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1. HLA-DP on Epithelial Cells Enables Tissue Damage by NKp44+ Natural Killer Cells in Ulcerative Colitis

Author

Akar, Alaa, Flemming, Cornelius, Felix, Flomm, Flosbach, Markus, Jäger, Julia, Jeromin, Niklas, Jung, Johannes, Ohms, Mareike, Reinshagen, Konrad, Rische, Johann, Sagebiel, Adrian, Sandfort, Deborah, Steinert, Fenja, Tomuschat, Christian, Wesche, Jasmin, Shifteh Abedian, Abraham, Clara, Achkar, Jean-Paul, Ahmad, Tariq, Alberts, Rudi, Alizadeh, Behrooz, Amininejad, Leila, Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N., Andersen, Vibeke, Anderson, Carl A., Andrews, Jane M., Annese, Vito, Aumais, Guy, Baidoo, Leonard, Baldassano, Robert N., Bampton, Peter A., Barclay, Murray, Barrett, Jeffrey C., Bethge, Johannes, Bewshea, Claire, Bis, Joshua C., Bitton, Alain, BK, Thelma, Boucher, Gabrielle, Brain, Oliver, Brand, Stephan, Brant, Steven R., Cheon, Jae Hee, Chew, Angela, Cho, Judy H., Cleynen, Isabelle, Cohain, Ariella, Cooney, Rachel, Croft, Anthony, Daly, Mark J., D'Amato, Mauro, Danese, Silvio, Daryani, Naser Ebrahim, Datta, Lisa Wu, Degenhardt, Frauke, Denapiene, Goda, Denson, Lee A., Devaney, Kathy L., Dewit, Olivier, D'Inca, Renata, Drummond, Hazel E., Dubinsky, Marla, Duerr, Richard H., Edwards, Cathryn, Ellinghaus, David, Ellul, Pierre, Esaki, Motohiro, Essers, Jonah, Ferguson, Lynnette R., Festen, Eleonora A., Fleshner, Philip, Florin, Tim, Franchimont, Denis, Franke, Andre, Fuyuno, Yuta, Gearry, Richard, Georges, Michel, Gieger, Christian, Glas, Jürgen, Goyette, Philippe, Green, Todd, Griffiths, Anne M., Guthery, Stephen L., Hakonarson, Hakon, Halfvarson, Jonas, Hanigan, Katherine, Haritunians, Talin, Hart, Ailsa, Hawkey, Chris, Hayward, Nicholas K., Hedl, Matija, Henderson, Paul, Hold, Georgina L., Hong, Myhunghee, Hu, Xinli, Huang, Hailiang, Hugot, Jean-Pierre, Hui, Ken Y., Imielinski, Marcin, Jazayeri, Omid, Jonaitis, Laimas, Jostins, Luke, Juyal, Garima, Chandra Juyal, Ramesh, Kalla, Rahul, Karlsen, Tom H., Kennedy, Nicholas A., Khan, Mohammed Azam, Kim, Won Ho, Kitazono, Takanari, Kiudelis, Gediminas, Kubo, Michiaki, Kugathasan, Subra, Kupcinskas, Limas, Lamb, Christopher A., de Lange, Katrina M., Latiano, Anna, Laukens, Debby, Lawrance, Ian C., Lee, James C., Lees, Charlie W., Leja, Marcis, Lewis, Nina, Van Limbergen, Johan, Lionetti, Paolo, Liu, Jimmy Z., Louis, Edouard, Luo, Yang, Mahy, Gillian, Malekzadeh, Masoud Mohammad, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mansfield, John, Marriott, Suzie, Massey, Dunecan, Mathew, Christopher G., Matsui, Toshiyuki, McGovern, Dermot P.B., van der Meulen, Andrea, Midha, Vandana, Milgrom, Raquel, Mirzaei, Samaneh, Mitrovic, Mitja, Montgomery, Grant W., Mowat, Craig, Müller, Christoph, Newman, William G., Ng, Aylwin, Ng, Siew C., Evelyn Ng, Sok Meng, Nikolaus, Susanna, Ning, Kaida, Nöthen, Markus, Oikonomou, Ioannis, Okou, David, Orchard, Timothy R., Palmieri, Orazio, Parkes, Miles, Phillips, Anne, Ponsioen, Cyriel Y., Potocnik, Urõs, Poustchi, Hossein, Prescott, Natalie J., Proctor, Deborah D., Radford-Smith, Graham, Rahier, Jean- Francois, Regueiro, Miguel, Reinisch, Walter, Rieder, Florian, Rioux, John D., Roberts, Rebecca, Rogler, Gerhard, Russell, Richard K., Sanderson, Jeremy D., Sans, Miquel, Satsangi, Jack, Schadt, Eric E., Scharl, Michael, Schembri, John, Schreiber, Stefan, Schumm, L. Philip, Scott, Regan, Seielstad, Mark, Shah, Tejas, Sharma, Yashoda, Silverberg, Mark S., Simmons, Alison, Simms, Lisa A., Singh, Abhey, Skieceviciene, Jurgita, van Sommeren, Suzanne, Song, Kyuyoung, Sood, Ajit, Spain, Sarah L., Steinhart, A. Hillary, Stempak, Joanne M., Stronati, Laura, Sung, Joseph J.Y., Targan, Stephan R., Taylor, Kirstin M., Theatre, Emilie, Torkvist, Leif, Torres, Esther A., Tremelling, Mark, Uhlig, Holm H., Umeno, Junji, Vahedi, Homayon, Vasiliauskas, Eric, Velde, Anje ter, Ventham, Nicholas T., Vermeire, Severine, Verspaget, Hein W., De Vos, Martine, Walters, Thomas, Wang, Kai, Wang, Ming-Hsi, Weersma, Rinse K., Wei, Zhi, Whiteman, David, Wijmenga, Cisca, Wilson, David C., Winkelmann, Juliane, Wong, Sunny H., Xavier, Ramnik J., Yamazaki, Keiko, Yang, Suk-Kyun, Ye, Byong Duk, Zeissig, Sebastian, Zhang, Bin, Zhang, Clarence K., Zhang, Hu, Zhang, Wei, Zhao, Hongyu, Zhao, Zhen Z., Baumdick, Martin E., Niehrs, Annika, Schwerk, Maria, Hinrichs, Ole, Jordan-Paiz, Ana, Padoan, Benedetta, Wegner, Lucy H.M., Schloer, Sebastian, Zecher, Britta F., Malsy, Jakob, Joshi, Vinita R., Illig, Christin, Schröder-Schwarz, Jennifer, Möller, Kimberly J., Martin, Maureen P., Yuki, Yuko, Ozawa, Mikki, Sauter, Jürgen, Schmidt, Alexander H., Perez, Daniel, Giannou, Anastasios D., Carrington, Mary, Davis, Randall S., Schumacher, Udo, Sauter, Guido, Huber, Samuel, Puelles, Victor G., Melling, Nathaniel, Altfeld, Marcus, and Bunders, Madeleine J.

