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Weeds usually penalize crop yields by competing for resources, such as water, light, nutrients, and space. Most of the studies on the crop-weed competition domain are limited to assessing crop-yield losses due to weed pressure and other crop-weed interactions, overlooking the significant uptake of soil-water by weeds that exacerbates global water constraints and threatens the productivity and profitability. The objective of this review was to synthesize globally available quantitative data on weed water use (WU) sourced from 23 peer-reviewed publications (filtered from 233 publications via a multi-step protocol of inclusion criteria) with experimental investigations across space (3 continents), time (1927–2018), weed species (27 broadleaf and 7 grasses) and characteristics, cropping systems (5), soil types (ranging from coarse-textured sand to fine-textured clay soils), determination techniques, experimental factors (environment, management, resource availability, and competition), and aridity regimes (ranging from semi-arid to humid climate). Distributions of weed WU data reported via eight different metrics were assessed for variability and mean WU. A lack of the best experimental and reporting practices in weed WU research was identified that undermined the robustness, transferability, and application of the WU data. Mandatory protocols and the best practices typically followed in the agricultural water management research were described and recommended for weed scientists to avoid pitfalls in quantifying and presenting weed WU. A model of mixed plant community evapotranspiration (ET) was adapted to model weed-crop-soil system evaporation and transpiration in a crop canopy infested with multiple (n) weed species. Finally, potential cross-disciplinary questions across the domains of crop science, weed science, agricultural water management, irrigation science and engineering, and environmental changes were proposed to direct and prioritize future research efforts in the crop-weed-water arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds usually penalize crop yields by competing for resources, such as water, light, nutrients, and space. Most of the studies on the crop-weed competition domain are limited to assessing crop-yield losses due to weed pressure and other crop-weed interactions, overlooking the significant uptake of soil-water by weeds that exacerbates global water constraints and threatens the productivity and profitability. The objective of this review was to synthesize globally available quantitative data on weed water use (WU) sourced from 23 peer-reviewed publications (filtered from 233 publications via a multi-step protocol of inclusion criteria) with experimental investigations across space (3 continents), time (1927–2018), weed species (27 broadleaf and 7 grasses) and characteristics, cropping systems (5), soil types (ranging from coarse-textured sand to fine-textured clay soils), determination techniques, experimental factors (environment, management, resource availability, and competition), and aridity regimes (ranging from semi-arid to humid climate). Distributions of weed WU data reported via eight different metrics were assessed for variability and mean WU. A lack of the best experimental and reporting practices in weed WU research was identified that undermined the robustness, transferability, and application of the WU data. Mandatory protocols and the best practices typically followed in the agricultural water management research were described and recommended for weed scientists to avoid pitfalls in quantifying and presenting weed WU. A model of mixed plant community evapotranspiration (ET) was adapted to model weed-crop-soil system evaporation and transpiration in a crop canopy infested with multiple (n) weed species. Finally, potential cross-disciplinary questions across the domains of crop science, weed science, agricultural water management, irrigation science and engineering, and environmental changes were proposed to direct and prioritize future research efforts in the crop-weed-water arena.

Agronomically critical weeds that have evolved alongside crop species are characterized by rapid adaptation and invasiveness, which can result in an enormous reduction in annual crop yield worldwide. We discuss here recent genome-based research studies on agricultural weeds and crop–weed interactions that reveal several major evolutionary innovations such as de-domestication, interactions mediated by allelochemical secondary metabolites, and parasitic genetic elements that play crucial roles in enhancing weed invasiveness in agricultural settings. We believe that these key studies will guide future research into the evolution of crop–weed interactions, and further the development of practical applications in agricultural weed control and crop breeding. Highlights Agricultural weeds can be generally classified into weedy crop relatives and non-crop relatives based on their genetic relationship to crops. They are not only economically important but are fascinating models for studying the adaptation and rapid evolution of plant species in human-mediated environments. Allelopathy by secondary metabolites is a central process underlying crop–weed interactions in agroecosystems. Biosynthetic gene clusters may be one important genomic mechanism governing these allelopathic interactions. Genetic exchanges occur frequently between crops and parasitic weeds, and can evidently have functional consequences. Recent genomic studies of weedy plants are providing in-depth insights into the evolution of weeds and the mechanisms of crop–weed interactions, and are likely to have a major impact on weed management and crop breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current knowledge of light quality effects on plant morphogenesis and development represents a new era of understanding on how plant communities perceive and adjust to