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Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) commonly manifests with multiple vesicular cutaneous and mucosal nodules, with four subtypes clinically recognized. Although commonly seen in younger men, our patient presented with presumed epidemic KS at an older age. Additionally, our patient presented with Kaposi sarcoma during primary HIV infection which is atypical for Kaposi sarcoma presentation. The patient's clinical course is important to follow, as his rectal involvement indicates the patient would benefit from systemic therapy. Furthermore, our case highlights the need for a keen clinical index of suspicion in all patients with new HIV diagnosis and new onset suspicious lesions, regardless of age., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Purpose of Review: This review provides an update on recent findings about the clinical and microbiological characteristics of Staphylococcus lugdunensis ., Recent Findings: European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) differ in their methodology and breakpoints for the detection of penicillin and oxacillin resistance in S. lugdunensis . The EUCAST method for beta-lactamase detection recommends a 1-unit penicillin disk and has demonstrated superior performance compared to the 10-unit penicillin disk recommended by CLSI. A similar outcome has been previously reported in Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, there is emerging oxacillin resistance in some geographical areas. Of particular concern is that oxacillin resistance in mecA positive isolates may not be reliably detected by current cefoxitin breakpoints., Summary: Coagulase negative staphylococci are now recognised as a heterogenous group of organisms that do not microbiologically or clinically behave the same way. The spectrum of clinical disease is species dependent and is particularly true for S. lugdunensis , which causes an array of clinical infections like that of S. aureus. Further studies are needed to assess the performance of phenotypic tests to detect resistance, to ensure that appropriate antimicrobial therapy is delivered to patients., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Reports of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing K. pneumoniae (KPC-Kp) in Australia were previously uncommon, with cases imported sporadically by travellers from higher prevalence countries., Aim: The study institution reported the first outbreak of KPC-Kp in Australia. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for KPC-Kp colonization and infection using a matched case-control study., Methods: The study included all hospitalized patients with KPC-Kp colonization or infection from January 2012 to September 2015., Findings: Thirty-four cases of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (including 31 KPC-Kp cases) were matched with 136 controls. Variables associated with KPC-Kp acquisition included: length of hospital stay >28 days in the past 12 months, prior vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) colonization, central venous catheter (CVC), gastrointestinal disease and invasive procedures. Exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics was also found to be a significant risk factor. In the multi-variate analysis, three factors independently associated with KPC-Kp acquisition were length of hospital stay >28 days in the past 12 months [odds ratio (OR) 23.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.9-113.3], presence of a CVC (OR 15.4, 95% CI 2.7-86.9), and prior VRE colonization (OR 6.0, 95% CI 1.6-23.2). Very few patients had a history of overseas travel., Conclusion: This study demonstrates that patients with prolonged hospital exposure are more likely to acquire KPC-Kp in the setting of a local outbreak, and suggests that risk factors for KPC-Kp acquisition may be shared with those for VRE colonization. Local screening strategies targeting overseas travellers would likely miss many cases. The results of this study will help to inform screening policies for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae., (Copyright © 2017 The Healthcare Infection Society. All rights reserved.)