Published
2023
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3. A personalised algorithm predicting the risk of intravenous corticosteroid failure in acute ulcerative colitis.

Author

Croft, Anthony, Okano, Satomi, Hartel, Gunter, Lord, Anton, Walker, Gareth, Tambakis, George, and Radford‐Smith, Graham

Subjects
*DISEASE risk factors, *ULCERATIVE colitis, *ORAL drug administration, *LOGISTIC regression analysis, *DATABASES
Abstract

Summary Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions An episode of acute ulcerative colitis (UC) represents an important watershed moment in a patient's disease course.To derive a personalised algorithm for identifying patients at high risk of corticosteroid non‐response from variables available at hospital presentation using a large prospectively collected acute UC patient database and machine learning‐based techniques.We analysed data from 682 consecutive presentations of acute UC. We used an Akaike information criterion‐based elastic net model to select variables based on the 419 earliest presentations of acute UC (1996–2017). We constructed two risk‐scoring algorithms, with and without utilising additional endoscopic variables, using logistic regression models. We validated these risk scores on separate cohorts of 181 (2018–2022) and 82 (2015–2022) acute UC presentations.The partial risk of rescue (ROR) score included the admission indices of oral corticosteroid treatment, bowel frequency ≥6/24 h, albumin, CRP ≥12 mg/mL and log10CRP. The full ROR score incorporates the same variables with the addition of the Mayo endoscopic subscore and disease extent. The AUCs in the main validation cohort were 0.76 (95% CI: 0.69–0.83) and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.71–0.85) for the partial and full ROR scores, respectively.These pragmatic personalised risk scores (available at www.severecolitis.com) have comparably strong performance characteristics and usability enabling the identification of individuals at high risk of corticosteroid non‐response before or after endoscopic assessment. The ROR scores have the potential to challenge conventional acute UC treatment paradigms by identifying patients who may benefit from early rescue therapy or participation in relevant clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor autoantibodies: a marker of aggressive Crohns disease.

Author

Gathungu, Grace, Kim, Mi-Ok, Ferguson, John, Sharma, Yashoda, Zhang, Wei, Ng, Sok, Bonkowski, Erin, Ning, Kaida, Simms, Lisa, Croft, Anthony, Stempak, Joanne, Walker, Nicole, Huang, Ning, Xiao, Yang, Silverberg, Mark, Trapnell, Bruce, Cho, Judy, Radford-Smith, Graham, and Denson, Lee

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Autoantibodies, Biomarkers, Child, Child, Preschool, Cohort Studies, Constriction, Pathologic, Crohn Disease, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Intestinal Obstruction, Male, Middle Aged, Prognosis, Risk Factors, Young Adult
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Neutralizing autoantibodies (Abs) against granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF Ab) have been associated with stricturing ileal Crohns disease (CD) in a largely pediatric patient cohort (total 394, adult CD 57). The aim of this study was to examine this association in 2 independent predominantly adult inflammatory bowel disease patient cohorts. METHODS: Serum samples from 742 subjects from the NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium and 736 subjects from Australia were analyzed for GM-CSF Ab and genetic markers. We conducted multiple regression analysis with backward elimination to assess the contribution of GM-CSF Ab levels and established CD risk alleles and smoking on ileal disease location in the 477 combined CD subjects from both cohorts. We also determined associations of GM-CSF Ab levels with complications requiring surgical intervention in combined CD subjects in both cohorts. RESULTS: Serum samples from patients with CD expressed significantly higher concentrations of GM-CSF Ab when compared with ulcerative colitis or controls in each cohort. Nonsmokers with ileal CD expressed significantly higher GM-CSF Ab concentrations in the Australian cohort (P = 0.002). Elevated GM-CSF Ab, ileal disease location, and disease duration more than 3 years were independently associated with stricturing/penetrating behavior and intestinal resection for CD. CONCLUSIONS: The expression of high GM-CSF Ab is a risk marker for aggressive CD behavior and complications including surgery. Modifying factors include environmental exposure to smoking and genetic risk markers.

Published
2013

5. Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia in a Patient with Crohn's Disease: A Case Report and Approach to Investigating Hypophosphatemia.

Author

Hawke, Kate, Croft, Anthony, and Lazarus, Syndia

Subjects
*OSTEOMALACIA, *CROHN'S disease, *HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, *INFLAMMATORY bowel diseases, *FIBROBLAST growth factors, *VITAMIN D deficiency
Abstract

Introduction: Hypophosphatemia occurs commonly in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and can cause considerable morbidity. The differential diagnoses in IBD include nutritional causes and hypophosphatemia induced by some formulations of intravenous iron infusions. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 37-year-old man with active Crohn's disease, presenting with difficulty walking and fractures of the vertebrae and calcaneus. He had long-standing hypophosphatemia. Nutritional causes for hypophosphatemia were considered in the first instance given the presence of chronic diarrhea and vitamin D deficiency; however, there was minimal response to appropriate supplementation with oral phosphorous and vitamin D. Iron infusion-induced hypophosphatemia was then considered, but the nadir phosphate level preceded any iron infusion. Therefore, work-up was undertaken for less common causes. He was ultimately diagnosed with tumor-induced osteomalacia, caused by excess fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) secretion from a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor about the knee. He had complete resolution of symptoms and biochemical abnormalities following successful resection of the tumor. Conclusion: This case illustrates the approach to investigation of hypophosphatemia in IBD patients. If the time course and response to phosphate supplementation are not as expected for nutritional or iron infusion-induced hypophosphatemia, less common causes should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Mathematics Support: Real, Virtual and Mobile

Author

Lawson, Duncan A., Carpenter, Sarah L., and Croft, Anthony C.