available resources. The most important consequences of light quality cues, often mediated by decreasing in red far-red ratios with respect to the spectral composition of incident sunlight radiation, affecting weed-crop interaction are the increased plant height and shoot to root ratio in anticipation of competition by light quantity, water or nutrients. Although the concepts related to light quality have been extensively studied and several basic process of this phenomenon are well known, little applications of photomorphogenic signaling currently are related to agricultural problems or weed management. The objectives of this review are to describe how light quality change can be a triggering factor of interspecific interference responses, to analyze how this phenomenon can be used to predict weed interference, to reevaluate the critical periods of interference concept, and to discuss its potential contribution towards developing more weed competitive crop varieties. Knowledge on light quality responses involved in plant sensing of interspecific competition could be used to identify red/far-red threshold values, indicating when weed control should be started. Light quality alterations by weeds can affect grain crop development mainly in high yielding fields. Unlike the traditional concept or the critical period of competition, light quality mediated interference implies that the critical period for weed control could start before the effects of direct resource (water, nutrients and available light) limitation actually occur. The variability in light quality responses among crop genotypes and the identification of mutants insensitive to light quality effects indicate that this characteristic can be selected or modified to develop cultivars with enhanced interspecific interference ability. Knowledge on light quality-elicited responses represents a new possibility to understand the underlying biology of interspecific interference, and could be used in the development of new weed management technologies.O atual conhecimento sobre os efeitos da qualidade da luz representa uma nova era da compreensão dos processos envolvidos na percepção e ajuste das plantas em função dos recursos disponíveis no ambiente. As consequências mais importantes da diminuição da qualidade de luz, que se relaciona principalmente com a diminuição da relação vermelho/vermelho-extremo, que ocorrem nas interações entre culturas e plantas daninhas são o aumento da estatura e da relação parte aérea/raiz. Essas alterações são tentativas de antecipar os efeitos da concorrência futura por quantidade de luz, água ou nutrientes. Embora vários conhecimentos básicos relacionados com a qualidade da luz tenham sido desenvolvidos há muito tempo, poucas aplicações da sinalização fotomorfogênica têm sido implementadas em processos relacionados com a agricultura e, principalmente, com o manejo de plantas daninhas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: descrever a diminuição da qualidade da luz como um fator desencadeante da competição interespecífica; analisar como a qualidade da luz pode ser usada para predizer o início da interferência das plantas daninhas; reavaliar os períodos críticos de interferência; e discutir o potencial de desenvolvimento de cultivares mais competitivas com as plantas daninhas. O conhecimento dos fatores envolvidos na qualidade da luz pode ser utilizado para identificação de uma relação da radiação vermelho/vermelho-distante que indique o início da competição interespecífica e possa ser usada com um nível de dano referencial, indicando quando o controle das plantas daninhas deve ser iniciado. Os efeitos da baixa qualidade de luz podem limitar o desenvolvimento das culturas, sobretudo em situações de lavouras com elevados níveis potenciais de rendimento de grãos. Nessas situações, o período crítico para controle de plantas daninhas deve ser considerado antes de se iniciarem os efeitos da limitação dos recursos de água, nutrientes e quantidade de luz, que representa o tradicional período crítico de competição. A existência de variabilidade de genótipos das culturas à qualidade da luz e a identificação de mutantes insensíveis aos efeitos da baixa qualidade da luz indicam que essa característica pode ser selecionada ou transformada para o desenvolvimento de cultivares com maior capacidade de competição com as plantas daninhas. Os conhecimentos relacionados com a qualidade da luz representam uma nova possibilidade de compreender a biologia da competição interespecífica e poderão ser utilizados no desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para o manejo de plantas daninhas.

Plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are highly variable, ranging from mutualism in a wide range of plants, to antagonism in some non-mycorrhizal plant species and plants characteristic of disturbed environments. Many agricultural weeds are non mycorrhizal or originate from ruderal environments where AMF are rare or absent. This led us to hypothesize that AMF may suppress weed growth, a mycorrhizal attribute which has hardly been considered. We investigated the impact of AMF and AMF diversity (three versus one AMF taxon) on weed growth in experimental microcosms where a crop (sunflower) was grown together with six widespread weed species. The presence of AMF reduced total weed biomass with 47% in microcosms where weeds were grown together with sunflower and with 25% in microcosms where weeds were grown alone. The biomass of two out of six weed species was significantly reduced by AMF (−66% & −59%) while the biomass of the four remaining weed species was only slightly reduced (−20% to −37%). Sunflower productivity was not influenced by AMF or AMF diversity. However, sunflower benefitted from AMF via enhanced phosphorus nutrition. The results indicate that the stimulation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agro-ecosystems may suppress some aggressive weeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]