna, Edward, Valente, Maria Antónia, and Jónsson, Trausti

Abstract

We present the construction of a continuous, daily (09:00 UTC), station-based (Azores–Iceland) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index back to 1871 which is extended back to 1850 with additional daily mean data. The constructed index more than doubles the length of previously existing, widely available, daily NAO time series. The index is created using entirely observational sea-level pressure (SLP) data from Iceland and 73.5% of observational SLP data from the Azores – the remainder being filled in via reanalysis (Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project and European Mean Sea Level Pressure) SLP data. Icelandic data are taken from the Southwest Iceland pressure series. We construct and document a new Ponta Delgada SLP time series based on recently digitized and newly available data that extend back to 1872. The Ponta Delgada time series is created by splicing together several fractured records (from Ponta Delgada, Lajes, and Santa Maria) and filling in the major gaps (pre-1872, 1888–1905, and 1940–1941) and occasional days (145) with reanalysis data. Further homogeneity corrections are applied to the Azores record, and the daily (09:00 UTC) NAO index is then calculated. The resulting index, with its extended temporal length and daily resolution, is the first reconstruction of daily NAO back into the 19th Century and therefore is useful for researchers across multiple disciplines.

Published
2015

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