Abstract

As a response to the "Mathematics Problem" many universities introduced mathematics support provision. These additional learning opportunities were invariably in a specific physical location and available at certain times. In order to increase the number and types of students who could access support e-learning resources were made available using the internet. Recent technological developments with handheld devices, notably the Apple video iPod have presented new opportunities to allow mathematics support to become mobile. This paper describes the evolution from real to virtual and now mobile support provided through two key initiatives: mathcentre and mathtutor. (Contains 2 figures.)

Published
2008

9. Computer Aided Assessment of Mathematics for Undergraduates with Specific Learning Difficulties--Issues of Inclusion in Policy and Practice

Author

Perkin, Glynis, Beacham, Nigel, and Croft, Anthony

Abstract

This paper opens up a debate about policy and practice in computer-assisted assessment (CAA) of mathematics for undergraduates with specific learning difficulties e.g. dyslexia. Guidelines for designing assessments for such students are emerging and some may be transferable to CAA. Whether mathematics brings with it particular issues is unclear. With the growth in CAA and an increase in the number of students who have learning difficulties, the issue of disadvantage poses real challenges if universities are to adopt good practice in designing and implementing accessible systems. This paper analyses some of the available data on computer-based mathematics testing of dyslexic students and describes an exploratory study of the effects of media combinations. It raises issues which suggest that larger-scale research is necessary before satisfactory guidelines can be drawn up concerning good practice in the provision of mathematics CAA for students with specific learning difficulties. It closes with an invitation to engage in a dialogue about improving policy and practice. (Contains 4 tables and 1 figure.)

Published
2007

10. Inter-observer agreement for Crohn's disease sub-phenotypes using the Montreal Classification: How good are we? A multi-centre Australasian study

Author

Krishnaprasad, Krupa, Andrews, Jane M., Lawrance, Ian C., Florin, Timothy, Gearry, Richard B., Leong, Rupert W.L., Mahy, Gillian, Bampton, Peter, Prosser, Ruth, Leach, Peta, Chitti, Laurie, Cock, Charles, Grafton, Rachel, Croft, Anthony R., Cooke, Sharon, Doecke, James D., and Radford-Smith, Graham L.

Published
2012
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12. A Modern and Interactive Approach To Learning Engineering Mathematics.

Author

Croft, Anthony and Ward, Joe

Abstract

Describes strategies used to teach mathematics to engineering students at Loughborough University (United Kingdom). Explains a combination of traditional instruction with computer assisted learning in an open learning environment that motivates students by providing a more flexible approach to be responsive to individual needs. (LRW)

Published
2001

19. High-density mapping of the MHC identifies a shared role for HLA-DRB1*01:03 in inflammatory bowel diseases and heterozygous advantage in ulcerative colitis

Author

Goyette, Philippe, Boucher, Gabrielle, Mallon, Dermot, Ellinghaus, Eva, Jostins, Luke, Huang, Hailiang, Ripke, Stephan, Gusareva, Elena S., Annese, Vito, Hauser, Stephen L., Oksenberg, Jorge R., Thomsen, Ingo, Leslie, Stephen, Daly, Mark J., Van Steen, Kristel, Duerr, Richard H., Barrett, Jeffrey C., Mcgovern, Dermot P. B., Schumm, L. Philip, Traherne, James A., Carrington, Mary N., Kosmoliaptsis, Vasilis, Karlsen, Tom H., Franke, Andre, Rioux, John D., Abraham, Clara, Achkar, Jean Paul, Ahmad, Tariq, Amininejad, Leila, Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N., Andersen, Vibeke, Anderson, Carl A., Andrews, Jane M., Aumais, Guy, Baidoo, Leonard, Baldassano, Robert N., Balschun, Tobias, Bampton, Peter A., Barclay, Murray, Bayless, Theodore M., Bethge, Johannes, Bis, Joshua C., Bitton, Alain, Brand, Stephan, Brant, Steven R., Buning, Carsten, Chew, Angela, Cho, Judy H., Cleynen, Isabelle, Cohain, Ariella, Croft, Anthony, D'Amato, Mauro, Danese, Silvio, De Jong, Dirk, De Vos, Martine, Denapiene, Goda, Denson, Lee A., Devaney, Kathy L., Dewit, Olivier, D'Inca, Renata, Dubinsky, Marla, Edwards, Cathryn, Ellinghaus, David, Essers, Jonah, Ferguson, Lynnette R., Festen, Eleonora A., Fleshner, Philip, Florin, Tim, Franchimont, Denis, Fransen, Karin, Gearry, Richard, Georges, Michel, Gieger, Christian, Glas, Jurgen, Green, Todd, Griffiths, Anne M., Guthery, Stephen L., Hakonarson, Hakon, Halfvarson, Jonas, Hanigan, Katherine, Haritunians, Talin, Hart, Ailsa, Hawkey, Chris, Hayward, Nicholas K., Hedl, Matija, Henderson, Paul, Xinli, Hu, Hui, Ken Y., Imielinski, Marcin, Ippoliti, Andrew, Jonaitis, Laimas, Kennedy, Nicholas A., Khan, Mohammed Azam, Kiudelis, Gediminas, Kugathasan, Subra, Kupcinskas, Limas, Latiano, Anna, Laukens, Debby, Lawrance, Ian C., Lee, James C., Lees, Charlie W., Leja, Marcis, Van Limbergen, Johan, Lionetti, Paolo, Liu, Jimmy Z., Louis, Edouard, Mahy, Gillian, Mansfield, John, Massey, Dunecan, Mathew, Christopher G., Milgrom, Raquel, Mitrovic, Mitja, Montgomery, Grant, Mowat, Craig, Newman, Wwilliam, Aylwin, Ng, Siew C., Ng, Evelyn Ng, Sok Meng, Nikolaus, Susanna, Ning, Kaida, Nothen, Markus, Oikonomou, Ioannis, Palmieri, Orazio, Parkes, Miles, Phillips, Anne, Ponsioen, Cyriel Y., Potocnik, Uros, Prescott, Natalie J., Proctor, Deborah D., Radford Smith, Graham, Rahier, Jean Francois, Raychaudhur, Soumya, Regueiro, Miguel, Rieder, Florian, Roberts, Rebecca, Russell, Richard K., Sanderson, Jeremy D., Sans, Miquel, Satsangi, Jack, Schadt, Eric E., Schreiber, Stefan, Scott, Regan, Seielstad, Mark, Sharma, Yashoda, Silverberg, Mark S., Simms, Lisa A., Skieceviciene, Jurgita, Spain, Sarah L., Steinhart, A. Hillary, Stempak, Joanne M., Stronati, Laura, Sventoraityte, Jurgita, Targan, Stephan R., Taylor, Kirstin M., Ter Velde, Anje, Theatre, Emilie, Torkvist, Leif, Tremelling, Mark, Van Der Meulen, Andrea, Van Sommeren, Suzanne, Vasiliauskas, Eric, Vermeire, Severine, Verspaget, Hein W., Walters, Thomas, Wwang, Kai, Wwang, Ming Hsi, Wweersma, Rinse K., Wei, Zhi, Whiteman, David, Wijmenga, Cisca, Wilson, David C., Winkelmann, Juliane, Xavier, Ramnik J., Zeissig, Sebastian, Zhang, Bin, Zhang, Clarence K., Zhang, Hu, Zhang, Wwei, Zhao, Hongyu, Zhao, Zhen Z., Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Traherne, James [0000-0002-6003-8559], Kosmoliaptsis, Vasilis [0000-0001-7298-1387], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Heterozygote, Genotype, Genotyping Techniques, Genetic Linkage, Ulcerative, Human leukocyte antigen, Biology, Major histocompatibility complex, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, Primary sclerosing cholangitis, Major Histocompatibility Complex, Alleles, Chromosome Mapping, Colitis, Ulcerative, Crohn Disease, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genome-Wide Association Study, HLA-DRB1 Chains, Humans, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Phenotype, Genetics, medicine, HLA-DR, Polymorphism, Colitis, HLA-DRB1, Crohn's disease, Single Nucleotide, medicine.disease, Ulcerative colitis, digestive system diseases, Immunology, biology.protein
Abstract

Genome-wide association studies of the related chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) known as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis have shown strong evidence of association to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). This region encodes a large number of immunological candidates, including the antigen-presenting classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. Studies in IBD have indicated that multiple independent associations exist at HLA and non-HLA genes, but they have lacked the statistical power to define the architecture of association and causal alleles. To address this, we performed high-density SNP typing of the MHC in >32,000 individuals with IBD, implicating multiple HLA alleles, with a primary role for HLA-DRB1*01:03 in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Noteworthy differences were observed between these diseases, including a predominant role for class II HLA variants and heterozygous advantage observed in ulcerative colitis, suggesting an important role of the adaptive immune response in the colonic environment in the pathogenesis of IBD.

Published
2015

22. A Method to Exploit the Structure of Genetic Ancestry Space to Enhance Case-Control Studies

Author

Bodea, Corneliu A., primary, Neale, Benjamin M., additional, Ripke, Stephan, additional, Daly, Mark J., additional, Devlin, Bernie, additional, Roeder, Kathryn, additional, Barclay, Murray, additional, Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent, additional, Chamaillard, Mathias, additional, Colombel, Jean-Frederick, additional, Cottone, Mario, additional, Croft, Anthony, additional, D’Incà, Renata, additional, Halfvarson, Jonas, additional, Hanigan, Katherine, additional, Henderson, Paul, additional, Hugot, Jean-Pierre, additional, Karban, Amir, additional, Kennedy, Nicholas A., additional, Khan, Mohammed Azam, additional, Lémann, Marc, additional, Levine, Arie, additional, Massey, Dunecan, additional, Milla, Monica, additional, Montgomery, Grant W., additional, Ng, Sok Meng Evelyn, additional, Oikonomou, Ioannis, additional, Peeters, Harald, additional, Proctor, Deborah D., additional, Rahier, Jean-Francois, additional, Roberts, Rebecca, additional, Rutgeerts, Paul, additional, Seibold, Frank, additional, Stronati, Laura, additional, Taylor, Kirstin M., additional, Törkvist, Leif, additional, Ublick, Kullak, additional, Van Limbergen, Johan, additional, Van Gossum, Andre, additional, Vatn, Morten H., additional, Zhang, Hu, additional, Zhang, Wei, additional, Andrews, Jane M., additional, Bampton, Peter A., additional, Florin, Timothy H., additional, Gearry, Richard, additional, Krishnaprasad, Krupa, additional, Lawrance, Ian C., additional, Mahy, Gillian, additional, Radford-Smith, Graham, additional, Roberts, Rebecca L., additional, Simms, Lisa A., additional, Amininijad, Leila, additional, Cleynen, Isabelle, additional, Dewit, Olivier, additional, Franchimont, Denis, additional, Georges, Michel, additional, Laukens, Debby, additional, Theatre, Emilie, additional, Van Gossum, André, additional, Vermeire, Severine, additional, Aumais, Guy, additional, Baidoo, Leonard, additional, Barrie, Arthur M., additional, Beck, Karen, additional, Bernard, Edmond-Jean, additional, Binion, David G., additional, Bitton, Alain, additional, Brant, Steve R., additional, Cho, Judy H., additional, Cohen, Albert, additional, Croitoru, Kenneth, additional, Datta, Lisa W., additional, Deslandres, Colette, additional, Duerr, Richard H., additional, Dutridge, Debra, additional, Ferguson, John, additional, Fultz, Joann, additional, Goyette, Philippe, additional, Greenberg, Gordon R., additional, Haritunians, Talin, additional, Jobin, Gilles, additional, Katz, Seymour, additional, Lahaie, Raymond G., additional, McGovern, Dermot P., additional, Nelson, Linda, additional, Ng, Sok Meng, additional, Ning, Kaida, additional, Paré, Pierre, additional, Regueiro, Miguel D., additional, Rioux, John D., additional, Ruggiero, Elizabeth, additional, Schumm, L. Philip, additional, Schwartz, Marc, additional, Scott, Regan, additional, Sharma, Yashoda, additional, Silverberg, Mark S., additional, Spears, Denise, additional, Steinhart, A. Hillary, additional, Stempak, Joanne M., additional, Swoger, Jason M., additional, Tsagarelis, Constantina, additional, Zhang, Clarence, additional, Zhao, Hongyu, additional, Aerts, Jan, additional, Ahmad, Tariq, additional, Arbury, Hazel, additional, Attwood, Anthony, additional, Auton, Adam, additional, Ball, Stephen G., additional, Balmforth, Anthony J., additional, Barnes, Chris, additional, Barrett, Jeffrey C., additional, Barroso, Inês, additional, Barton, Anne, additional, Bennett, Amanda J., additional, Bhaskar, Sanjeev, additional, Blaszczyk, Katarzyna, additional, Bowes, John, additional, Brand, Oliver J., additional, Braund, Peter S., additional, Bredin, Francesca, additional, Breen, Gerome, additional, Brown, Morris J., additional, Bruce, Ian N., additional, Bull, Jaswinder, additional, Burren, Oliver S., additional, Burton, John, additional, Byrnes, Jake, additional, Caesar, Sian, additional, Cardin, Niall, additional, Clee, Chris M., additional, Coffey, Alison J., additional, Connell, John M.C., additional, Conrad, Donald F., additional, Cooper, Jason D., additional, Dominiczak, Anna F., additional, Downes, Kate, additional, Drummond, Hazel E., additional, Dudakia, Darshna, additional, Dunham, Andrew, additional, Ebbs, Bernadette, additional, Eccles, Diana, additional, Edkins, Sarah, additional, Edwards, Cathryn, additional, Elliot, Anna, additional, Emery, Paul, additional, Evans, David M., additional, Evans, Gareth, additional, Eyre, Steve, additional, Farmer, Anne, additional, Ferrier, Nicol, additional, Flynn, Edward, additional, Forbes, Alistair, additional, Forty, Liz, additional, Franklyn, Jayne A., additional, Frayling, Timothy M., additional, Freathy, Rachel M., additional, Giannoulatou, Eleni, additional, Gibbs, Polly, additional, Gilbert, Paul, additional, Gordon-Smith, Katherine, additional, Gray, Emma, additional, Green, Elaine, additional, Groves, Chris J., additional, Grozeva, Detelina, additional, Gwilliam, Rhian, additional, Hall, Anita, additional, Hammond, Naomi, additional, Hardy, Matt, additional, Harrison, Pile, additional, Hassanali, Neelam, additional, Hebaishi, Husam, additional, Hines, Sarah, additional, Hinks, Anne, additional, Hitman, Graham A., additional, Hocking, Lynne, additional, Holmes, Chris, additional, Howard, Eleanor, additional, Howard, Philip, additional, Howson, Joanna M.M., additional, Hughes, Debbie, additional, Hunt, Sarah, additional, Isaacs, John D., additional, Jain, Mahim, additional, Jewell, Derek P., additional, Johnson, Toby, additional, Jolley, Jennifer D., additional, Jones, Ian R., additional, Jones, Lisa A., additional, Kirov, George, additional, Langford, Cordelia F., additional, Lango-Allen, Hana, additional, Lathrop, G. Mark, additional, Lee, James, additional, Lee, Kate L., additional, Lees, Charlie, additional, Lewis, Kevin, additional, Lindgren, Cecilia M., additional, Maisuria-Armer, Meeta, additional, Maller, Julian, additional, Mansfield, John, additional, Marchini, Jonathan L., additional, Martin, Paul, additional, Massey, Dunecan C.O., additional, McArdle, Wendy L., additional, McGuffin, Peter, additional, McLay, Kirsten E., additional, McVean, Gil, additional, Mentzer, Alex, additional, Mimmack, Michael L., additional, Morgan, Ann E., additional, Morris, Andrew P., additional, Mowat, Craig, additional, Munroe, Patricia B., additional, Myers, Simon, additional, Newman, William, additional, Nimmo, Elaine R., additional, O’Donovan, Michael C., additional, Onipinla, Abiodun, additional, Ovington, Nigel R., additional, Owen, Michael J., additional, Palin, Kimmo, additional, Palotie, Aarno, additional, Parnell, Kirstie, additional, Pearson, Richard, additional, Pernet, David, additional, Perry, John R.B., additional, Phillips, Anne, additional, Plagnol, Vincent, additional, Prescott, Natalie J., additional, Prokopenko, Inga, additional, Quail, Michael A., additional, Rafelt, Suzanne, additional, Rayner, Nigel W., additional, Reid, David M., additional, Renwick, Anthony, additional, Ring, Susan M., additional, Robertson, Neil, additional, Robson, Samuel, additional, Russell, Ellie, additional, St Clair, David, additional, Sambrook, Jennifer G., additional, Sanderson, Jeremy D., additional, Sawcer, Stephen J., additional, Schuilenburg, Helen, additional, Scott, Carol E., additional, Scott, Richard, additional, Seal, Sheila, additional, Shaw-Hawkins, Sue, additional, Shields, Beverley M., additional, Simmonds, Matthew J., additional, Smyth, Debbie J., additional, Somaskantharajah, Elilan, additional, Spanova, Katarina, additional, Steer, Sophia, additional, Stephens, Jonathan, additional, Stevens, Helen E., additional, Stirrups, Kathy, additional, Stone, Millicent A., additional, Strachan, David P., additional, Su, Zhan, additional, Symmons, Deborah P.M., additional, Thompson, John R., additional, Thomson, Wendy, additional, Tobin, Martin D., additional, Travers, Mary E., additional, Turnbull, Clare, additional, Vukcevic, Damjan, additional, Wain, Louise V., additional, Walker, Mark, additional, Walker, Neil M., additional, Wallace, Chris, additional, Warren-Perry, Margaret, additional, Watkins, Nicholas A., additional, Webster, John, additional, Weedon, Michael N., additional, Wilson, Anthony G., additional, Woodburn, Matthew, additional, Wordsworth, B. Paul, additional, Yau, Chris, additional, Young, Allan H., additional, Zeggini, Eleftheria, additional, Brown, Matthew A., additional, Burton, Paul R., additional, Caulfield, Mark J., additional, Compston, Alastair, additional, Farrall, Martin, additional, Gough, Stephen C.L., additional, Hall, Alistair S., additional, Hattersley, Andrew T., additional, Hill, Adrian V.S., additional, Mathew, Christopher G., additional, Pembrey, Marcus, additional, Satsangi, Jack, additional, Stratton, Michael R., additional, Worthington, Jane, additional, Hurles, Matthew E., additional, Duncanson, Audrey, additional, Ouwehand, Willem H., additional, Parkes, Miles, additional, Rahman, Nazneen, additional, Todd, John A., additional, Samani, Nilesh J., additional, Kwiatkowski, Dominic P., additional, McCarthy, Mark I., additional, Craddock, Nick, additional, Deloukas, Panos, additional, Donnelly, Peter, additional, Blackwell, Jenefer M., additional, Bramon, Elvira, additional, Casas, Juan P., additional, Corvin, Aiden, additional, Jankowski, Janusz, additional, Markus, Hugh S., additional, Palmer, Colin N.A., additional, Plomin, Robert, additional, Rautanen, Anna, additional, Trembath, Richard C., additional, Viswanathan, Ananth C., additional, Wood, Nicholas W., additional, Spencer, Chris C.A., additional, Band, Gavin, additional, Bellenguez, Céline, additional, Freeman, Colin, additional, Hellenthal, Garrett, additional, Pirinen, Matti, additional, Strange, Amy, additional, Blackburn, Hannah, additional, Bumpstead, Suzannah J., additional, Dronov, Serge, additional, Gillman, Matthew, additional, Jayakumar, Alagurevathi, additional, McCann, Owen T., additional, Liddle, Jennifer, additional, Potter, Simon C., additional, Ravindrarajah, Radhi, additional, Ricketts, Michelle, additional, Waller, Matthew, additional, Weston, Paul, additional, Widaa, Sara, additional, and Whittaker, Pamela, additional

Published
2016
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23. Smoking behaviour modifies IL23r-associated disease risk in patients with Crohn's disease

Author

Doecke, James D., Simms, Lisa A., Zhao, Zhen Zhen, Roberts, Rebecca L., Fowler, Elizabeth V., Croft, Anthony, Lin, Angela, Huang, Ning, Whiteman, David C., Florin, Timothy H.J., Barclay, Murray L., Merriman, Tony R., Gearry, Richard B., Montgomery, Grant W., Radford-Smith, Graham L., Doecke, James D., Simms, Lisa A., Zhao, Zhen Zhen, Roberts, Rebecca L., Fowler, Elizabeth V., Croft, Anthony, Lin, Angela, Huang, Ning, Whiteman, David C., Florin, Timothy H.J., Barclay, Murray L., Merriman, Tony R., Gearry, Richard B., Montgomery, Grant W., and Radford-Smith, Graham L.

Abstract

Background and Aim The etiology of Crohn's disease (CD) implicates both genetic and environmental factors. Smoking behavior is one environmental risk factor to play a role in the development of CD. The study aimed to assess the contribution of the interleukin 23 receptor (IL23R) in determining disease susceptibility in two independent cohorts of CD, and to investigate the interactions between IL23R variants, smoking behavior, and CD-associated genes, NOD2 and ATG16L1. Methods Ten IL23R single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 675 CD cases, and 1255 controls from Brisbane, Australia (dataset 1). Six of these SNPs were genotyped in 318 CD cases and 533 controls from Canterbury, New Zealand (dataset 2). Case–control analysis of genotype and allele frequencies, and haplotype analysis for all SNPs was conducted. Results We demonstrate a strong increased CD risk for smokers in both datasets (odds ratio 3.77, 95% confidence interval 2.88–4.94), and an additive interaction between IL23R SNPs and cigarette smoking. Ileal involvement was a consistent marker of strong SNP–CD association (P ≤ 0.001), while the lowest minor allele frequencies for location were found in those with colonic CD (L2). Three haplotype blocks were identified across the 10 IL23R SNPs conferring different risk of CD. Haplotypes conferred no further risk of CD when compared with single SNP analyses. Conclusion IL23R gene variants determine CD susceptibility in the Australian and New Zealand population, particularly ileal CD. A strong additive interaction exists between IL23R SNPs and smoking behavior resulting in a dramatic increase in disease risk depending upon specific genetic background.

Published
2015

24. Sa1921 Predicting Long-Term Response to Anti-TNF Therapy in Crohn's Disease

Author

Radford-Smith, Graham, primary, Hartnell, Felicity, additional, Jones, Lee V., additional, Krishnaprasad, Krupa, additional, Prosser, Ruth, additional, Marr, Debbie, additional, Grafton, Rachel, additional, Cooke, Sharon E., additional, Fischer, Jesse, additional, Thomas, Gareth R., additional, Grover, Zubin, additional, Lewindon, Peter, additional, Tehan, Jane V., additional, Ding, Nik S., additional, Moss, Kerrie, additional, Bell, Sally, additional, De Cruz, Peter, additional, Mahy, Gillian, additional, Sewell, Karen, additional, Croft, Anthony, additional, O'Rourke, Peter, additional, Lawrance, Ian C., additional, Bampton, Peter A., additional, Andrews, Jane M., additional, and Gearry, Richard B., additional

Published
2012
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26. Sa1282 Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis Across Australia and New Zealand: Indications, Risk Factors and Rates - an ANZ IBD Consortium Study

Author

Radford-Smith, Graham, primary, Krishnaprasad, Krupa, additional, Andrews, Jane M., additional, Bampton, Peter A., additional, Simms, Lisa, additional, Mahy, Gillian, additional, Croft, Anthony, additional, Hartnell, Felicity, additional, Walker, Nicole M., additional, Prosser, Ruth, additional, Grafton, Rachel, additional, Leach, Peta, additional, Cooke, Sharon E., additional, Lee, Hong, additional, Visscher, Peter M., additional, Montgomery, Grant, additional, Florin, Timothy H., additional, Gearry, Richard B., additional, and Lawrance, Ian C., additional

Published
2012
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27. Smoking Cessation Following the Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease Still Reduces the Rates of Surgery and Complicated Disease

Author

Lawrance, Ian C., primary, Batman, Birol, additional, Gearry, Richard B., additional, Grafton, Rachel, additional, Krishnaprasad, Krupa, additional, Andrews, Jane M., additional, Prosser, Ruth, additional, Bampton, Peter A., additional, Cooke, Sharon E., additional, Mahy, Gillian, additional, Radford-Smith, Graham, additional, Croft, Anthony, additional, and Hanigan, Katherine, additional

Published
2011
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33. Anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha treatment for perianal Crohn's disease in Australia.

Author

Burger DC, Lawrance IC, Bampton PA, Prosser R, Croft A, Gilshenan K, Radford-Smith GL, Florin TH, Burger, Daniel C, Lawrance, Ian C, Bampton, Peter A, Prosser, Ruth, Croft, Anthony, Gilshenan, Kristen, Radford-Smith, Graham L, and Florin, Timothy H

Abstract

Objective: To examine the prevalence of perianal Crohn's disease (PCD) and the eligibility of PCD patients to access anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNFalpha) treatment under current Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) guidelines.Design, Setting and Participants: A retrospective study of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and PCD attending four large adult inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) centres in Australia between January 2004 and May 2008. Patients for whom anti-TNFalpha therapy was clinically indicated were assessed to determine whether they satisfied PBS criteria for subsidised medication.Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of CD and PCD in patients attending different IBD centres; eligibility of PCD patients for PBS-subsidised anti-TNFalpha medication.Results: Data were available on 3589 patients, representing about 6% of all patients with IBD in Australia. Of the 1815 patients with CD, 310 (17%) had PCD. Anti-TNFalpha therapy was deemed clinically indicated for 166 patients with PCD (54%), of whom 49 (30%) did not qualify for PBS-funded therapy.Conclusion: Thirty per cent of patients with clinically significant PCD currently do not have access to PBS-subsidised optimal medical treatment. We believe that PBS criteria should be extended to include this subgroup of IBD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2010
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34. Comparative performances of machine learning methods for classifying Crohn Disease patients using genome-wide genotyping data

Author

Romagnoni, Alberto, Jégou, Simon, Van Steen, Kristel, Wainrib, Gilles, Hugot, Jean-Pierre, Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent, Chamaillard, Mathias, Colombel, Jean-Frederick, Cottone, Mario, D’Amato, Mauro, D’Incà, Renata, Halfvarson, Jonas, Henderson, Paul, Karban, Amir, Kennedy, Nicholas A., Khan, Mohammed Azam, Lémann, Marc, Levine, Arie, Massey, Dunecan, Milla, Monica, Ng, Sok Meng Evelyn, Oikonomou, Ioannis, Peeters, Harald, Proctor, Deborah D., Rahier, Jean-Francois, Rutgeerts, Paul, Seibold, Frank, Stronati, Laura, Taylor, Kirstin M., Törkvist, Leif, Ublick, Kullak, Van Limbergen, Johan, Van Gossum, Andre, Vatn, Morten H., Zhang, Hu, Zhang, Wei, Andrews, Jane M., Bampton, Peter A., Barclay, Murray, Florin, Timothy H., Gearry, Richard, Krishnaprasad, Krupa, Lawrance, Ian C., Mahy, Gillian, Montgomery, Grant W., Radford-Smith, Graham, Roberts, Rebecca L., Simms, Lisa A., Hanigan, Katherine, Croft, Anthony, Amininijad, Leila, Cleynen, Isabelle, Dewit, Olivier, Franchimont, Denis, Georges, Michel, Laukens, Debby, Theatre, Emilie, Van Gossum, André, Vermeire, Severine, Aumais, Guy, Baidoo, Leonard, Barrie, Arthur M., Beck, Karen, Bernard, Edmond-Jean, Binion, David G., Bitton, Alain, Brant, Steve R., Cho, Judy H., Cohen, Albert, Croitoru, Kenneth, Daly, Mark J., Datta, Lisa W., Deslandres, Colette, Duerr, Richard H., Dutridge, Debra, Ferguson, John, Fultz, Joann, Goyette, Philippe, Greenberg, Gordon R., Haritunians, Talin, Jobin, Gilles, Katz, Seymour, Lahaie, Raymond G., McGovern, Dermot P., Nelson, Linda, Ng, Sok Meng, Ning, Kaida, Paré, Pierre, Regueiro, Miguel D., Rioux, John D., Ruggiero, Elizabeth, Schumm, L. Philip, Schwartz, Marc, Scott, Regan, Sharma, Yashoda, Silverberg, Mark S., Spears, Denise, Steinhart, A. Hillary, Stempak, Joanne M., Swoger, Jason M., Tsagarelis, Constantina, Zhang, Clarence, Zhao, Hongyu, Aerts, Jan, Ahmad, Tariq, Arbury, Hazel, Attwood, Anthony, Auton, Adam, Ball, Stephen G., Balmforth, Anthony J., Barnes, Chris, Barrett, Jeffrey C., Barroso, Inês, Barton, Anne, Bennett, Amanda J., Bhaskar, Sanjeev, Blaszczyk, Katarzyna, Bowes, John, Brand, Oliver J., Braund, Peter S., Bredin, Francesca, Breen, Gerome, Brown, Morris J., Bruce, Ian N., Bull, Jaswinder, Burren, Oliver S., Burton, John, Byrnes, Jake, Caesar, Sian, Cardin, Niall, Clee, Chris M., Coffey, Alison J., MC Connell, John, Conrad, Donald F., Cooper, Jason D., Dominiczak, Anna F., Downes, Kate, Drummond, Hazel E., Dudakia, Darshna, Dunham, Andrew, Ebbs, Bernadette, Eccles, Diana, Edkins, Sarah, Edwards, Cathryn, Elliot, Anna, Emery, Paul, Evans, David M., Evans, Gareth, Eyre, Steve, Farmer, Anne, Ferrier, I. Nicol, Flynn, Edward, Forbes, Alistair, Forty, Liz, Franklyn, Jayne A., Frayling, Timothy M., Freathy, Rachel M., Giannoulatou, Eleni, Gibbs, Polly, Gilbert, Paul, Gordon-Smith, Katherine, Gray, Emma, Green, Elaine, Groves, Chris J., Grozeva, Detelina, Gwilliam, Rhian, Hall, Anita, Hammond, Naomi, Hardy, Matt, Harrison, Pile, Hassanali, Neelam, Hebaishi, Husam, Hines, Sarah, Hinks, Anne, Hitman, Graham A., Hocking, Lynne, Holmes, Chris, Howard, Eleanor, Howard, Philip, Howson, Joanna M. M., Hughes, Debbie, Hunt, Sarah, Isaacs, John D., Jain, Mahim, Jewell, Derek P., Johnson, Toby, Jolley, Jennifer D., Jones, Ian R., Jones, Lisa A., Kirov, George, Langford, Cordelia F., Lango-Allen, Hana, Lathrop, G. Mark, Lee, James, Lee, Kate L., Lees, Charlie, Lewis, Kevin, Lindgren, Cecilia M., Maisuria-Armer, Meeta, Maller, Julian, Mansfield, John, Marchini, Jonathan L., Martin, Paul, Massey, Dunecan CO, McArdle, Wendy L., McGuffin, Peter, McLay, Kirsten E., McVean, Gil, Mentzer, Alex, Mimmack, Michael L., Morgan, Ann E., Morris, Andrew P., Mowat, Craig, Munroe, Patricia B., Myers, Simon, Newman, William, Nimmo, Elaine R., O’Donovan, Michael C., Onipinla, Abiodun, Ovington, Nigel R., Owen, Michael J., Palin, Kimmo, Palotie, Aarno, Parnell, Kirstie, Pearson, Richard, Pernet, David, Perry, John RB, Phillips, Anne, Plagnol, Vincent, Prescott, Natalie J., Prokopenko, Inga, Quail, Michael A., Rafelt, Suzanne, Rayner, Nigel W., Reid, David M., Renwick, Anthony, Ring, Susan M., Robertson, Neil, Robson, Samuel, Russell, Ellie, Clair, David St, Sambrook, Jennifer G., Sanderson, Jeremy D., Sawcer, Stephen J., Schuilenburg, Helen, Scott, Carol E., Scott, Richard, Seal, Sheila, Shaw-Hawkins, Sue, Shields, Beverley M., Simmonds, Matthew J., Smyth, Debbie J., Somaskantharajah, Elilan, Spanova, Katarina, Steer, Sophia, Stephens, Jonathan, Stevens, Helen E., Stirrups, Kathy, Stone, Millicent A., Strachan, David P., Su, Zhan, Symmons, Deborah P. M., Thompson, John R., Thomson, Wendy, Tobin, Martin D., Travers, Mary E., Turnbull, Clare, Vukcevic, Damjan, Wain, Louise V., Walker, Mark, Walker, Neil M., Wallace, Chris, Warren-Perry, Margaret, Watkins, Nicholas A., Webster, John, Weedon, Michael N., Wilson, Anthony G., Woodburn, Matthew, Wordsworth, B. Paul, Yau, Chris, Young, Allan H., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Brown, Matthew A., Burton, Paul R., Caulfield, Mark J., Compston, Alastair, Farrall, Martin, Gough, Stephen C. L., Hall, Alistair S., Hattersley, Andrew T., Hill, Adrian V. S., Mathew, Christopher G., Pembrey, Marcus, Satsangi, Jack, Stratton, Michael R., Worthington, Jane, Hurles, Matthew E., Duncanson, Audrey, Ouwehand, Willem H., Parkes, Miles, Rahman, Nazneen, Todd, John A., Samani, Nilesh J., Kwiatkowski, Dominic P., McCarthy, Mark I., Craddock, Nick, Deloukas, Panos, Donnelly, Peter, Blackwell, Jenefer M., Bramon, Elvira, Casas, Juan P., Corvin, Aiden, Jankowski, Janusz, Markus, Hugh S., Palmer, Colin NA, Plomin, Robert, Rautanen, Anna, Trembath, Richard C., Viswanathan, Ananth C., Wood, Nicholas W., Spencer, Chris C. A., Band, Gavin, Bellenguez, Céline, Freeman, Colin, Hellenthal, Garrett, Pirinen, Matti, Strange, Amy, Blackburn, Hannah, Bumpstead, Suzannah J., Dronov, Serge, Gillman, Matthew, Jayakumar, Alagurevathi, McCann, Owen T., Liddle, Jennifer, Potter, Simon C., Ravindrarajah, Radhi, Ricketts, Michelle, Waller, Matthew, Weston, Paul, Widaa, Sara, and Whittaker, Pamela

Subjects
692/4020/1503/257/1402, 45, 692/308/2056, 45/43, article, 129, 3. Good health
Abstract

Crohn Disease (CD) is a complex genetic disorder for which more than 140 genes have been identified using genome wide association studies (GWAS). However, the genetic architecture of the trait remains largely unknown. The recent development of machine learning (ML) approaches incited us to apply them to classify healthy and diseased people according to their genomic information. The Immunochip dataset containing 18,227 CD patients and 34,050 healthy controls enrolled and genotyped by the international Inflammatory Bowel Disease genetic consortium (IIBDGC) has been re-analyzed using a set of ML methods: penalized logistic regression (LR), gradient boosted trees (GBT) and artificial neural networks (NN). The main score used to compare the methods was the Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) statistics. The impact of quality control (QC), imputing and coding methods on LR results showed that QC methods and imputation of missing genotypes may artificially increase the scores. At the opposite, neither the patient/control ratio nor marker preselection or coding strategies significantly affected the results. LR methods, including Lasso, Ridge and ElasticNet provided similar results with a maximum AUC of 0.80. GBT methods like XGBoost, LightGBM and CatBoost, together with dense NN with one or more hidden layers, provided similar AUC values, suggesting limited epistatic effects in the genetic architecture of the trait. ML methods detected near all the genetic variants previously identified by GWAS among the best predictors plus additional predictors with lower effects. The robustness and complementarity of the different methods are also studied. Compared to LR, non-linear models such as GBT or NN may provide robust complementary approaches to identify and classify genetic markers.

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